Aesculus pavia

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Quite handsome flowering tree displaying attractive red blooms in 3- to 6-inch clusters at the branch tips . Lustrous dark green leaves make a stunning contrast with the flowers. Deciduous. Full to partial sun. Small, rounded tree or large cone-shaped shrub to 10 to 15 feet tall and wide. Seed grown.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Sapindaceae

Trees or shrubs (or woody vines with tendrils in Cardiospermum and allied genera), rarely herbaceous climbers . Indumentum usually of simple hairs , often glandular on young parts, buds, and inflorescences. Leaves alternate, usually estipulate; leaf blade pinnate or digitate, rarely simple; leaflets alternate to opposite, entire or dentate to serrate. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary thyrse ; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers unisexual , rarely polygamous or bisexual , actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually small. Sepals 4 or 5(or 6), equal or unequal, free or connate at base , imbricate or valvate . Petals 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes absent, free, imbricate, usually clawed, often with scales or hair-tufted basal appendages . Disk conspicuous , fleshy , complete or interrupted , lobed or annular , rarely absent. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, rarely numerous , variously inserted but usually within disk, often exserted in male flowers; filaments free, rarely connate; anthers dorsifixed , longitudinally dehiscent , introrse ; staminodes sometimes present in carpellate flowers, but filaments shorter and anthers with a thick wall, indehiscent. Ovary superior, (1-) 3(or 4) -loculed; ovules 1 or 2(or several) per locule, placentation axile , rarely parietal , anatropous , campylotropous, or amphitropous ; style usually apical (terminal), semigynobasic in Allophylus [gynobasic in Deinbollia Schumacher & Thonning]; stigma entire or 2 or 3(or 4) -lobed, usually rudimentary in male flowers. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry, or drupe, or consisting of 2 or 3 samaras, often 1-seeded and 1-loculed by abortion . Seeds 1(or 2 or more) per locule; testa black or brown, hard, often with a conspicuous fleshy aril or sarcotesta ; embryo curved , plicate , or twisted, oily and starchy; endosperm usually absent. 2n = 20-36.

One hundred thirty-five genera and ca. 1500 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially well represented in tropical SE Asia; 21 genera (one endemic) and 52 species (16 endemic, one introduced ) in China.

There is some variation in the circumscription of Sapindaceae in taxonomic treatments, particularly with regard to the inclusion of genera from the closely related, predominately temperate families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Several studies including Müller and Leenhouts (in Ferguson & Müller, Evolutionary Significance Exine: 407-445. 1976), and more recently those based on molecular data (Stevens, Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, 2001 onward; Harrington et al. , Syst. Bot. 30: 366-382. 2005), supported the recognition of a broadly defined Sapindaceae incorporating Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Harrington et al. (loc. cit. ) proposed four subfamilies or clades, comprising Sapindoideae (including

Koelreuteria and Ungnadia Endlicher), Dodonaeoideae, Hippocastanoideae (including taxa previously referred to Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae, plus Handeliodendron), and a monotypic "Xanthoceratoideae". Within Hippocastanoideae, Acer Linnaeus and Dipteronia Oliver comprise a monophyletic group and are treated in this Flora as Aceraceae. Similarly, Aesculus Linnaeus, Billia Peyritsch, and the Chinese endemic Handeliodendron Rehder form a monophyletic group and are treated here as Hippocastanaceae. There is some support for "Xanthoceratoideae" being the first lineage to diverge within the broadly defined Sapindaceae assemblage; consequently, Xanthoceras is treated separately from genera in Sapindoideae and Dodonaeoideae in the following account of Sapindaceae s.s. The sequence of genera reflects Müller and Leenhouts (loc. cit.) as modified by recent analyses based on molecular and morphological data, rather than following the order developed by Radlkofer (Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 20: 105-379. 1890; and in Engler, Pflanzenreich 98a-h(IV . 165) : 1-1539. 1931-1934), which was previously followed in FRPS.

The main economic uses of this family include (1) timber: Amesiodendron chinense, Dimocarpus longan, D. confinis, Litchi chinensis, Pavieasia kwangsiensis, and Pometia pinnata; (2) fruit: Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, and Nephelium lappaceum; (3) medicine: Dimocarpus longan (arillode ), Litchi chinensis (seeds), and Sapindus saponaria (roots ) ; (4) oil : Amesiodendron chinense, Delavaya toxocarpa, and Xanthoceras sorbifolium. Saponins occur widely in the family, commonly used as a fish poison and for their detergent properties.[1]

Genus Aesculus

Trees or shrubs , deciduous. Winter buds large, viscid resinous or not, with several pairs of imbricate scales ; scales abaxially glabrous or sparsely puberulent . Leaf blade 5-11-foliolate; leaflet blades without scattered , conspicuous glands , margin crenate to serrate or compoundly so. Thyrse cylindric or conic; branches simple ; bracts absent. Flowers often large and showy. Sepals connate to form a tubular to campanulate calyx tube . Petals often unequal, base clawed, limb obovate , oblong , oblanceolate , or spatulate . Ovary without a gynophore ; style long, slender; stigma depressed globose , entire or obscurely lobed . Capsule depressed globose to pyriform , without a long gynophore, often 1-seeded; pericarp usually smooth , often dotted , rarely verrucose or prickly. Seeds depressed globose to pyriform, large (2-7 cm) ; testa brown; hilum large, pale , occupying 1/3-1/2 of seed. x = 20.

Twelve species: mainly in North America (United States, Baja California in Mexico) and Asia from the Himalayas to Japan (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Vietnam), one species in SE Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, former Yugoslavia) ; four species (one endemic, two introduced ) in China.

Fang (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Szechuan. 1960(3) : 77-125. 1962) published a revision of the Hippocastanaceae in China, including 12 new species, for which six of the names were not validly published, either because no Latin description was provided, no type was indicated, or more than one type was indicated. Fang later (in FRPS) identified three of these entities as species of Araliaceae: "Aesculus chingsiensis" as Acanthopanax evodiifolius Franchet, "Aesculus chinpingensis" as Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel, and "Aesculus kwangsiensis" as Schefflera octophylla (Loureiro) Harms.

The leaves, flowers, and large seeds contain the poisonous compound aesculin.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Uncommon; adds variety to the landscape. Specimen or accent for its flowers and habit. In a border or for massing. • Liabilities: May be difficult to find in the trade. Leaf blotch . • Care: Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Watering can be reduced after establishment. Feed with a general purpose fertilizer before new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 1,135 meters (0 to 3,724 feet).[3]

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Space 8-10' apart.

Soil: Likes moist, well-drained, organic , acidic soil. • Minimum pH: 6.1 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade.

Moisture: Water Requirements: Keep surface of soil moist, but not soggy.

Temperature: Heat Zones: High: 9 (>120 to 150 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Aesculus discolor flavescens Sard. • Pavia Pavia

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 1: 344 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

Members of the genus Aesculus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 44 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

A. arnoldiana (Arnold's Chestnut) · A. bushii (Bush's Chestnut) · A. californica (California Buckeye) · A. carnea (Red Horse-Chestnut) · A. chinensis (Chinese Horsechestnut) · A. flava (Yellow Buckeye) · A. glabra (Buckeye) · A. glabra forma pallida (Buckeye) · A. glabra var. arguta (Texas Buckeye) · A. glabra var. glabra (Ohio Buckeye) · A. glabra 'April Wine' (Buckeye) · A. glabra 'Fall Red' (Ohio Buckeye) · A. glabra 'Klein's Weeping' (Ohio Buckeye) · A. hippocastanum (Common Horse Chestnut) · A. hippocastanum 'Baumannii' (Baumanns Horse Chestnut) · A. hippocastanum 'Laciniata' (Conker Tree) · A. hybrida (Hybrid Chestnut) · A. indica (Indian Horse Chesnut) · A. marylandica (Maryland Chestnut) · A. mutabilis (Chestnut) · A. neglecta (Chestnut) · A. parviflora (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. parviflora f. serotina (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. parviflora var. serotina (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. parviflora var. serotina 'Rogers' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. pavia (Firecracker Plant) · A. pavia L. var. flavescens (Sarg.) Correll (Red Buckeye) · A. pavia var. flavescens (Yellow Buckeye) · A. pavia var. pavia (Red Buckeye) · A. sylvatica (Oainted Buckeye) · A. turbinata (Japanese Horse Chestnut) · A. worlitzensis (Dupont's Chestnut) · A. × arnoldiana (Arnold's Chestnut) · A. x carnea (Red Horse Chestnut) · A. x carnea 'Briotii' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. x carnea 'Fort Mcnair' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. x carnea 'O'Neill Red' (Ellamae Lily of The Nile) · A. x carnea 'O'neill's Red' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. x carnea 'Plantierensis' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. x carnea 'Rosea' (Bottlebrush Buckeye) · A. x mutabilis 'Induta' (Chestnut) · A. x neglecta 'Erythroblastos' (Yellow Horsechestnut) · A. x worlitzensis (Worlitz's Chestnut) · A. 'Autumn Splendor' (Ohio Buckeye)

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Further Reading

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• Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsinki: Societas, 1875-1980. url p. 147.
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• Plant life of Alabama. An account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. Prepared in cooperationwith the Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1901. url , , , .
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 28, 2007.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 16, 2007:

• Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien, Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Virtual Herbarium Darwin Core format
• Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Herbarium of Oskarshamn
• Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
• USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database
• University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics, Herbarium
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652240
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28723
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13743926
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781619-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 1635
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28723
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 781619-1
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDHPC01060
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: AEPAP
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19122

Footnotes

1. Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek "Sapindaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 1, 6. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Nianhe Xia & Nicholas J. Turland "Aesculus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 1, 2, 6. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
3. Mean = 107.730 meters (353.445 feet), Standard Deviation = 138.290 based on 992 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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