Acer platanoides (European Maple)

Overview

An old cultivar that is a parent of many of the newer red foliage forms. Grows larger and more rapidly than 'Crimson King'. Foliage emerges maroon, but turns black-green as it matures . Color effect is more subtle than 'Crimson King' and is easier to use in landscapes.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

European Maple, Norway Maple

Common Names in French:

érable Plane

Common Names in German:

Spitzahorn

Common Names in Romanian:

Paltin De Câmp, Paltin De Cîmp

Description

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Family Sapindaceae

Trees or shrubs (or woody vines with tendrils in Cardiospermum and allied genera), rarely herbaceous climbers . Indumentum usually of simple hairs , often glandular on young parts, buds, and inflorescences. Leaves alternate, usually estipulate; leaf blade pinnate or digitate, rarely simple; leaflets alternate to opposite, entire or dentate to serrate. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary thyrse ; bracts and bracteoles small. Flowers unisexual , rarely polygamous or bisexual , actinomorphic or zygomorphic, usually small. Sepals 4 or 5(or 6), equal or unequal, free or connate at base , imbricate or valvate . Petals 4 or 5(or 6), sometimes absent, free, imbricate, usually clawed, often with scales or hair-tufted basal appendages . Disk conspicuous , fleshy , complete or interrupted , lobed or annular , rarely absent. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, rarely numerous , variously inserted but usually within disk, often exserted in male flowers; filaments free, rarely connate; anthers dorsifixed , longitudinally dehiscent , introrse ; staminodes sometimes present in carpellate flowers, but filaments shorter and anthers with a thick wall, indehiscent. Ovary superior, (1-) 3(or 4) -loculed; ovules 1 or 2(or several) per locule, placentation axile , rarely parietal , anatropous , campylotropous, or amphitropous ; style usually apical (terminal), semigynobasic in Allophylus [gynobasic in Deinbollia Schumacher & Thonning]; stigma entire or 2 or 3(or 4) -lobed, usually rudimentary in male flowers. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, berry, or drupe, or consisting of 2 or 3 samaras, often 1-seeded and 1-loculed by abortion . Seeds 1(or 2 or more) per locule; testa black or brown, hard, often with a conspicuous fleshy aril or sarcotesta ; embryo curved , plicate , or twisted, oily and starchy; endosperm usually absent. 2n = 20-36.

One hundred thirty-five genera and ca. 1500 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially well represented in tropical SE Asia; 21 genera (one endemic) and 52 species (16 endemic, one introduced ) in China.

There is some variation in the circumscription of Sapindaceae in taxonomic treatments, particularly with regard to the inclusion of genera from the closely related, predominately temperate families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Several studies including Müller and Leenhouts (in Ferguson & Müller, Evolutionary Significance Exine: 407-445. 1976), and more recently those based on molecular data (Stevens, Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, 2001 onward; Harrington et al. , Syst. Bot. 30: 366-382. 2005), supported the recognition of a broadly defined Sapindaceae incorporating Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae. Harrington et al. (loc. cit. ) proposed four subfamilies or clades, comprising Sapindoideae (including

Koelreuteria and Ungnadia Endlicher), Dodonaeoideae, Hippocastanoideae (including taxa previously referred to Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae, plus Handeliodendron), and a monotypic "Xanthoceratoideae". Within Hippocastanoideae, Acer Linnaeus and Dipteronia Oliver comprise a monophyletic group and are treated in this Flora as Aceraceae. Similarly, Aesculus Linnaeus, Billia Peyritsch, and the Chinese endemic Handeliodendron Rehder form a monophyletic group and are treated here as Hippocastanaceae. There is some support for "Xanthoceratoideae" being the first lineage to diverge within the broadly defined Sapindaceae assemblage; consequently, Xanthoceras is treated separately from genera in Sapindoideae and Dodonaeoideae in the following account of Sapindaceae s.s. The sequence of genera reflects Müller and Leenhouts (loc. cit.) as modified by recent analyses based on molecular and morphological data, rather than following the order developed by Radlkofer (Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 20: 105-379. 1890; and in Engler, Pflanzenreich 98a-h(IV . 165) : 1-1539. 1931-1934), which was previously followed in FRPS.

