Abies homolepis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Pinaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Branchlets often dimorphic : long branchlets with clearly spirally arranged , sometimes scalelike leaves; short branchlets often reduced to slow growing lateral spurs bearing dense clusters of leaves at apex. Leaves solitary or in bundles of (1 or) 2-5(-8) when basally subtended by a leaf sheath ; leaf blade linear or needlelike, not decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones solitary or clustered, with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls ; microsporophyll with 2 microsporangia; pollen usually 2-saccate (nonsaccate in Cedrus, Larix, Pseudotsuga, and most species of Tsuga) . Seed cones erect or pendulous, maturing in 1st, 2nd, or occasionally 3rd year, dehiscent or occasionally indehiscent, with many spirally arranged ovulate scales and bracts; ovulate scales usually smaller than bracts at pollination, with 2 upright ovules adaxially, free or only basally adnate with bracts, maturing into seed scales. Seed scales appressed , woody or leathery, variable in shape and size, with 2 seeds adaxially, persistent or deciduous after cone maturity. Bracts free or adnate basally with seed scales, well developed or rudimentary , exserted or included . Seeds terminally winged (except in some species of Pinus) . Cotyledons 2-18. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = 24* (almost always) .

Ten or eleven genera and ca. 235 species: N hemisphere; ten genera (two endemic) and 108 species (43 endemic, 24 introduced ) in China.

Species of the Pinaceae are among the most valuable and commercially important plants in the world. Most species are trees, and are often excellent sources of lumber, wood products, and resins; many are cultivated for afforestation and as ornamentals .[1]

Genus Abies

Trees evergreen , crown usually spirelike to conic, sometimes flat to round topped in age. Bark initially thin, smooth , bearing resin blisters, in age furrowed and/or flaking in plates . Branches whorled , irregular internodal branches occasionally produced by epicormic sprouting (growing from a dormant bud) ; short (spur) shoots absent; leaf scars prominent , ± circular to broadly elliptic , flush with twig surface, slightly depressed , or slightly raised evenly all around. Buds ovate or oblong , resinous or not, apex rounded or pointed . Leaves borne singly, persisting 5 or more years, spirally arranged but often proximally twisted so as to appear either 1-ranked (pointing up like toothbrush bristles ) or 2-ranked, sessile, typically constricted and often twisted above the somewhat broadened base , sheath absent; leaves on vegetative branches flattened, frequently grooved adaxially, usually notched to rounded at apex; leaves on fertile branches sometimes appearing 4-sided, upright, sharp-pointed to rounded at apex; resin canals 2. Cones borne on year-old twigs . Pollen cones grouped, ovate or oblong-cylindric, leaving gall-like protuberances after falling, yellow to red, green, blue, or purple. Seed cones maturing in 1 season , erect , ovoid to oblong-cylindric or cylindric , not falling whole but scale by scale, cone axis persisting as an erect "spike" on branch ; scales shed individually, fan-shaped, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included to exserted. Seeds winged , the wing-seed juncture bearing resin sac; cotyledons 4--10. x =12.

Species ca. 42: widespread in north temperate regions , North America, Mexico, Central America, Eurasia (s to Himalayas, s China, and Taiwan), n Africa.

In Abies several traditionally accepted species have closely allied sibling species , e.g. , A. balsamea -- A. fraseri, A. bifolia -- A. lasiocarpa, and A. magnifica -- A. procera. Other species may be more distinct morphologically, but many of these still appear to have evolved in geographic isolation without strong reproductive barriers developing. Thus, when distributions of species overlap, introgression between the taxa is the rule ; this may make it difficult to assign certain individuals to a species. In the interests of nomenclatural stability , I have accepted the taxa recognized by the U.S. Forest Service (E.L. Little Jr. 1979). This classification does not recognize varieties based on variations in bract characteristics but recognizes species that perhaps would be treated as varieties in other conifer genera. The only exceptions to this treatment are some necessary changes within A. concolor and A. lasiocarpa. Cases of introgression are discussed under the taxa involved. Some distinct or possibly distinct geographic populations deserve further study and may warrant future taxonomic recognition.

Most North American firs are major components of vegetation, especially in the boreal, Pacific Coast coniferous , and western montane coniferous forests, where they are important for watershed management . They are cut for pulpwood and lumber and, largely from plantations, for Christmas trees . All our species, especially Abies concolor, and several exotics are grown---some more than others---as ornamentals . Firs provide cover , and their leaves are important as food, for various birds and mammals. Species of Abies frequently have a pleasant odor; their foliage has been used as a stuffing material for pillows . Most commercial products with "pine odors" are in fact scented with essential oils distilled from Abies foliage by Russian farmers. A similar oil could be derived from balsam fir in North America.[2]

Physical Description

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Nice accent tree . Park tree. Screen . Massing. • Liabilities: Often damaged by deer. Dislikes high pH. Hard to locate plants .

