Abies concolor (Balsam Fir)

Overview

Beautiful form with intense silvery-blue needles . Often grafted on species understock.

A handsome dwarf form with an irregular habit and blue needles.

A dwarf form (to 3' tall) with needles that are borne densely and bluish-green in color.

Interesting Facts

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Common Names

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Click on the language to view common names.

Common Names in English:

Balsam Fir, Colorado Fir, Concolor Fir, Rocky Mountain White Fir, Silver Fir, White Balsam, White Fir

Common Names in German:

Grautanne

Common Names in Spanish:

Pino Real Blanco

Description

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Family Pinaceae

Trees or rarely shrubs , evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Branchlets often dimorphic : long branchlets with clearly spirally arranged , sometimes scalelike leaves; short branchlets often reduced to slow growing lateral spurs bearing dense clusters of leaves at apex. Leaves solitary or in bundles of (1 or) 2-5(-8) when basally subtended by a leaf sheath ; leaf blade linear or needlelike, not decurrent. Cones unisexual . Pollen cones solitary or clustered, with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls ; microsporophyll with 2 microsporangia; pollen usually 2-saccate (nonsaccate in Cedrus, Larix, Pseudotsuga, and most species of Tsuga) . Seed cones erect or pendulous, maturing in 1st, 2nd, or occasionally 3rd year, dehiscent or occasionally indehiscent, with many spirally arranged ovulate scales and bracts; ovulate scales usually smaller than bracts at pollination, with 2 upright ovules adaxially, free or only basally adnate with bracts, maturing into seed scales. Seed scales appressed , woody or leathery, variable in shape and size, with 2 seeds adaxially, persistent or deciduous after cone maturity. Bracts free or adnate basally with seed scales, well developed or rudimentary , exserted or included . Seeds terminally winged (except in some species of Pinus) . Cotyledons 2-18. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = 24* (almost always) .

Ten or eleven genera and ca. 235 species: N hemisphere; ten genera (two endemic) and 108 species (43 endemic, 24 introduced ) in China.

Species of the Pinaceae are among the most valuable and commercially important plants in the world. Most species are trees, and are often excellent sources of lumber, wood products, and resins; many are cultivated for afforestation and as ornamentals .[1]

Genus Abies

Trees evergreen , crown usually spirelike to conic, sometimes flat to round topped in age. Bark initially thin, smooth , bearing resin blisters, in age furrowed and/or flaking in plates . Branches whorled , irregular internodal branches occasionally produced by epicormic sprouting (growing from a dormant bud) ; short (spur) shoots absent; leaf scars prominent , ± circular to broadly elliptic , flush with twig surface, slightly depressed , or slightly raised evenly all around. Buds ovate or oblong , resinous or not, apex rounded or pointed . Leaves borne singly, persisting 5 or more years, spirally arranged but often proximally twisted so as to appear either 1-ranked (pointing up like toothbrush bristles ) or 2-ranked, sessile, typically constricted and often twisted above the somewhat broadened base , sheath absent; leaves on vegetative branches flattened, frequently grooved adaxially, usually notched to rounded at apex; leaves on fertile branches sometimes appearing 4-sided, upright, sharp-pointed to rounded at apex; resin canals 2. Cones borne on year-old twigs . Pollen cones grouped, ovate or oblong-cylindric, leaving gall-like protuberances after falling, yellow to red, green, blue, or purple. Seed cones maturing in 1 season , erect , ovoid to oblong-cylindric or cylindric , not falling whole but scale by scale, cone axis persisting as an erect "spike" on branch ; scales shed individually, fan-shaped, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included to exserted. Seeds winged , the wing-seed juncture bearing resin sac; cotyledons 4--10. x =12.

Species ca. 42: widespread in north temperate regions , North America, Mexico, Central America, Eurasia (s to Himalayas, s China, and Taiwan), n Africa.