The main economic uses of this family include (1) timber: Amesiodendron chinense, Dimocarpus longan, D. confinis, Litchi chinensis, Pavieasia kwangsiensis, and Pometia pinnata; (2) fruit: Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, and Nephelium lappaceum; (3) medicine: Dimocarpus longan (arillode ), Litchi chinensis (seeds), and Sapindus saponaria (roots ) ; (4) oil : Amesiodendron chinense, Delavaya toxocarpa, and Xanthoceras sorbifolium. Saponins occur widely in the family, commonly used as a fish poison and for their detergent properties.[1]

Physical Description

Species Acer platanoides

Norway maples grow to about 40-70 feet tall and have large leaves and distinctive bark . The leaves on the Norway maple are very similar to those of the Sugar maple, Acer saccharum. They can be distinguished from sugar maples leaves by the fine hair like bristles at the end of the lobes and the milky sap that is exuded when the petiole is detached. The fruit is a samara that is 3-4 inches long. The two sides of the samara come together at a 180 degree angle ; sugar maple samaras have about a 60 degree angle and resemble a horse shoe . The seed is very flat on Norway maple whereas native maples have thick seeds. The bark on older trees is distinctly furrowed with interlacing ridges , often turning a sooty black, whereas sugar maple has platy bark. Norway maple leaves turn a bright yellow in the fall , after most trees have lost their leaves.

ID Features: Milky sap in petiole and leaf veins. Large, plump green-maroon buds (compare with Acer pseudoplatanus. which are always green). Leaves larger than those of Acer campestre. Leaves broader than those of Acer saccharum.

Habit: Medium to large shade tree . Deciduous. Rounded crown, densely branched.

Flowers: Blooms in April. Numerous small, yellow-green flowers. Showy, especially for early spring . • Bloom Period: March, April, May. • Flower Color: chartreuse, pale green, pale yellow, yellow-green

Seeds: Fruit: Samaras, 1.5" to 2" long. Turn green to tan.

Foliage: Summer foliage: Opposite, 5-lobed leaves, 4" to 7" across. Uniform dark green color. Milky sap visible when petiole is broken . • Fall foliage: Often colors late (end of October). Can be a good, uniform yellow.

Size/Age/Growth

Growth Rate: Grows rapidly when young. • Size: Typically 40' to 60' tall, but can reach 90'.

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Shade tree for lawns, parks, industrial parks. Needs adequate space to develop. • Liabilities: Creates very dense shade which kills out turf . Grows too large for residential landscapes. Shallow root system damages sidewalks. Verticillium wilt. Can be prone to bark splitting . Seeds freely, get many weed seedling trees .

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,333 meters (0 to 7,654 feet).[2]

Ecology: Invasive: Escapes from cultivation, invades open fields , meadows and woods where it forms thickets. Very prolific seeder.

Control: The seedlings can be easily pulled by hand when the soil is moist. Saplings can be pulled if a weed wrench or similar device is used. Large Norway maples have a tendency to sprout vigorously when cut down so an appropriate herbicide is recommended if removal is required.

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Adaptable to many soils. Easily transplanted. Full sun is best. Tolerant of urban conditions for a maple.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.5 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue o () - Brongniart, 1843
        Subclass: Rosidae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Rutanae () - Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Sapindales () - Dumortier, 1829
        Family: Sapindaceae () - A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons. - soapberries
        Subfamily: Hippocastanoideae ()
        Genus: Acer () - C. Linnaeus, 1753
        Specific epithet: platanoides - L.
        Botanical name: - Acer platanoides L.

Synonyms

Acer platanoides var. schwedleri Nichols.

Notes

Publishing author : L. Publication : Sp. Pl. 2: 1055 1753 [1 May 1753] Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Mar-2000

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Acer

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 642 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed April 30, 2012.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 37 providers.
IOPI Global Plant Checklist, Sep. 2005
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 11, 2007:

GBIF-Spain, Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
Jyväskylä University Museum - The Section of Natural Sciences, Vascular plant collection of Jyvaskyla University Museum
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University, Vascular Plant Collection
The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Botany registration database by Danish botanists
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Botany
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Herbarium of Oskarshamn
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Lund Botanical Museum
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
, Plants
UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
USDA PLANTS, USDA PLANTS Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2652252
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-28755
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3027485
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781455-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 1209
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 28755
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 781455-1
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PDACE010D0
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ACPLS
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13705

Footnotes

Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek "Sapindaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 1, 6. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 156.180 meters (512.402 feet), Standard Deviation = 202.960 based on 7,630 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Acer platanoides

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Sapindaceae

Physical Description

Species Acer platanoides

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Notes

Similar Species

Members of the genus Acer

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes