Adiantum pedatum (American Maidenhair Fern)

Overview

Northern maidenhair fern. <em>Adiantum pedatum</em>

Delicate fern that is native to moist woods of North America and Asia. Vivid bright green leaves on shiny black stems are highly decorative up close for small space pockets or around water gardens. Underground spreading rootstocks create groundcover-like patches over time. Favorite of shaded rock gardens and thrives in litter under canopy trees . Shade or part shade in far north. Moderate growth once established to 18 inches to 2 feet with average two feet wide and spreading. Hardy .

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

American Maidenhair Fern, American Maidenhair, Five-Finger Fern, Maidenfern, Maidenhair, Maidenhair (Canadian), Maidenhair Fern, Northern Maidenhair, Northern Maidenhair Fern, Pointerweed

Common Names in French:

Adiante Du Canada

Common Names in unspecified:

Maidenfern, Maidenhair, Maidenhair Fern, Northern Maidenhair

Description

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Family Pteridaceae

Genera ca. 40, species ca. 1000 (13 genera, 90 sp: worldwide.

Considerable disagreement exists concerning the circumscription and proper name of this family . The taxa comprising the Pteridaceae in this treatment were assigned to the Sinopteridaceae and Pteridaceae by D. B . Lellinger (1985) and were included in five families by R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli (1977). The broad concept followed here is similar (except for the exclusion of Ceratopteris ) to that espoused by R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982), who applied the name Pteridaceae to the group. Until very recently, the newer name Adiantaceae was more commonly used.

As represented in North America, Pteridaceae comprise three major evolutionary lines (the adiantoids, the pteroids, and the cheilanthoids). Characteristics holding the family together include abaxial (usually submarginal ) sori that lack indusia or are protected by a reflexed or revolute leaf margin , spores that are usually globose-tetrahedral and trilete, and chromosome base numbers of 30 or 29 (rarely 27). The xeric-adapted members of the family (particularly the cheilanthoids) have undergone extensive parallel and convergent evolution, and they have frustrated attempts to produce a natural generic classification based on macromorphologic characteristics alone. Although some workers have aggregated species into a few large genera (e.g. , J. T. Mickel 1979b), most tend to recognize smaller segregate genera based on a combination of morphologic, chromosomal, and biochemical data. The latter approach seems to provide a more useful, evolutionarily informative classification and is the one adopted here. Aspidotis and Notholaena are maintained here as distinct from Cheilanthes, and three recently described genera ( Argyrochosma, Astrolepis, and Pentagramma ) have been incorporated into the treatment. The reasons for these changes in generic circumscription are discussed under the individual genera.[1]

Genus Adiantum

Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales deep tawny yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored , linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate . Leaves monomorphic to somewhat dimorphic , densely clustered to closely spaced [distant ], 15--110 cm. Petiole chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove adaxially, glabrous , hispid , or strigose , with 1 or 2 vascular bundles . Blade lanceolate, ovate , trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous to papery , both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered hairs ), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate ; rachis straight or flexuous . Ultimate segments subsessile to short-stalked (stalks terminating in cupulelike swelling at base of pinna in A. tenerum ), round , fan-shaped, rhombic , or oblong , 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous ; fertile segments with marginal lobes recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous , free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose or tuberculate , equatorial ridge absent. x = 29, 30.

Species ca. 150--200: nearly worldwide except at latitudes greater than 60°.

Most diverse in Andean South America, Adiantum is primarily a tropical genus; of the nine species occurring in the flora , A. melanoleucum, A. tenerum, and A. tricholepis are strictly subtropical . Adiantum hispidulum occurs only as an escape from cultivation. The genus is absent from dry areas in the interior of the continent.

Adiantum is a very clearly circumscribed genus of ferns, the character state "sporangia borne on abaxial surface of false indusium" being both necessary and sufficient to define it. Within this large and widespread genus, however, species relationships are mostly unknown. An evolutionary classification of the group is indeed much needed (R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon 1982).[2]

Physical Description

Species Adiantum pedatum

Stems short-creeping; scales bronzy deep yellow, concolored, margins entire. Leaves lax-arching (rarely pendent), closely spaced, 40--75 cm. Petiole 1--2 mm diam., glabrous , occasionally glaucous. Blade fan-shaped, pseudopedate, 1-pinnate distally, 15--30 × 15--35 cm, glabrous; proximal pinnae 3--9-pinnate; rachis straight, glabrous, occasionally glaucous. Segment stalks 0.5--1.5(--1.7) mm, dark color entering into segment base. Ultimate segments oblong , ca. 3 times as long as broad; basiscopic margin straight; acroscopic margin lobed, lobes separated by narrow incisions 0--0.9(--1.1) mm wide; apex obtuse , divided into shallow, rounded lobes separated by shallow sinuses 0.1--2(--3.7) mm deep, margins of lobes crenulate or crenate-denticulate. Indusia transversely oblong, 1--3 mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 34--40 µm diam. 2 n = 58. Sporulating summer--fall. [source]

Once considered a single species across its range in North America and eastern Asia, Adiantum pedatum is considered to be a complex of at least three vicariant species ( A. pedatum and A. aleuticum occur in North America) and a derivative allopolyploid species (C. A. Paris 1991). Adiantum pedatum in the strict sense is restricted to deciduous woodlands in eastern North America. [source]

Habit: Upright broadleaf perennial . • Growth Form: Rhizomatous • Shape and Orientation: Semi-Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Summer • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none • Flower Conspicuous: Does not produce flowers.

Seeds: Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Low • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Long fronds to 14 in. • Foliage Shape: Lance-shaped • Foliage Color: Dark Green • Normal foliage color: Green • Underside foliage: Green • Juvenile foliage: Green • Mature foliage: Green • New foliage: Green • Spring foliage: Green • Summer foliage: Finely textured, rich green, semi-evergreen foliage . • Fall foliage: Green • Winter foliage: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Moderate • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: Yes • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate. Spreads slowly. • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 1.3 • Size: Fronds grow from the ground forming large dense patches 2 ft . high and wide. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Moderate • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Ideal in woodland gardens or along streams or ponds . Does well in containers . • Care: Popular fern. Easy to grow in most landscapes. Follow a regular watering schedule during the first growing season to establish a deep, extensive root system . Feed frequently during growing season with a general purpose fertilizer . Cut back old fronds after new growth begins in spring .

Habitat

Rich, deciduous woodlands, often on humus-covered talus slopes and moist lime soils; 0--700 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,086 meters (0 to 10,125 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: No • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: No • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: Yes • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 9-12" apart.

Soil: Likes acidic soil. • Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: Low • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 6.6 • Fertility Requirement: High

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to full shade • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Low • Minimum Precipitation: 36 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: Medium • Water Requirements: Keep surface of soil moist, but not soggy.

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -38°:F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 80 • Heat Zones: High: 6 (>45 to 60 days) Low:1 (< 1 days) (map) • Cold Hardiness: 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Moniliformopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
        Class: Polypodiopsida () - Cronquist et al.
        Order: Polypodiales () - Link
        Family: Pteridaceae () - Kirchn. - Maidenhair Fern Family Plants perennial [annual],
        Subfamily: Adiantoideae ()
        Genus: Adiantum () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Maidenhair fern [Greek adiantos, unwetted, for the glabrous leaves, which shed raindrops]
        Specific epithet: pedatum - L.
        Botanical name: - Adiantum pedatum L.

Synonyms

A. pedatum f. laciniatum (Hopkins) Weatherby • Adiantum pedatum f. billingsae Kittredge

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 1095 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Adiantum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 57 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Flora Washingtonensis; a catalogue of the Phaenogamia and Pteridophyta of the state of Washington, n.p., 1892 url .
Flora of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Boston, Printed for the Society, 1922. url , p. 187, p. 193.
Flora of Burlington and vicinity; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation, by Nellie F. Flynn. Burlington, Free Press Printing Co., 1911. url .
Flora of Delaware and the Eastern Shore: an annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of the peninsula of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. [Wilmington]: Society of Natural History of Delaware, 1946. url p. 3.
Flora of Forest Park. [Springfield, Mass., 1895- url p. 34.
Flora of Illinois, containing keys for identification of flowering plants and ferns. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame Press, 1963. url p. 47.
Flora of Indiana, by Charles C. Deam. Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford printing co., contractor for state printing and binding, 1940. url p. 57.
Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 46, p. 47.
Flora of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Malden, Middlesex Institute, 1888. url .
Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine: a preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands / by Edward L. Rand and John H. Redfield; with a geological introduction by William Morris Davis, and a new map of Mount Desert Island. Cambridge, Mass.: J. Wilson, 1894. url p. 280.
Flora of Nebraska; a list of the ferns, conifers and flowering plants of the state with keys for their determination. Plainview, Neb., 1923 url p. 11.
Flora of New Bedford and the shores of Buzzards Bay, with a procession of the flowers. New Bedford [Mass.]E. Anthony, 1911. url p. 97.
Flora of Vermont; a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. Prepared by Ezra Brainerd, L.R. Jones and W.W. Eggleston, committee for the Vermont botanical club. Burlington, Vt., Free Press Association, 1900. url .
Flora of West Virginia, by Charles Frederick Millspaugh and Lawrence William Nuttall. 1 1896 Chicago, 1896. url p. 190.
Flora of Willoughby, Vermont / George G. Kennedy. Boston: [s.n.], 1904. url p. 101.
Flora of Willoughby, Vermont. [By] George G. Kennedy. Boston, 1904. url p. 101.
Flora of Winneshiek County. Des Moines: 1906. url .
Flora of southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island: with many references to Alaska and northern species / by Joseph Kaye Henry. Toronto: W.J. Gage, c1915. url p. 4.
Flora of the Blue Hills, Middlesex Fells, Stony Brook and Beaver Brook reservations, of the Metropolitan Park Commission, Massachusetts. Boston: C.M. Barrows, 1896. url p. 109.
Flora of the District of Columbia and vicinity. By A.S. Hitchcock and Paul C. Standley, with the assistance of the botanists of Washington. WashingtonGovt. print. off.1919 url p. 55.
Flora of the Indiana dunes, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the lake Michigan Coast of Indiana and of the Calumet District, by Donald Culross Peattie. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1930. url p. 28.
Flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. [Ottawa: Queen's Printer], 1968-. url p. 13, p. 145, p. 346, p. 86.
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia / by P.A. Rydberg. New York: The author, 1922. url p. 1047.
Flora of the U.S.S.R. [Springfield, Va.: Israel Program for Scientific Translations; 1968- url .
Flora of the southeastern United States; being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and in Oklahom by John Kunkel Small. New York, The author, 1913. url p. 10, p. 9.
Flora of the southern United States, containing an abridged description of the flowering plants and ferns of Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida; arranged according to the natural system by A.W. Chapman. New York, American Book Company[1897] url p. 590.
Flora of the vicinity of New York; a contribution to plant geography. [New York]1915 url p. 60.
Florists' review Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 1615, p. 718.
Flower grouping in English, Scotch & Irish gardens; notes & 56 sketches in colour, by Margaret Waterfield. .. with contributions by E. V. B., S. Arnott [and others] London: E. P. Dutton & co., 1907. url p. 29.
Flower queries; Chatham, N.Y., The Courier press, 1896. url p. 31.
Flowers and ferns in their haunts, by Mabel Osgood Wright with illustrations from photographs by the author and J. Horace McFarland. London, The Macmillan company, 1901. url p. 465.
Forest conditions of Mississippi. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1913. url p. 140, p. 151, p. 152, p. 156.
Forests and dunes, from Point Betsie to Sleeping Bear, Evanston, Ill., Northwestern university[c1922] url p. 12.
Fossil plants: for students of botany and geology / Cambridge: University Press, 1898-1919. url , .
Fritz Bahr's commercial floriculture; a practical manual for the retail grower, New York, The A. T. De la Mare company, inc.[c1922] url , .
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Garden guide, the amateur gardener's handbook; how to plan, plant and maintain the home grounds, the suburban garden, the city lot. How to grow gook vegetables and fruit. How to care for roses and other favorite flowers, hardy plants, trees, shrub ed. by J. Harrison Dick... New York, A. T. De La Mare company, inc.1917 url p. 115.
Garden guide; the amateur gardeners' handbook. Profusely illustrated with over 275 teaching plans and diagrams and reproduced photographs, all made expressly for this standard text book. Edited by A. T. De La Mare. New York, A. T. De La Mare[c1920] url p. 151.
Gardening for amateurs; a simple, complete, and practical guide for garden lovers, edited by H. H. Thomas. Illustrated by twenty-four coloured plates and many hundreds of photographs and sketches. New York: Funk and Wagnalls company, [1915] url p. 574.
Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. url p. 343.
Grand Rapids flora: a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand Rapids, Mich., A. Van Dort, 1901. url p. 2.
Gray's new manual of botany (7th ed.--illustrated) A handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, Cincinnati [etc.]American book company[c1908] url p. 35.
Gray's new manual of botany, a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, rearranged and extensively revised by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson. .. and Merritt Lyndon Fernald. .. New York, Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Co.[c1908] url p. 35, p. 35.
Gray's new manual of botany: a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern United States and adjacent Canada / Asa Gray; rearranged and extensively revised by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson and Merritt Lyndon Fernald. New York: American Book Company, c1908. url p. 35.
Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany, " and "Field, forest, and garden botany, " bound in one volume. New York, American book company, 1901?, c1887 url p. 491.
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1987 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 18.
Guide to the Economic Museum of the New York Botanical Garden. New York, 1921. url p. 22, p. 255.
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Hand-list of ferns and fern allies cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens. London, Printed for H. M. Stationery Off., by Darling, 1906. url p. 15, p. 15.
Handbook of nature study, for teachers and pupils in elementary schools. By D. Lange. .. London: The Macmillan co., 1898. url p. 239, p. 242, p. 323.
Handbook of plant morphology, being the Handbook of plant dissection, by J.C.Arthur, Charles R.Barnes and John M.Coulter, rev. and rewritten. New York, Holt, 1904. url p. 108, p. 187.
Handbook of plant morphology; being the Handbook of plant dissection by J. C. Arthur, Charles R. Barnes and John M. Coulter revised and rewritten by Otis W. Caldwell. New York: H. Holt and Company, 1904. url p. 108.
Handbook of the flora of Philadelphia and vicinity, containing data relating to the plants within the following radius: eastern Pennsylvania, north to the Blue mountains, and west to the Susquehanna; all of New Jersey except the northern counties; and Philadelphia, Philadelphia Botanical Club, 1905. url .
Handbook to the ferns of British India, Ceylon and the Malay peninsula; with supplement, Calcutta, Thacker, Spink;1892. url p. 19, p. 86.
Harriman Alaska series. City of Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1910-1914. url p. 379.
Harriman Alaska series. vol. I-V, VIII-XIV Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, 1910-14 url p. 379.
Henderson's Handbook of plants and general horticulture / By Peter Henderson. New York, P. Henderson & Co., 1910. url p. 152.
Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 370, p. 485, p. 517, p. 650.
How ferns grow, by Margaret Slosson; with forty-six plates by the author. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1906. url , p. 155, p. 35, p. 9.
How ferns grow. New York, Holt, 1906. url , , , , , , , , p. 155, p. 25, p. 33, p. 35, p. 9.
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How to make a country place; an account of the successes and the mistakes of an amateur in thirty-five years of farming, building and development: together with a practical plan for securing a home and an independent income, star New York, Orange Judd company; [etc., etc.]1914. url p. 368.
How to make a flower garden; a manual of practical information and suggestions. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1903. url p. 344.
Illinois River Bluffs area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, [and the] State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1998- url p. 164, p. 175.
In my lady's garden / By Mrs. Richmond. London: T.F. Unwin, 1908. url p. 34.
Iowa parks. Conservation of Iowa historic, scenic and scientific areas. Also, a description of numerous areas suitable for public state parks, with reasons for their preservation. Report of the State board of con Pub. by the state of Iowa. Des Moines[1920] url p. 118, p. 145, p. 76.
Iowa parks. Des Moines[1920] url p. 118, p. 145.
Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url p. 135, p. 148.
Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823-1827, together with a particular description of thirty-three species of American oaks and eighteen species of Pinus, with appendices containing a list of the plants introduced by Douglas and an account of h London, W. Wesley & Son, 1914. url , , p. 27, p. 95.
Journal of ethnobiology. 12-13 1992-1993 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 30, p. 312.
Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 40.
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 35 1934 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 147, p. 169, p. 181, p. 295, p. 60, p. 68.
Key to the Rocky Mountain flora. Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, [c1919] url .
Key to the Rocky Mountain flora; Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia. New York, 1919. url p. 282.
Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis]Dept. of Conservation, State of Indiana [Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 203.
Lake Maxinkuckee. a physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 203.
Lake Maxinkuckee: a physical and biological survey / by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. Indianapolis: Dept. of Conservation, 1920. url p. 203, p. 455.
Landscape gardening as applied to home decoration / by Samuel T. Maynard. London: Chapman & HaLL, 1912, c1899. url p. 258.
Lawns and gardens. How to plant and beautify the home lot, the pleasure ground and garden, by N. Jönsson-Rose. With numerous plans and illustrations by the author. New York, G. P. Putnam, 1897. url p. 386.
Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url , p. 264, p. 53, p. 55.
Lessons with plants. Suggestions for seeing and interpreting some of the common forms of vegetation. New York: Macmillan, 1914[c1907] url .
List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without cultivation in northeastern North America. Prepared by a Committee of the Botanical Club, American Association for the Advancement of Science. New York, 1894. url p. 10.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , p. 114, p. 119, p. 123, p. 125, p. 131, p. 84.
Little gardens and how to make the most of them, London, Cassell and company, limited, 1908. url .
Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri, By Kenneth K. MacKenzie, assisted by B. F. Bush and others. Kansas City, Mo., s.n., 1902 url p. 5.
Manual of the botany of the northern United States: including the district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee / by Asa Gray. New York: American Book Co., c1889. url p. 680.
Manual of the flora of Jackson County, Missouri, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, assisted by B. F. Bush and others. Kansas City, Mo., 1902. url .
Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada / by Nathaniel Lord Britton. New York: Holt, 1905. url p. 7, p. 8.
Meehan's monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany, and kindred subjects. Phila., PA: T. Meehan & Sons, 1891-1902. url , , , , , .
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Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 5 1893 - 18 Durham, N.C.: Published for the Club by the Seeman Printery, 1889- url p. 10, p. 169.
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Michigan flora. Prepared for the thirtieth annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, by W. J. Beal and C. F. Wheeler. Lansing: R. Smith & co., printers, 1892 url , p. 21, p. 35, p. 39.
Michigan flora: a list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation / prepared by W.J. Beal. [Lansing, Mich.]: State Board of Agriculture: 1904. url p. 18, p. 18, p. 20, p. 20.
Minnesota botanical studies. Minneapolis, Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. url , , , , p. 250, p. 362, p. 371, p. 371, p. 745, p. 745.
Miscellaneous papers on the botany of Michigan, by C. K. Dodge. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Published as a part of the Annual report of the Board of Geological Survey for 1920. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, State Printers, 1921. url p. 129, p. 167, p. 17.
Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes, Part II) by John Merle Coulter and Charles James [!] Chamberlain. New York, Appleton & Co., 1903. url , p. 297, p. 303, p. 333.
Morphology of angiosperms: (Morphology of spermatophytes, Part II) / by John Merle Coulter and Charles Joseph Chamberlain. New York: D. Appleton, 1909, c1903. url p. 297, p. 303, p. 333.
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Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures. Waltham, Mass., Chronica Botanica Co., 1950. url p. 21, p. 97.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 153, p. 153.
New York State Museum bulletin. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1916-1944. url p. 73.
New illustrated encyclopedia of gardening, unabridged. Edited by T.H. Everett, with contributions from twenty horticulturists and authorities in the United States and Canada. New York, Greystone Press[1964-] url p. 46.
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North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 14.
Notes for a flora of Nova Scotia Part I / by George Lawson. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url .
Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 14 1923-1924 Edinburgh: H. M. Stationery Off. url p. 129.
Notes on western range forbs: Equisetaceae through Fumariaceae / by William A. Dayton. Washington, D.C.: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960. url p. 7.
Observations on the flowering plants, ferns and fern allies growing wild in Marquette County, Michigan, in 1916 and 1917, especially in the vicinity of the Huron Mountain Club. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Published by the University, 1918. url .
Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1913- url .
Our ferns in their haunts, a guide to all the native species, ill. by William Walworth Stilson. New York, Stokes[1901] url , p. 246.
Our national parks, Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1901. url p. 152.
Our native ferns and their alies: with synoptical descriptions of the American Pteridophyta north of Mexico / Lucien M. Underwood. New York: H. Holt, 1896. url p. 28, p. 64.
Our native ferns and their allies with synoptical descriptions of the American pteridophyta north of Mexico / by Lucien Marcus Underwood. New York: H. Holt, 1900. url .
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Our native ferns and their allies; with synoptical descriptions of the American Pteridophyta north of Mexico, by Lucien Marcus Underwood. New York: H. Holt, 1900. url p. 28.
Outlines of botany for the high school laboratory and classroom (based on Gray's Lessons in botany) by Robert Greenleaf Leavitt. .. prepared at the request of the Botanical Department of Harvard University. New York, American Book Co.[1901] url , p. 680.
Pamphlets on forestry in California. [1900?- url p. 59.
Pharmacographia Indica.by William Dymock, C.J.H. Warden, and David Hooper. 1890-1893 London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1893. url p. 2.
Phytogeography of Nebraska. 1. General survey by Roscoe Pound and Frederic E. Clements. Lincoln, Neb.Published by the Seminar1900 url p. 417, p. 71.
Phytologia memoirs. Plainfield, N.J.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke, 1980- url p. 25, p. 35.
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Plant culture; a working handbook of every day practice for all who grow flowering and ornamental plants in the garden and greenhouse, by George W. Oliver. .. and Alfred Carl Hottes. New York, A. T. De La Mare co., inc., 1921. url p. 387.
Plant life of Alabama, an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state. By Charles Mohr. .. Montgomery, Ala., Brown printing co., 1901. url p. 311, p. 74.
Plant life of Alabama: an account of the distribution, modes of association, and adaptations of the flora of Alabama, together with a systematic catalogue of the plants growing in the state / by Charles Mohr. Montgomery, Ala.: Brown Printing Co., 1901. url p. 311, p. 74.
Plant life, considered with special reference to form and function, by Charles Reid Barnes. .. New York, H. Holt & company, 1898. url p. 382, p. 382.
Plant morphogenesis. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 514.
Plants of Iowa; a preliminary list of the native and introduced plants of the state, not under cultivation; comp. by Wesley Greene, secretary. Des Moines, Bishard brothers, printers, 1907. url p. 121, p. 121.
Plants of Mississippi: a list of flowering plants and ferns / by E.N. Lowe. [Jackson, Miss.]: Mississippi State Geological Survey, 1921. url p. 42, p. 45, p. 60.
Pomona College journal of entomology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Published under the patronage of Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association by the Dept. of Biology of Pomona College, [1909?-1912?] url p. 54, p. 54.
Postelsia: the year book of the Minnesota Seaside Station. St. Paul, Minn.: Pioneer Press, 1902-1906. url , p. 31, p. 31, p. 91.
Practical lessons in science. By Josiah T. Scovell. Chicago, The Werner Co., 1895 [c1894] url p. 205.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 514, p. 609.
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] url p. 156, p. 156, p. 236, p. 236, p. 31, p. 31, p. 371.
Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science. Rochester, N.Y.: The Academy.1889- url p. 121, p. 192.
Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Chicago.: Field Columbian Museum, 1895-1909. url p. 190.
Report for the year - British Columbia Provincial Museum. [Victoria]; Printed by A. Sutton [etc.], for the Queen. url .
Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1904-1916. url p. 110, p. 116, p. 137, p. 69, p. 71.
Report of the State Botanist. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1898-1925. url , , , p. 10, p. 15, p. 165, p. 51, p. 941.
Reports of the Survey. Botanical series. Minneapolis [etc.]1892- url p. 250, p. 335, p. 371, p. 745.
Residential sites and environments; their conveniences, gardens, parks, planting, etc. New York, A.T. Delamare Print. and Pub. Co., 1898. url p. 79, p. 84.
Rock River area assessment / Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Office of Scientific Research and Analysis, Natural History Survey Division, in conjunction with State Geological Survey Division. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 1996- url p. 123, p. 50, p. 52.
Rock gardens: how to make and maintain them, London, Williams & Norgate, 1910. url p. 377.
Rock gardens; how to make and maintain them, by Lewis B. Meredith, with an introduction by F. W. Moore. .. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1914. url p. 383.
Rocky Mountain wild flower studies; an account of the ways of some plants that live in the Rocky Mountain region, by Burton O. Longyear. .. with illustrations from nature by the author. Denver, Merchants Publishing Co., c1909 url p. 442.
Scientific and applied pharmacognosy, intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 34.
Scientific papers of Asa Gray / selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston, Houghton, 1889. url p. 127, p. 169.
Scientific papers of Asa Gray, selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1889. url p. 169, p. 169.
Scottish gardens; being a representative selection of different types, old and new, New York, Longmans, Green & co.; [etc., etc.]1908. url p. 117.
Shade gardens / by Oliver E. Allen and the editors of Time-Life Books. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, c1979. url p. 89.
Small, J. K. Flora of the southeastern United States;being descriptions of the seed-plants, ferns and fern-allies growing naturally in North Carolina, South Carolin, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana and the Indian territory and in Oklahoma and Texas east of the one-hundredth meridian /by John Kunkel Small. .. 1903 New York: The author, 1903. url p. 9.
Sources of the Ohio flora, by A.D. Selby and J.W.T. Duvel. Columbus, 1899 url p. 40.
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Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 144, p. 276.
Stout manual training school; a handbook for planning and planting small home grounds. .. with a list of native and commonly cultivated plants that are represented in the collection upon the Stout manual training school grounds. Menomonie, Wis., Stout manual training school, 1899. url p. 52, p. 59, p. 67.
Strolls by starlight and sunshine; New York, Harper & brothers, 1890. url .
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Supplemental register of written communications published in the Transactions and Proceedings of the American philosophical society, 1881-1889. Comp. by Henry Phillips, jr., one of the secretaries of the society. Philadelphia, Press of MacCalla & co., 1889. url p. 87.
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The Aleutian islands: their people and natural history (with keys for the identification of the birds and plants) City of Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1945. url p. 128.
The American botanist: a monthly journal for the plant lover. Binghamton, N.Y.: Willard N. Clute & Co., 1901-1948. url p. 23.
The American midland naturalist. Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame. url p. 280, p. 57.
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The Canadian field-naturalist. 38 1924 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url morris , , mousley , house , p. 117, p. 140, p. 171, p. 219, p. 316, p. 42, p. 51, p. 519, p. 58, p. 587, p. 588, p. 63, p. 650, p. 681, p. 74, p. 758, p. 84.
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The book of water gardening; giving in full detail all the practical information necessary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroun by Peter Bisset. New York: A. T. De La Mare printing and Pub. Co., ltd., 1907. url p. 177.
The century supplement to the dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / by Geo. Nicholson. .. [et al.]. Hyde Park, Mass.: Geo. T. King; 1901. url p. 17, p. 363, p. 368.
The chemistry and mode of action of plant growth substances; proceedings of a symposium held at Wye College, University of London, July 1955. Edited by R.L. Wain and F. Wightman. London, Butterworths Scientific Publications, 1956. url p. 27.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 197, p. 197, p. 206, p. 206, p. 331, p. 380, p. 380.
The drug plants of Illinois / Leo R. Tehon; drawings by Kay H. Wadsworth. Urbana, Ill.: Natural History Survey Division, 1951. url p. 123, p. 15.
The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url .
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The fern lover's companion; a guide for the Northeastern States and Canada. Melrose, Mass., The Author[c1922] url , , .
The ferns (Filicales) treated comparatively with a view to their natural classification, by F. O. Bower. Cambridge [Eng.]University Press, 1923-28. url p. 78.
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The flora of Long Island. Lancaster, Pa.New Era Print., 1899. url .
The flora of Tennessee and a philosophy of botany: respectfully dedicated to the citizens of Tennessee / by Augustin Gattinger. Nashville: Press of Gospel Advocate Pub. Co., 1901. url p. 29.
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The garden month by month; describing the appearance, color, dates of bloom, height and cultivation of all desirable, hardy herbaceous perennials for the formal or wild garden with additional lists of aquatics, vines, ferns, et by Mabel Cabot Sedgwick assisted by Robert Cameron with over two hundred half-tone engravings from photographs of growing plants, and a chart in colors. New York, F.A. Stokes Co., [1907] url .
The garden's story, or Pleasures and trials of an amateur gardener, New York: D. Appleton and company, 1889. url p. 268, p. 329, p. 339.
The garden's story: for pleasures and trials of an amateur gardener / by George H. ELlwanger. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1889. url p. 329.
The garden's story: or, Pleasures and trials of an amateur gardener / by George H. Ellwanger. .. New York: Appleton, 1891. url p. 268, p. 339.
The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds, by Grace Tabor. New York, R. M. McBride, 1916. url p. 19.
The native flora of the vicinity of Cold Spring Harbor, L.I., New York. n.p., 1925 url p. 114.
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The natural history of Chautauqua. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1917. url p. 92.
The natural history of the Toronto region, Ontario, Canada / edited by J.H. Faull. Toronto: Canadian Institute, 1913. url p. 142.
The nature-study review Ithica, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Co., 1905-1923 url p. 257.
The new method of education, [Medford, Mass.]The Tufts college press, 1911. url p. 77.
The new method of education: with illustrative examples, extracts from school documents, and a catalogue of the Normal High School [Milford, N.H.] / by William L. Whittemore; with memorial address. [Medford, Mass.]: The Tufts College Press, 1911. url p. 77.
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The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species. Trenton, 1911. url p. 130.
The rock garden, London, C. Scribner's sons, 1920. url .
The seasons in a flower garden; New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 68.
The seasons in a flower garden; a handbook of information and instruction for the amateur, by Louise Shelton. New York: C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 68.
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1217, p. 1219, p. 1471, p. 216, p. 218.
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The vascular flora of the eastern Penobscot Bay region, Maine. [Portland, Maine, 1919. url p. 290.
The water garden; embracing the construction of ponds, adapting natural streams, planting, hybridizing, seed saving, propagation, building an aquatic house, wintering, correct designing and planting of banks and margin by William Tricker. Profusely illustrated with nine plates, eighteen full page descriptive views, and numerous other sketches in the text. New York, A. T. De La Mare Printing and Pub. Co., 1897. url p. 108.
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Notes

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Contributors

Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644527
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17311
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13728425
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17297400-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 401921
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17311
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17012140
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPADI030B0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ADPE
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19634

Footnotes

Michael D. Windham "Pteridaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Adiantum pedatum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 265.280 meters (870.341 feet), Standard Deviation = 218.270 based on 1,083 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Adiantum pedatum

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

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Family Pteridaceae

Genus Adiantum

Physical Description

Species Adiantum pedatum

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Landscaping

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Biology

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Members of the genus Adiantum

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Footnotes