In Abies several traditionally accepted species have closely allied sibling species , e.g. , A. balsamea -- A. fraseri, A. bifolia -- A. lasiocarpa, and A. magnifica -- A. procera. Other species may be more distinct morphologically, but many of these still appear to have evolved in geographic isolation without strong reproductive barriers developing. Thus, when distributions of species overlap, introgression between the taxa is the rule ; this may make it difficult to assign certain individuals to a species. In the interests of nomenclatural stability , I have accepted the taxa recognized by the U.S. Forest Service (E.L. Little Jr. 1979). This classification does not recognize varieties based on variations in bract characteristics but recognizes species that perhaps would be treated as varieties in other conifer genera. The only exceptions to this treatment are some necessary changes within A. concolor and A. lasiocarpa. Cases of introgression are discussed under the taxa involved. Some distinct or possibly distinct geographic populations deserve further study and may warrant future taxonomic recognition.

Most North American firs are major components of vegetation, especially in the boreal, Pacific Coast coniferous , and western montane coniferous forests, where they are important for watershed management . They are cut for pulpwood and lumber and, largely from plantations, for Christmas trees . All our species, especially Abies concolor, and several exotics are grown---some more than others---as ornamentals . Firs provide cover , and their leaves are important as food, for various birds and mammals. Species of Abies frequently have a pleasant odor; their foliage has been used as a stuffing material for pillows . Most commercial products with "pine odors" are in fact scented with essential oils distilled from Abies foliage by Russian farmers. A similar oil could be derived from balsam fir in North America.[2]

Physical Description

Species Abies concolor

Trees to 40m; trunk to 0.9m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark gray, thin, smooth , with age thickening (to 18cm) and breaking into deep longitudinal furrows , often revealing yellowish inner periderm , appearing "corky." Branches diverging from trunk at right angles , the lower often spreading and drooping in age; twigs mostly opposite, glabrous or with yellowish pubescence . Buds exposed, either yellowish and nearly conic (when large) or brownish and nearly globose (when small), resinous , apex rounded to pointed ; basal scales equilaterally triangular, glabrous, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1.5--6cm ´ 2--3mm, mostly 2-ranked, flexible , proximal portion ±straight; cross section flat, sometimes slightly grooved adaxially; odor pungent , frequently camphorlike; abaxial surface glaucous, with 4--7 stomatal rows on each side of midrib ; adaxial surface grayish green, glaucous, with (7--) 12(--18) stomatal rows at midleaf, these usually fewer toward leaf apex; apex usually rounded, sometimes acute or notched ; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination ± red, purple, or ± green. Seed cones cylindric , 7--12 ´ 3--4.5cm, olive-green, sessile, apex round ; scales ca. 2.5--3 ´ 3--3.5cm, pubescent ; bracts included . Seeds 8--12 × 3mm, body tan; wing about twice as long as body, tan with rosy tinge; cotyledons 5--7. 2 n =24. [source]

Abies concolor is a western catchall species for firs with green seed cones and with glaucous adaxial leaf surfaces. Many of these populations have long been isolated geographically and genetically. A geographic cluster of populations in Utah has shorter leaves and slightly different terpene patterns than a similar cluster of populations in Colorado and northern New Mexico (J.W. Wright et al. 1971; E.Zavarin et al. 1975). Another large geographic cluster, in southern New Mexico and Arizona, seems to be strongly linked chemically to Colorado populations (E.Zavarin et al. 1975) and morphologically to southern California populations (J.L. Hamrick and W.J. Libby 1972). Northern California populations with pubescent twigs and notched leaves are unique, as are the Baja California populations with very short, thick leaves and about 18 adaxial stomatal rows. In Los Padres National Forest of coastal southern California and in the Cascades of northern California, apparent introgression with A. lowiana (E.Zavarin et al. 1975; J.L. Hamrick and W.J. Libby 1972) has occurred. Many consider A. lowiana (given specific rank in this treatment) as a synonym of A. concolor or place it in an infraspecific rank under that species. [source]

ID Features: Two-ranked needles in a V-shape. New stems covered with gray hairs. Circular leaf scars. Smooth bark with resin blisters. Notched needle tip. Resinous buds.

Habit: pyramidal in shape , holding a dense, formal shape well, even with age • Growth Form: Single Stem • Shape and Orientation: Conical

Flowers: No ornamental value. Monoecious. • Bloom Period: Late Spring • Flower Color: inconspicuous, none • Flower Conspicuous: No

Seeds: Seed per Pound: 15920 • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate • Seedling Vigor: Medium • Fruit: Brown resinous cones. Cones shatter soon after maturing. Cones typically found only in upper third of the canopy . 3" to 4" long. • Fruit/Seed Abundance: Medium • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No • Cold Stratification Required: Yes

Foliage: Foliage Color: Green • Summer foliage: Needles are variable, up to 1" long. 2 lateral sets of leaves arranged horizontally, V-shaped parting between. sets. Leaf tip is notched . Dark, shiny green with 2 white stomatal lines on underside. Buds are resinous . • Fall foliage: No fall color (evergreen ). • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense • Foliage Porosity Winter: Dense • Foliage Texture: Medium • Fall Conspicuous: No • Leaf Retention: Yes

Size/Age/Growth

Active Growth Period: Spring and Summer • Growth Rate: Slow to medium growth rate • Mature Height (feet): 180.0 • Maximum Height at 20 Years (feet): 20 • Size: 50' to 75' tall by 20' to 30' wide, but can reach over 100' tall • Vegetative Spread Rate: None • Lifespan: Lifespan

Landscaping

Landscape Uses: Specimen tree . Widely used as Christmas tree . Bird and animal shelter . • Liabilities: Loses nice "Christmas tree " shape with age. Problem pests and diseases include: spruce budworm, woolly aphid, and. several cankers . Often performs poorly under landscape conditions. Often damaged by deer.

Habitat

Coniferous forests ; 1700--3400m. [source]

On better sites fully stocked, unmanaged stands of white fir may yield up to 150,000 board feet per acre at age 100. Thinning white fir stands periodically will salvage trees which would be lost to natural mortality. Pruning is not ordinarily recommended for white fir because of its tendency for epicormic sprouting and unless the tree is being grown for veneer or finish lumber, there is not need for this practice.Young trees are easily killed by fire and must be protected from this hazard. Young sapling and pole sized trees are subject to sunscald when exposed suddenly, and thinnings should be light because of this. White fir is more prone to windthrow than ponderosa pine because of its more shallow, wide spreading root system , and care should be taken in partial cuttings to leave buffer strips against the wind and to thin conservatively.White fir Christmas trees require 6 to 9 years to produce a 6 foot tree. They need cultivation or other treatment to prevent excessive competition from grass . Excessive leader growth will need to be controlled by basal pruning, basal scarring or pruning of the terminal shoot . Leader growth should be kept to about 12 inches.

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,793 meters (0 to 9,163 feet).[3]

Biology

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Reproduction

Duration: Perennial • Coppice Potential: No • Progagated by Bulbs: No • Propagated by Bare Root: Yes • Propagated by Container: Yes • Propagated by Corms: No • Propagated by Cuttings: Yes • Propagated by Seed: Yes • Propagated by Sod: No • Propagated by Sprigs: No • Propagated by Tubers: No • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall • Fruit/Seed Persistence: No

Growth

Culture: Easily transplanted because of shallow root system . Prefers cold climates. Well-drained, acidic soil. Dislikes heat and dry air . Not well-adapted to cultivation.

Soil: Adapted to Medium Textured: Adapted to Medium Textured Soils • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes • Anaerobic Tolerance: None • Salinity Tolerance: None • CaCO3 Tolerance: Low • Minimum pH: 5.5 • Maximum pH: 7.8 • Fertility Requirement: Medium

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade. • Shade Tolerance: Tolerant

Moisture: Drought Tolerance: Medium • Minimum Precipitation: 18 • Maximum Precipitation: 80 • Moisture Use: Medium

Temperature: Minimum Temperature (F): -38 • Minimum Frost Free Days: 80 • Cold Hardiness: 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Spermatopsida () - Burnett
        Order: Pinales ()
        Family: Pinaceae () - Lindley, 1836, nom. cons. - Pine Family
        Subfamily: Abietoideae ()
        Tribe: Laspeyresiini ()
        Genus: Abies () - P. Miller, 1754 - Fir [Latin name of a European fir]
        Specific epithet: concolor - (Gord.) Lindl.ex Hildebr.
        Botanical name: - Abies concolor (Gord.) Lindl.ex Hildebr.

