Overview
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Vulnerable |
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Interesting Facts
Description
Family Verbenaceae
Shrubs
or trees
, sometimes climbing
shrubs, rarely herbs. Indumentum of simple
, stellate
, and/or other complex
hairs
. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled
, without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately [or pinnately] compound
. Inflorescences terminal
or axillary
, racemose, cymose
, spicate
, or thyrses
. Flowers bisexual
or polygamous by abortion
, zygomorphic or rarely actinomorphic
. Calyx persistent
. Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed
; lobes
usually spreading
, aestivation
overlapping. Fertile
stamens inserted
on corolla tube
, alternate with lobes; filaments
free
; anthers
dorsifixed
, 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal
slits or sometimes a circular pore
. Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2-8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect
or pendulous. Style terminal, simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets
. Seeds (1 or) 2-4, endosperm usually absent, seed coat
thin; embryo straight, as long as seed; radicle short, inferior.
Some 91 genera and ca.
2000 species: primarily tropical
and subtropical
, 20 genera and 182 species in China.
The classification of Verbenaceae is in a state of flux, especially regarding its relationship
to Lamiaceae. There is evidence to suggest a significant division between members
of subfamily
Verbenoideae, genera 1-5 in this account, and the remaining genera, including genera 6-20, which for convenience are here referred to as subfamily Viticoideae s.l. The latter are more closely allied to each other and to genera traditionally kept within Lamiaceae (including genera 1-8 in this Flora
) . Avicennia is often placed in a family
of its own, but its affinities are clearly with Viticoideae, especially genera 17-19 in this account which have traditionally been placed in a separate subfamily, Symphorematoideae.[1]
Habitat
Ecology: Occurring in remaining areas of lowland rainforest and thickets, often in marshy places.[2].
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Plantae
()
- Haeckel, 1866
- Plants
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
()
- Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
()
- Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Vascular Plants
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
()
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
()
- Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
()
- Brongniart, 1843
- Dicotyledons
- Subclass:
Asteridae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder:
Lamianae
()
- Takhtajan, 1967
- Order:
Lamiales
()
- Bromhead, 1838
- Family:
Verbenaceae
()
- Jaume Saint-Hilaire, 1805, nom. cons.
- verbénacées, verbenas
- Subfamily:
Ajugoideae
()
- Tribe:
Monochileae
()
- Genus:
Aegiphila
()
- N.J. Jacquin, 1767
- Specific epithet:
panamensis
- Moldenke
- Botanical name: - Aegiphila panamensis Moldenke
- Specific epithet:
panamensis
- Moldenke
- Genus:
Aegiphila
(
- Tribe:
Monochileae
(
- Subfamily:
Ajugoideae
(
- Family:
Verbenaceae
(
- Order:
Lamiales
(
- Superorder:
Lamianae
(
- Subclass:
Asteridae
(
- Class:
Magnoliopsida
(
- Infraphylum:
Radiatopses
(
- Subphylum:
Euphyllophytina
(
- Phylum:
Tracheophyta
(
- Subkingdom:
Viridaeplantae
(
- Kingdom:
Plantae
(
Notes
Publishing author : Moldenke Publication : Trop. Woods 1931, No. 25, 14.
Similar Species
Members of the genus Aegiphila
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 3 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:
A. elata (Tall Spiritweed) · A. integrifolia (Entireleaf Spiritweed) · A. martinicensis (Caribbean Spiritweed)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Flora of Costa Rica. .. by Paul C. Standley. .. 18 1938 Chicago, 1937. url p. 997.
- Flora of Guatemala / Paul C. Standley and Louis O. Williams. 24 1970 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1970. url p. 172.
- Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 106, p. 242, p. 521, p. 59, p. 70, p. 75, p. 78, p. 80, p. 82.
- The World List of Threatened Trees WCMC, IUCN url p. 37.
- P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1-229.
Notes
Contributors
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- Nelson, C. 1998. Aegiphila panamensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 30January2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:
- Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program
- Herbarium of the University of Aarhus, The AAU Herbarium Database
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad
- , Biodiversidad de Costa Rica
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
- University of Vienna, Institute for Botany - Herbarium WU, Herbarium WU
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3436935
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 15893486
- Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:860951-1
- International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 860951-1
- IUCN ID: 188961
- MoBot NameID: 33701102
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 1024504
Footnotes
- Shou-liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert "Verbenaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
- Nelson, C. 1998. Aegiphila panamensis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 January 2012. [back]