Biology

Reproduction

Duration: Perennial

Growth

Culture: Prefers moist, well-drained loam . Full sun . Prefers cooler climates. Fairly wind tolerant , except for drying winter winds.

Soil: Minimum pH: 4.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. (map)

Taxonomy

Notes

Publishing author : Siebold & Zucc. Publication : Fl. Jap. (Siebold) 2: 17 1842

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 5-Jun-2008

Similar Species

Members of the genus Abies

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 115 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

A. alba (European Silver Fir) · A. alba f. pendula (European Silver Fir) · A. alba 'Green Spiral' (European Silver Fir) · A. amabilis (Beautiful Fir) · A. balsamea (Balsam Fir) · A. balsamea fraseri (Balsam Fir) · A. balsamea f. hudsonia (Hudsonia Dwarf Silver Fir) · A. balsamea lasiocarpa (Subalpine Fir) · A. balsamea var. nana (Dwarf Balsam Fir) · A. balsamea x sibirica (Balsam Fir) · A. beshanzuensis (Baishan Fir) · A. borisii-regis (King Boris Fir) · A. bracteata (Bristlecone Fir) · A. cephalonica (Greek Fir) · A. cephalonica 'Meyer's Dwarf' (Greek Fir) · A. chensiensis (Shensi Fir) · A. chensiensis chensiensis (Shensi Fir) · A. chensiensis salouenensis (Salween Fir) · A. cilicica (Cilician Fir) · A. concolor (Balsam Fir) · A. concolor var. concolor (White Fir) · A. concolor 'Candicans' (Colorado Fir) · A. concolor 'Gables Weeping' (Gable's Weeping Colorado Fir) · A. concolor 'Green Globe' (Colorado Fir) · A. concolor 'Rockford' (Colorado Fir) · A. delavayi (Delavay's Fir) · A. delavayi fansipanensis (Fansipan Fir) · A. delavayi var. delavayi (Delavay's Silver Fir) · A. delavayi var. motuoensis (Medoc Fir) · A. delavayi var. nukiangensis (Nukiang Fir) · A. densa (Sikkim Fir) · A. fabri (Fabers Fir) · A. fargesii (Farges' Fir) · A. fargesii var. sutchuensis (Farges´ Fir) · A. firma (Japanese Fir) · A. forrestii (Forrest's Fir) · A. forrestii var. georgei (George's Fir) · A. fraseri (Fraser Fir) · A. fraseri 'Franklin' (Fraser Fir) · A. fraseri 'Julian Potts' (Fraser Fir) · A. fraseri 'Klein' (Fraser Fir) · A. grandis (Giant Fir) · A. grandis var. grandis (Grand Fir) · A. grandis x concolor (Giant Fir) · A. guatemalensis (Guatemalan Fir) · A. guatemalensis var. guatemalensis (Guatemalan Fir) · A. holophylla (Manchurian Fir) · A. homolepis (Nikko Fir) · A. homolepis var. homolepis (Nikko Fir) · A. kawakamii (Taiwan Fir) · A. koreana (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Aurea' (Golden Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Gelbbunt' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Goldener Traum' (Golden Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Horstmann's Silberlocke' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Piccolo' (Fir) · A. koreana 'Prostrate Beauty' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Silberperl' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Silber Mavers' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Silver Show' (Korean Fir) · A. koreana 'Starkers Dwarf' (Korean Fir) · A. lasiocarpa (Alpine Fir) · A. lasiocarpa arizonica var. arizonica (Cork Bark Fir) · A. lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Corkbark Fir) · A. lasiocarpa x homolepis (Balsam Fir) · A. lasiocarpa 'Arizona Compacta' (Cork-Bark Fir) · A. lasiocarpa 'Duflon' (Alpine Fir) · A. lasiocarpa 'Green Globe' (Alpine Fir) · A. magnifica (California Red Fir) · A. magnifica 'Prostrata' (California Red Fir) · A. nebrodensis (Sicilian Fir) · A. nephrolepis (Manchurian Fir) · A. nordmanniana (Caucasian Fir) · A. nordmanniana equi-trojani (Kazdagi Fir) · A. nordmanniana nordmanniana (Bornmuellers Fir) · A. nordmanniana 'Golden Spreader' (Caucasian Fir) · A. nordmanniana 'Tortifolia' (Caucasian Fir) · A. numidica (Algerian Fir) · A. numidica de (Algerian Silver Fir) · A. phanerolepis (Fir) · A. pindrow (Pindrow Fir) · A. pinsapo (Spanish Fir) · A. pinsapo var. pinsapo (Spanish Fir) · A. pinsapo 'Aurea' (Golden Spanish Fir) · A. pinsapo 'Glauca' (Blue Spanish Fir) · A. procera (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Blau Hexe' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Blue Spire' (Fir) · A. procera 'Frijsenborg' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Glauca' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Glauca Prostrata' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'La Graciosa' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Robustifolia' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Sherwoodii' (Noble Fir) · A. procera 'Silver' (Fir) · A. recurvata (Min Fir) · A. recurvata var. ernestii (Chien-Lu Fir) · A. recurvata var. recurvata (Min Fir) · A. religiosa (Sacred Fir) · A. sachalinensis (Sakhalin Fir)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A handbook of Coniferae, including Ginkgoace, by W. Dallimore and A. Bruce Jackson. With drawings by Miss G. Lister. New York, Longmans, Green, 1923. url p. 88.
• Aristocrats of the garden, Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1917. url , .
• Aristocrats of the garden, by Ernest H. Wilson. .. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & company[c1917] url p. 301, p. 301.
• Beautiful and rare trees & plants. London, C. Scribner's Sons[pref. 1903] url , .
• Biltmore Nursery, Biltmorse, N.C. [North Carolina?: The Nursery?], c1912 url p. 6.
• Botanical abstracts. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. url p. 265.
• Bulletin - Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Amherst, : Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907-1974. url p. 5, p. 76.
• Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 15 1929-1932 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., url p. 157, p. 72, p. 75, p. 80.
• Curtis's botanical magazine. 116 1890 London; New York [etc.]: Academic Press [etc.] url .
• Flora of Japan: in English: combined, much revised and extended translation / by the author of his Flora of Japan (1953) and Flora of Japan, Pteridophyta (1957); edited by Frederick G. Meyer and Egbert H. Walker. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965. url p. 111, p. 112, p. 3, p. 4.
• Florists' review Chicago: Florists' Pub. Co. url .
• Forest flora of Japan. Notes on the forest flora of Japan. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin[c1894] url , .
• Forest flora of Japan: notes on the forest flora of Japan. Boston, Houghton, 1894. url p. 82, p. 83, p. 89.
• Forestry quarterly. Ithaca, N.Y. [etc.] url p. 211.
• Fossil plants: for students of botany and geology / Cambridge: University Press, 1898-1919. url , .
• Fossil plants; a text-book for students of botany and geology, by A. C. Seward. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1898-1919. url p. 137.
• Garden and forest; a journal of horticulture, landscape art and forestry. New York: The Garden and forest publishing co., 1888-97. url p. 510, p. 511, p. 512, p. 524, p. 525.
• Gardening. Chicago, the Gardening Co., 1892-1925. url p. 114.
• Hand-list of Coniferae, grown in the Royal Botanic Gardens. LondonPrinted for H.M. Stationery Off. by Darling1903 url p. 101.
• Hand-list of Coniferae: grown in the Royal botanic gardens. London: Printed for H. M. Stationery off. by Darling & son, Ltd., 1903. url p. 101.
• Hardy coniferous trees: being a concise description of each species and variety, with the most recently approved nomenclature, lists of synonyms, and best methods of cultivation / by A. D. Webster. London: Hutchinson, 1896. url p. 5, p. 9.
• Horticulture. Boston, Mass.: Horticulture Pub. Co., c1904- url p. 114, p. 125, p. 298, p. 333, p. 338, p. 338, p. 341, p. 558.
• Hortus Veitchii: a history of the rise and progress of the nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and sons, together with an account of the botanical collectors and hybridists employed by them and a list of the most remark by James H. Veitch; with fifty illustrations. London: J. Veitch & sons, 1906. url p. 336.
• Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url p. 167.
• Journal of the College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo. Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University, 1909-1943. url p. 235.
• Journal of the International Garden Club. New York, International garden club. url p. 124.
• Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 13 1912 Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the Garden by the New Era Printing Co., 1900- url p. 111, p. 112, p. 113, p. 117, p. 165, p. 184.
• Landscape gardening studies, New York, John Lane company, 1910. url .
• Landscape gardening studies, by Samuel Parsons. New York, John Lane Company, 1910. url p. 84.
• Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , , , p. 12, p. 15, p. 16, p. 17, p. 2, p. 25, p. 7, p. 9.
• Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 50, p. 50, p. 899, p. 899.
• Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. [Boston: The Academy, url p. 433.
• Memoirs of the Horticultural Society of New York. [New York]: The Society, c1904-c1927. url p. 136.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 340.
• New illustrated encyclopedia of gardening, unabridged. Edited by T.H. Everett, with contributions from twenty horticulturists and authorities in the United States and Canada. New York, Greystone Press[1964-] url p. 17.
• Pamphlets on forestry in Japan. [1900?- url , , , , p. 31, p. 36, p. 42, p. 46, p. 51, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 61, p. 62, p. 72, p. 75.
• Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 372.
• Proceedings of the International conference on plant hardiness and acclimatization, 1907, held in the rooms of the American institute of the city of New York and in the Museum building of the New York botanical garden, october 1st to 3rd, 1907. [New York?]c1910. url p. 136.
• Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1841- url p. 689.
• Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 258, p. 268.
• Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 152.
• The American florist: a weekly journal for the trade. Chicago: American Florist Company, [1885-1931] url p. 1293.
• The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 296.
• The Garden: an illustrated weekly journal of gardening in all its branches. London: [s.n., url p. 280, p. 309, p. 483.
• The Gardeners' chronicle: a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. London: [Gardeners Chronicle], 1874-1955. url , p. 179, p. 213, p. 240, p. 275, p. 302, p. 404, p. 556, p. 57, p. 607, p. 823.
• The Journal of horticulture, cottage gardener and country gentlemen. London: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, 1861-1877. url p. 194.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 27 1891 London: the Society: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green: ||Williams and Norgate, 1865-1968. url p. 273, p. 275, p. 519, p. 643, p. 654, p. 655.
• The art of landscape architecture, its development and its application to modern landscape gardening, London, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1915. url .
• The book of evergreens, a practical treatise on the coniferae, or cone-bearing plants. New YorkO. Judd[1868] url p. 179.
• The book of evergreens. A practical treatise on the Conifer, or cone-bearing plants. By Josiah Hoopes. New York: Orange Judd & company, [c1868] url p. 179, p. 179.
• The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 227.
• The century supplement to the dictionary of gardening, a practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture for gardeners and botanists / by Geo. Nicholson. .. [et al.]. Hyde Park, Mass.: Geo. T. King; 1901. url p. 2.
• The conifers and taxads of Japan. Issued December 30, 1916. CambridgeUniversity Press1916 url , , , p. 31, p. 36, p. 42, p. 46, p. 51, p. 54, p. 57, p. 58, p. 59, p. 61, p. 62, p. 72, p. 75, p. viii, p. x.
• The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url , p. 256, p. 376, p. 63, p. 78, p. 93.
• The pinetum: being a synopsis of all the coniferous plants at present known, with descriptions, history and synonyms, and a comprehensive systematic index. LondonH.G. Bohn [etc.]1880 url p. 204, p. 204, p. 205, p. 205.
• The silva of North America: a description of the trees which grow naturally in North America exclusive of Mexico /by Charles Sprague Sargent. .. illustrated with figures and analyses drawn from nature by Charles Edward Faxon. .. 12 1898 Boston, New York: Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1891-1902. url p. 101, p. 102, p. 109, p. 141, p. 96.
• The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1180.
• The testing of forest seeds during 25 years, 1887-1912. Copenhagen, Langkjrs Bogtrykkeri, 1915 url p. 45.
• The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url , p. 716, p. 745, p. 764, p. 765, p. 768.
• Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. [S.l.: s.n.], 1843-1920. url p. 20, p. 47.
• Transactions of the Scottish Arboricultural Society. Edinburgh: The Society, -1887. url p. 100, p. 108.
• Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 119.
• Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 119.
• Trees for Long Island. [S.l.:s.n.], 1908. url p. 13, p. 34.
• Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 924.
• Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 924.
• Veitch's manual of the coniferae: containing a general review of the order, a synopsis of the species cultivated in Great Britain, their botanical history, economic properties, place and use in arboriculture, etc. Chelsea: J. Veitch, 1900. url p. 513, p. 513, p. 514.
• Water-lilies and how to grow them, with chapters on the proper making of ponds and the use of accessory plants, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1907. url , p. 196.
• Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. LondonE. Arnold1908 url p. 99.
• Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, Chao Chi-son & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 32-281.
• Liu, T. S. 1971. A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Taipei.
• Matzenko, A.E. 1968. Conspectus generis Abies Mill. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 9--12.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Conifer Database 2006.
• Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Abies homolepis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 29January2012.
• Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 01, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (May 01, 2008)

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 01, 2007:

• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-1275
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14706238
• Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261546-1
• GRIN Nomen Number: 669
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 564982
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 261546-1
• IUCN ID: 188015
• U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ABHO
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 71109

Footnotes

1. Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias & Robert R. Mill "Pinaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 11. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
2. Richard S. Hunt "Abies". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.