Synonyms

Abies concolor f. atroviolacea Cinovskis • Abies concolor lowiana (Gordon) E. Murray • Abies concolor var. bajacalifornica Silba • Abies concolor var. lowiana (Gordon) Lemmon • Abies concolor var. martinezii Silba • Abies grandis var. concolor A. Murray Bis • Abies grandis var. lowiana (Gordon) Hoopes • Abies lowiana (Gordon) A. Murray Bis • Abies lowiana var. viridula Debreczy & Rcz • Picea concolor Gordon • Picea concolor Gordon & Glend. • Picea lowiana Gordon • Pinus concolor (Gordon) Parl.

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Abies

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 115 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

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Gardening in California, landscape and flower, by John McLaren... San Francisco, A.M. Robertson, 1909. url p. 60, p. 60.
Gardens near the sea; the making and care of gardens on or near the coast with reference also to lawns and grounds and to trees and shrubbery, New York, Frederick A. Stokes company[c1910] url , .
Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1978 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 100, p. 1006, p. 1017, fig. 43, page 102, p. 1021, p. 1029, p. 1035, p. 1037, p. 1038, p. 1070, p. 109, p. 110, p. 1114, p. 1165, p. 1241, p. 131, p. 136, p. 148, fig. 73 cont., page 174, p. 188, p. 190, p. 23, fig. 5, page 251, p. 262, p. 28, p. 29, p. 355, p. 364, p. 380, p. 423, fig. 127, page 439, fig. 130, page 441, figs. 131-132, page 442, figs. 133-134, page 443, p. 462, p. 54, p. 580, p. 621, p. 644, p. 657, p. 661, fig. 176, page 743, p. 97, p. 98, p. 981.
Guidebook for the identification of woods used for ties and timbers, by Arthur Koehler, expert in wood identification, Forest products laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1917. url p. 10, p. 68.
Gymnosperms; structure and evolution, by Charles Joseph Chamberlain. .. with 397 figures. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press[1935] url p. 242, p. 250.
Handbook for rangers & woodsmen, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1917. url p. 35.
Handbook for rangers and woodsmen / by Jay L. B. Taylor. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., c1916. url p. 35.
Hortus Veitchii: a history of the rise and progress of the nurseries of Messrs. James Veitch and sons, together with an account of the botanical collectors and hybridists employed by them and a list of the most remark by James H. Veitch; with fifty illustrations. London: J. Veitch & sons, 1906. url p. 335, p. 39.
Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico: synoptic catalog, second supplement / prepared by the staff and collaborators of the Hymenoptera Unit, Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, under the Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1967. url p. 105, p. 9.
Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and physical properties of wood, New York, John Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1919. url , , p. 52, p. 80.
Illustrations of conifers / by H. Clinton-Baker. Hertford: Privately printed [by Simson], 1909-1913. url , .
Injurious and beneficial insects of California. / By E. O. Essig. Sacramento, California state printing office, 1915 url p. 36.
Insecutor inscitiae menstruus. Washington, D.C.: [Harrison G. Dyar], 1913-1926. url p. 126, p. 69.
Introduction to plant geography and some related sciences. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 376, p. 638.
Irish gardening. Dublin: Pub. Office, 1906-1922 url , , p. 136, p. 146, p. 167, p. 170.
Johnson's Gardeners' dictionary and cultural instructor. London, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., ltd.[1916] url p. 667.
Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] url p. 299, p. 326, p. 374, p. 457, p. 509.
Journal of ethnobiology. 6 1986 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 298.
Journal of forestry. Washington: Society of American Foresters, 1917- url p. 219, p. 362, p. 443, p. 893, p. 975, p. 988, p. 990.
Journal of the International Garden Club. New York, International garden club. url p. 458, p. 565.
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] url p. 18.
Landscape garden series, ed. by Ralph Rodney Root. Davenport, Ia.: The Garden Press, [1921] url p. 10, p. 7.
Landscaping your home / Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 219.
Landscaping your home / William R. Nelson, Jr. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, c1975. url p. 219.
Leaflets of western botany. San Fransisco:[J. T. Howell], 1932-1966. url , p. 183, p. 260, p. 353.
Lists of plant types for landscape planting; the materials of planting for ornament listed according to their various uses, by Stephen F. Hamblin. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1923. url , , , , , , , , p. 12, p. 15, p. 16, p. 17, p. 2, p. 25, p. 7, p. 9.
Logging and lumbering; or, Forest utilization; a textbook for forest schools. [Darmstadt (Ger.)Printed by L.C. Wittich][1912?] url p. 178.
Logging: the principles and general methods of operation in the United States / by Ralph Clement Bryant. London: Chapman & Hall, 1914, c1913. url p. 15, p. 547.
Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States, by Ralph Clement Bryant. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], 1913. url p. 15, p. 547.
Longwood medical area: open space framework. 1986. url p. 7.
Major John F. Lacey; memorial volume, published by the Iowa Park and Forestry Association. Cedar Rapids, Ia., The Torch Press, 1915 url .
Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: a descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1907. url , .
Manual of gardening: a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use / New York: Macmillan Co., 1911. url .
Manual of gardening; a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1917. url .
Manual of plant diseases, Wilkes-Barr, Pa., The Record press, c1914-22 url p. 716.
Manual of plant diseases, by Paul Sorauer. Wilkes-Barr, Pa.The Record Press, c1914-22 url p. 716.
Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) by Charles Sprague Sargent, with seven hundred and eighty-three illustrations from drawings by Charles Edward Faxon and Mary W. Gill. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin company, 1922. url p. 55, p. 55, p. 899, p. 899.
Manual of tree diseases / New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918. url .
Manual of tree diseases, by W. Howard Rankin. .. New York, The Macmillan company, 1918. url p. 364.
Memoirs / Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Garden, 1918-1936. url p. 205, p. 285.
Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 111, p. 133.
Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1984 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url fig. 10, page 21.
Minnesota trees and shrubs: an illustrated manual of the native and cultivated woody plants of the State / Frederic E. Clements, C. Otto Rosendahl, Frederic K. Butters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1912. url p. 23.
Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1969 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 236.
Miscellaneous studies in agriculture and biology. BerkeleyUniversity of California Press1919 url p. 47.
Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 104, p. 61.
My first summer in the Sierra / by John Muir; with illustrations from drawings made by the author in 1869 and from photographs by Herbert W. Gleason. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, c1911. url p. 120, p. 122.
My first summer in the Sierra, by John Muir; with illus. from drawings made by the author in 1869 and from photoraphs by Herbert W. Gleason Boston andHoughton Mifflin Company, 1911 url p. 120, p. 122.
Native woody plants of the United States, their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1938. url , , , , , p. 36.
Natural history. New York: American Museum of Natural History. url p. 174.
Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. url p. 194, p. 194, p. 219, p. 219, p. 220, p. 220, p. 226, p. 226, p. 557, p. 567, p. 567, p. 589, p. 589.
Nature and science on the Pacific coast: a guide-book for scientific travelers in the West / edited under the auspices of the Pacific coast committee of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; illustrated with nineteen text figures, twenty-nine half-tone plates and fourteen San Francisco: P. Elder, [c1915] url p. 159, p. 159, p. 174, p. 174.
New illustrated encyclopedia of gardening, unabridged. Edited by T.H. Everett, with contributions from twenty horticulturists and authorities in the United States and Canada. New York, Greystone Press[1964-] url p. 17.
New manual of botany of the central Rocky mountains (vascular plants) Cincinnati [etc.]American Book Company[c1909] url .
North American trees (exclusive of Mexico and tropical United States) A handbook designed for field use, with plates and distribution maps. Ames, Iowa State University Press[1961] url p. 79.
North American trees: being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies / New York: H. Holt and Co., 1908. url .
North American trees; being descriptions and illustrations of the trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies; with the assistance of John Adolph Shafer. New YorkHolt1908 url p. 74, p. 78.
Novon a journal of botanical nomenclature from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 14 2004 St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden, url p. 184.
Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. url p. 7.
Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 529.
Pesticides monitoring journal. [Washington, D.C.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1967-1981. url p. 53.
Phytologia. Bronx Park, New York, H.A. Gleason and H.N. Moldenke, url p. 10, p. 11, p. 12, p. 190, p. 217, p. 218, p. 219, p. 224, p. 227, p. 232, p. 297, p. 354, p. 371.
Plant ecology, by W. B. McDougall. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger[1941] url p. 244.
Plant indicators: the relation of plant communities to process and practice. WashingtonCarnegie Institution of Washington1920 url p. 197, p. 205, p. 207, p. 208, p. 211, p. 212, p. 213, p. 223, p. 346.
Plant materials of decorative gardening; the woody plants, by William Trelease. Urbana, The author, 1917. url p. 47, p. 47.
Plant morphogenesis. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960. url p. 500, p. 66.
Pomona College journal of entomology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Published under the patronage of Ontario-Cucamonga Citrus Association by the Dept. of Biology of Pomona College, [1909?-1912?] url p. 457, p. 53, p. 53.
Principles of American forestry. By Samuel B. Green. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], 1913, c1903. url p. 227.
Proceedings - California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. url p. 57.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1979- url p. 10, p. 337.
Proceedings of the International conference on plant hardiness and acclimatization, 1907, held in the rooms of the American institute of the city of New York and in the Museum building of the New York botanical garden, october 1st to 3rd, 1907. [New York?]c1910. url p. 136, p. 137, p. 38.
Report of the Department of Forestry of the State of Pennsylvania for the years. .. / Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pa.: Wm. Stanley Ray, state printer, 1915-1922. url .
Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, for the years. .. Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Pub. Co., state printer, 1907-1912. url .
Report on the forests of British East Africa. LondonPrinted for His Majesty's Stationery Off. by Darling1909 url p. 101, p. 103, p. 104, p. 94.
Researches on Fungi. .. by A. H. Reginald Buller. .. London, New York [etc.]Longmans, Green and co., 1909- url p. 127, p. 127.
Rocky mountain flowers; an illustrated guide for plantlovers and plant-users; with twenty-five plates in color and twenty-one plates in black and white [by] Frederic Edward Clements...and Edith Schwartz Clements... 1914 New York city, the H.W. Wilson company, 1914. url explanation of plate 47.
Seaside planting of trees and shrubs. By Alfred Gaut, F.R.H.S. Illustrated from photographs by Frank Sutcliffe. London, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 64.
Seeding and planting; a manual for the guidance of forestry students, foresters, nurserymen, forest owners, and farmers, by James W. Toumey. .. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 447, p. 447, p. 447.
Shade and ornamental trees of California, by Merritt B. Pratt, state forester. Sacramento?1922? url p. 130, p. 32, p. 32.
Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 8.
Spring flora of the Wasatch region / by A.O. Garrett. Salt Lake City: Skelton Publishing, 1911. url p. 3.
Standardized plant names; a catalogue of approved scientific and common names of plants in American commerce. Salem, Mass., 1923. url p. 152.
Studies in French forestry / New York: Wiley, 1920. url .
Studies in French forestry, by Theodore S. Woolsey, jr. with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New York, Wiley, 1920. url p. 43, p. 43.
Studies in French forestry, with two chapters by William B. Greeley. New YorkWiley1920 url p. 43.
Technical papers on miscellaneous forest insects. I. Contributions toward a monograph of the bark-weevils of the genus Pissodes. By A.D. Hopkins. .. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1911. url p. 42, p. 62.
The American flower garden / by Neltje Blanchan; planting lists by Leonard Barron; illustrated with one hundred full-page photographs. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909. url p. 140, p. 140.
The American flower garden, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1909. url p. 140.
The American woods: exhibited by actual specimens and with copious explanatory text / by Romeyn B. Hough. Lowville, N.Y.: Pub., and sections prepared by the author, 1910, c1888 url , , p. 12, p. 14, p. 53, p. 59, p. 6, p. 6, p. 61.
The Bradley bibliography; a guide to the literature of the woody plants of the world published before the beginning of the twentieth century; Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1911-18. url p. 22, p. 296, p. 553, p. 778.
The Buprestidae of North America, exclusive of Mexico, a catalogue including synonomy, bibliography, distribution, type locality and hosts of each species, by W. J. Chamberlin. Eugene, Or., c1926 url p. 119, p. 198.
The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 138, p. 315, p. 543.
The Coccidae of California: a descriptive list of the different scale insects found in and reported from California / by Edward K. Carnes. Sacramento: [State Horticultural Commission], 1906. url p. 8, p. 9.
The Coccidae of California; a descriptive list of the different scale insects found in and reported from California / by Edward K. Carnes. Sacramento, W. W. Shannon, 1906. url p. 8, p. 9.
The Great Basin naturalist. 35 1975 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url , p. 105, p. 113, p. 114, p. 115, p. 13, hansen, page 158, berna, page 161, p. 165, lanner & warnick, page 177, p. 181, p. 214, p. 215, p. 218, shane & harper, page 219, p. 222, p. 225, p. 23, fig. 16, page 25, p. 26, fig. 3, page 266, p. 278, p. 28, p. 28, fig. 3, page 280, stricklan, flinders & cates, page 29, p. 290, fig. 3, page 292, fig. 4, page 293, fig. 1, page 293, p. 298, fig. 5, page 299, p. 300, fig. 1, page 319, p. 338, hansen, page 348, shivik, jaeger & barrett, page 355, fig. 2, page 385, p. 39, p. 392, jensen, peck & wilson, page 403, p. 42, p. 44, p. 454, mathiasen, page 461, p. 462, p. 468, p. 48, p. 48, p. 49, fig. 2, page 490, p. 5, part ii, page 51, p. 515, p. 516, fig. 2, page 517, fig. 4, page 519, p. 520, p. 54, p. 559, p. 61, p. 626, p. 702, mathiasen & jones, page 741, fig. 1, page 742, p. 78, p. 79, p. 82, p. 87, p. 87, lavin, page 93.
The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 13, p. 159, p. 159, p. 19, p. 224, p. 23, p. 295, p. 34, p. 381, p. 553, p. 555, p. 577, p. 595, p. 608, p. 620, p. 625, p. 629, p. 639, p. 644, p. 651, p. 662, p. 706, p. 726, p. 747.
The art & craft of garden making / Thomas H. Mawson. London: B.T. Batsford; [1912] url p. 289.
The art of landscape architecture, its development and its application to modern landscape gardening, London, G.P. Putnam's sons, 1915. url , , .
The art of the second growth, or American sylviculture / by C.A. Schenck. Albany: The Brandow Printing Co., 1912. url p. 105, p. 28, p. 67.
The balance of nature and modern conditions of cultivation: a practical manual of animal foes and friends for the country gentleman, the farmer, the forester, the gardener, and the sportsman / by George Abbey. London: E.P. Dutton, 1909. url p. 101.
The beautiful flower garden, its treatment with special regard for the picturesque. Written and embellished with numerous illustrations by F. Schuyler Mathews. With notes on practical floriculture by A.H. Fewkes. PhiladelphiaW.A. Burpee1909 url p. 66.
The book of forestry, by Frederick Franklin Moon. New York [etc.]: D. Appleton and company, 1916. url p. 194.
The book of water gardening; New York, A. T. De La Mare printing and publishing co., ltd., 1907. url p. 33.
The book of water gardening; giving in full detail all the practical information necessary to the selection, grouping and successful cultivation of aquatic and other plants required in the making of a water garden and its surroun by Peter Bisset. New York: A. T. De La Mare printing and Pub. Co., ltd., 1907. url p. 33.
