Adiantum capillus-veneris (Common Maidenhair Fern)

Overview

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Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in Danish:

ægte Venushår, Venushår

Common Names in Dutch:

Europees Venushaar

Common Names in English:

Common Maidenhair Fern, Common Maidenhair, Maidenhair Fern, Southern maidenhair Fern, Southern Maidenhair, Southern Maidenhair Fern, Venus Hair, Venus Hairfern, Venus Maidenhair, Venus Maidenhair Fern, Venus´ Hair Fern, Venus's-Hair Fern

Common Names in Finnish:

Venuksenhiussaniainen

Common Names in French:

Capillaire Cheveux-De-Vénus, Capillaire De Montpellier, Cheveux De Vénus

Common Names in German:

Frauenhaarfarn, Venushaarfarn

Common Names in Italian:

Capelvenere Comune

Common Names in Spanish:

Adianto, Capilera, Culantrillo De Pozo

Description

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Family Pteridaceae

Genera ca. 40, species ca. 1000 (13 genera, 90 sp: worldwide.

Considerable disagreement exists concerning the circumscription and proper name of this family . The taxa comprising the Pteridaceae in this treatment were assigned to the Sinopteridaceae and Pteridaceae by D. B . Lellinger (1985) and were included in five families by R. E. G. Pichi-Sermolli (1977). The broad concept followed here is similar (except for the exclusion of Ceratopteris ) to that espoused by R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982), who applied the name Pteridaceae to the group. Until very recently, the newer name Adiantaceae was more commonly used.

As represented in North America, Pteridaceae comprise three major evolutionary lines (the adiantoids, the pteroids, and the cheilanthoids). Characteristics holding the family together include abaxial (usually submarginal ) sori that lack indusia or are protected by a reflexed or revolute leaf margin , spores that are usually globose-tetrahedral and trilete, and chromosome base numbers of 30 or 29 (rarely 27). The xeric-adapted members of the family (particularly the cheilanthoids) have undergone extensive parallel and convergent evolution, and they have frustrated attempts to produce a natural generic classification based on macromorphologic characteristics alone. Although some workers have aggregated species into a few large genera (e.g. , J. T. Mickel 1979b), most tend to recognize smaller segregate genera based on a combination of morphologic, chromosomal, and biochemical data. The latter approach seems to provide a more useful, evolutionarily informative classification and is the one adopted here. Aspidotis and Notholaena are maintained here as distinct from Cheilanthes, and three recently described genera ( Argyrochosma, Astrolepis, and Pentagramma ) have been incorporated into the treatment. The reasons for these changes in generic circumscription are discussed under the individual genera.[1]

Genus Adiantum

Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales deep tawny yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored , linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate . Leaves monomorphic to somewhat dimorphic , densely clustered to closely spaced [distant ], 15--110 cm. Petiole chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove adaxially, glabrous , hispid , or strigose , with 1 or 2 vascular bundles . Blade lanceolate, ovate , trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous to papery , both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered hairs ), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate ; rachis straight or flexuous . Ultimate segments subsessile to short-stalked (stalks terminating in cupulelike swelling at base of pinna in A. tenerum ), round , fan-shaped, rhombic , or oblong , 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous ; fertile segments with marginal lobes recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous , free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose or tuberculate , equatorial ridge absent. x = 29, 30.

Species ca. 150--200: nearly worldwide except at latitudes greater than 60°.

Most diverse in Andean South America, Adiantum is primarily a tropical genus; of the nine species occurring in the flora , A. melanoleucum, A. tenerum, and A. tricholepis are strictly subtropical . Adiantum hispidulum occurs only as an escape from cultivation. The genus is absent from dry areas in the interior of the continent.

Adiantum is a very clearly circumscribed genus of ferns, the character state "sporangia borne on abaxial surface of false indusium" being both necessary and sufficient to define it. Within this large and widespread genus, however, species relationships are mostly unknown. An evolutionary classification of the group is indeed much needed (R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon 1982).[2]

Physical Description

Species Adiantum capillus-veneris

Stems short-creeping; scales golden brown to medium brown, concolored, iridescent , margins entire or occasionally with single broad tooth near base . Leaves lax-arching or pendent, closely spaced, 15--75 cm. Petiole 0.5--1.5 mm diam., glabrous , occasionally glaucous. Blade lanceolate, pinnate, 10--45 × 4--15 cm, glabrous, gradually reduced distally; proximal pinnae 3(--4) -pinnate; rachis straight to flexuous , glabrous, not glaucous. Segment stalks 0.5--3.5 mm, dark color extending into segment base. Ultimate segments various, generally cuneate or fan-shaped to irregularly rhombic (plants in American southwest occasionally with segments nearly round ), about as long as broad; base broadly to narrowly cuneate; margins shallowly to deeply lobed , incisions 0.5--7 mm, occasionally ± laciniate , sharply denticulate in sterile segments; apex rounded to acute. Indusia transversely oblong or crescent-shaped, 1--3(--7) mm, glabrous. Spores mostly 40--50 µm diam. 2 n = 120. Sporulating spring--summer. [source]

No evident pattern to morphologic variation in the species is discernible, although a number of segregate species and infraspecific taxa have been recognized within North American Adiantum capillus-veneris. In the Eastern Hemisphere, the species is diploid, with 2 n = 60 (I. Manton 1950). Several tetraploid counts have been reported from North America (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1963). Spore-measurement data suggest, however, that the polyploid cytotype may not be widely distributed. Further investigation is needed to determine whether Adiantum capillus-veneris populations in North America are conspecific with those in Eurasia and Africa. [source]

Habit: Forb/herb • Growth Form: Rhizomatous • Shape and Orientation: Erect

Flowers: Bloom Period: Summer • Flower Color: White • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 3000000 • Seed Spread Rate: Slow • Seedling Vigor: Medium • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: No

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Foliage Porosity Summer: Porous • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous • Foliage Texture: Fine • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: No

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Moderate • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow • Mature Height (feet): 1.7 • Size: 18-24" tall. • Vegetative Spread Rate: Slow • Lifespan: Lifespan

Habitat

Moist calcareous cliffs , banks, and ledges along streams and rivers , walls of lime sinks, canyon walls (in the American southwest), around foundations, on mortar of storm drains ; 0--2500 m [3].

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 4,701 meters (0 to 15,423 feet).[4]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: No • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: No • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Space 12-15" apart.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: No • Anaerobic Tolerance: Medium • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: High • Minimum pH: 6.0 • Maximum pH: 8.0 • Fertility Requirement: Low

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Partial to Full Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: None • Minimum Precipitation: 10 • Maximum Precipitation: 60 • Moisture Use: High

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -33°F. • Minimum Frost Free Days: 120 • Cold Hardiness: 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Moniliformopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997, Nom. Nud.
        Class: Polypodiopsida () - Cronquist et al.
        Order: Polypodiales () - Link
        Family: Pteridaceae () - Kirchn. - Maidenhair Fern Family Plants perennial [annual],
        Subfamily: Adiantoideae ()
        Genus: Adiantum () - C. Linnaeus, 1753 - Maidenhair fern [Greek adiantos, unwetted, for the glabrous leaves, which shed raindrops]
        Specific epithet: capillus-veneris - L.
        Botanical name: - Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

Synonyms

A. capillus-veneris var. rimicola (Slosson) Fernald • Adiantum capillus-veneris var. modestum (L. Underwood) Fernald • Adiantum capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fern. • Adiantum modestum Underwood

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 1096 1753 [1 May 1753]

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Adiantum

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 57 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus:

More Info

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Notes

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Contributors

"Adiantum capillus-veneris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 44 providers.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 25, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

Utah State University, USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2644524
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-17308
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:91322-3
GRIN Nomen Number: 401925
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 17308
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 17009280
MoBot NameID: 26602671
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PPADI03010
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ADCA
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 19620

Footnotes

Michael D. Windham "Pteridaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Adiantum capillus-veneris". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 758.830 meters (2,489.600 feet), Standard Deviation = 992.390 based on 8,354 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Adiantum capillus-veneris

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Pteridaceae

Genus Adiantum

Physical Description

Species Adiantum capillus-veneris

Size/Age/Growth

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Adiantum

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes