Adiantum pedatum (American Maidenhair Fern)

Overview

Delicate fern that is native to moist woods of North America and Asia. Vivid bright green leaves on shiny black stems are highly decorative up close for small space pockets or around water gardens. Underground spreading rootstocks create groundcover-like patches over time. Favorite of shaded rock gardens and thrives in litter under canopy trees . Shade or part shade in far north. Moderate growth once established to 18 inches to 2 feet with average two feet wide and spreading. Hardy .

Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

American Maidenhair, American Maidenhair Fern, Five-Finger Fern, Maidenfern, Maidenhair, Maidenhair (Canadian), Maidenhair Fern, Northern Maidenhair, Northern Maidenhair Fern, Pointerweed

Common Names in French:

Adiante Du Canada

Description

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Subfamily Coliadinae

Sulphurs are members of the Family Pieridae. In North America, sulphurs range from Mexico to northern Canada. Females of most species are distinctly different from males. Some species are mud-puddlers and will collect around muddy pools on dirt roads. Sulphurs overwinter as larvae.

Genus Adiantum

Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales deep tawny yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored , linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate . Leaves monomorphic to somewhat dimorphic , densely clustered to closely spaced [distant ], 15--110 cm. Petiole chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove adaxially, glabrous , hispid , or strigose , with 1 or 2 vascular bundles . Blade lanceolate, ovate , trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous to papery , both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered hairs ), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate ; rachis straight or flexuous . Ultimate segments subsessile to short-stalked (stalks terminating in cupulelike swelling at base of pinna in A. tenerum ), round, fan-shaped, rhombic , or oblong , 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous ; fertile segments with marginal lobes recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous , free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose or tuberculate , equatorial ridge absent. x = 29, 30.

Species ca. 150--200: nearly worldwide except at latitudes greater than 60°.

Most diverse in Andean South America, Adiantum is primarily a tropical genus; of the nine species occurring in the flora , A. melanoleucum, A. tenerum, and A. tricholepis are strictly subtropical . Adiantum hispidulum occurs only as an escape from cultivation. The genus is absent from dry areas in the interior of the continent.

Adiantum is a very clearly circumscribed genus of ferns, the character state "sporangia borne on abaxial surface of false indusium" being both necessary and sufficient to define it. Within this large and widespread genus, however, species relationships are mostly unknown. An evolutionary classification of the group is indeed much needed (R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon 1982).[1]

Physical Description

Species Adiantum pedatum

Stems short-creeping; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching (rarely pendent), closely spaced, 40--75 cm. Petiole 1--2 mm diam., glabrous , occasionally glaucous. Blade fan-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 15--30 × 15--35 cm, glabrous; proximal pinnae 3--9-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Segment stalks 0.5--1.5(--1.7) mm, dark color entering into segment base. Ultimate segments oblong , ca. 3 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow incisions 0--0.9(--1.1) mm wide; apex obtuse , divided into shallow, rounded lobes separated by shallow sinuses 0.1--2(--3.7) mm deep, margins of lobes crenulate or crenate-denticulate. Indusia transversely oblong, 1--3 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 34--40 µm diam. 2 n = 58. Sporulating summer--fall. [source]

Once considered a single species across its range in North America and eastern Asia, Adiantum pedatum is considered to be a complex of at least three vicariant species ( A. pedatum and A. aleuticum occur in North America) and a derivative allopolyploid species (C. A. Paris 1991). Adiantum pedatum in the strict sense is restricted to deciduous woodlands in eastern North America. [source]

Habit: Upright broadleaf perennial . • Growth Form: Rhizomatous • Shape and Orientation: Semi-Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Summer • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none • Flower Conspicuous: Does not produce flowers.

Seeds: Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Long fronds to 14 in. • Foliage Shape: Lance-shaped • Foliage Color: Dark Green • Normal foliage color: Green • Underside foliage: Green • Juvenile foliage: Green • Mature foliage: Green • New foliage: Green • Spring foliage: Green • Summer foliage: Finely textured, rich green, semi-evergreen foliage . • Fall foliage: Green • Winter foliage: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Moderate • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate. Spreads slowly. • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 1.3 • Size: Fronds grow from the ground forming large dense patches 2 ft . high and wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Ideal in woodland gardens or along streams or ponds . Does well in containers . • Care: Popular fern. Easy to grow in most landscapes. Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feed frequently during growing season with a general purpose fertilizer . Cut back old fronds after new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Rich, deciduous woodlands, often on humus-covered talus slopes and moist lime soils; 0--700 m [2].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,086 meters (0 to 10,125 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: Yes • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Likes acidic soil. • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 6.6 • Fertility Requirement: High

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to full shade • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 36 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium • Water Requirements: Keep surface of soil moist, but not soggy.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -38°:F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 80 • Heat Zones: High: 6 (>45 to 60 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Magnoliophyta () - Cronquist, Takhtajan & W. Zimmermann, 1966 - Flowering Plants
      - Subphylum: Pteridophytina () - (Eichler, 1883) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Pteridophytes
        Infraphylum: Filices () - (Linnaeus, 1753) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
        Class: Filicopsida ()
        Order: Filicales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Adiantaceae () - Newman
        Subfamily: Coliadinae () - Sulphurs
        Tribe: Bombini ()
        Genus: Adiantum () - Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1094. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed 5, 485. 1754. - Maidenhair fern [Greek adiantos, unwetted, for the glabrous leaves, which shed raindrops]
        Specific epithet: pedatum - L.
        Botanical name: - Adiantum pedatum L.

Unambiguous Synonyms

A. pedatum forma laciniatum (Hopkins) Weatherby
Adiantum pedatum forma billingsae Kittredge

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000.

Place of publication : Sp. pl. 2:1095. 1753

Name verified on 14-Apr-1995 by ARS Systematic Botanists. Last updated: 16-Aug-2006

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Adiantum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 641 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

"Adiantum pedatum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 7 providers.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644527
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17311
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13728425
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17297400-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 401921
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17311
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17012140
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPADI030B0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ADPE
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19634

Footnotes

Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Adiantum pedatum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 265.280 meters (870.341 feet), Standard Deviation = 218.270 based on 1,083 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Adiantum pedatum

Overview

Common Names

Description

Subfamily Coliadinae

Genus Adiantum

Physical Description

Species Adiantum pedatum

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

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Similar Species

Members of the genus Adiantum

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Notes

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Identifiers

Footnotes