The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California; an ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. WashingtonCornegie Institution of Washington1922 url p. 22.
The butterflies of the West Coast of the United States: with colored figures and descriptions of many new species and new varieties now first published / by William Greenwood Wright. 1906 San Bernardino, Calif.: Wright, 1906, c1905. url p. 176.
The butterfly book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the butterflies of North America / by W.J. Holland. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922, c1898. url p. 99.
The care of trees in lawn, street and park. With a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. New YorkHolt1910 url p. 366.
The complete garden, by Albert D. Taylor, assisted by Gordon D. Cooper. Illustrated with fifty full page cuts, four line charts, and nine coloured plates. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page, 1921. url p. 111, p. 111, p. 112, p. 112, p. 119, p. 119, p. 134, p. 134, p. 316, p. 339, p. 339.
The complete home landscape, by Arthur J. Jennings, in collaboration with Leonard H. Johnson. New York, A. T. De La Mare, 1924. url p. 119, p. 141.
The complete illustrated book of garden magic. Chicago, J.G. Ferguson Pub. Co.[1969] url p. 80.
The conifers and taxads of Japan. Issued December 30, 1916. CambridgeUniversity Press1916 url p. 59.
The cultivated evergreens; a handbook of the coniferous and most important broad-leaved evergreens planted for ornament in the United States and Canada, edited by L. H. Bailey. London, Macmillan & co., ltd., 1923. url , p. 108, p. 120, p. 248, p. 376, p. 62, p. 78, p. 92.
The developmental anatomy of Isoetes. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1963. url p. 86.
The distribution of vegetation in the United States, as related to climatic conditions [by] Burton E. Livingston and Forrest Shreve. [Washington]Carnegie institution of Washington, 1921. url p. 42.
The dry-rot of incense cedar, by J.S. Boyce. .. Washington, 1920 url p. 28, p. 6.
The encyclopedia of gardening. A dictionary of cultivated plants, etc., giving in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruit, vegetables, hothouse and g London, W. H. & L. Collingridge[1908] url .
The game birds of California. .. by Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant and Tracy Irwin Storer. 1918 Berkeley, University of California Press, 1918. url p. 551.
The garden beautiful; home woods and home landscape, by W. Robinson. .. Illustrated with engravings on wood. London: J. Murray, 1907. url p. 50.
The grasses and grass-like plants of New Mexico / E.O. Wooton and Paul C. Standley. Agricultural College, N.M.: New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1912. url p. 13.
The greening of Boston: trees and shrubs in the city. 1978. url p. 18, p. 5.
The identification of trees & shrubs; how to recognize, without previous knowledge of botany, wild or garden trees and shrubs native to the north temperate zone, with 2, 500 diagrams made by the author. New York, Dutton[1937] url p. 290.
The important timber trees of the United States, a manual of practical forestry, for the use fo foresters, students and laymen in forestry, lumbermen, farmers and other land-owners, and all who contem BostonH. Mifflin1912 url p. 192, p. 193, p. 371, p. 373.
The making of a country estate; practical suggestions and professional advice for planning and planting of the gardens and development of the landscape features for country homes and estates, New York, Printed by American bank note company, c1913 url p. 23.
The mammals and life zones of Oregon. By Vernon Bailey. Washington[U.S. Govt. Print. Off.]1936. url p. 21.
The mammals of the Huachua Mountains, southeastern Arizona Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1954. url p. 15.
The mountain trees of southern California; a simple guide-book for tree lovers, by Edmund C. Jaeger; illustrated with line drawings by the author. Pasadena, Calif., Printed by Post Printing & Binding Co., 1920 url p. 117, p. 61.
The periodicity and distribution of radial growth in trees and their relation to the development of "annual" rings. n. p.1915. url , p. 7.
The practice of forestry, concerning also the financial aspect of afforestation. LondonT.F. Unwin1909 url p. 37, p. 414, p. 417, p. 74, p. 88.
The practice of forestry: concerning also the financial aspects of afforestation / by Percival Trentham Maw. London: T. F. Unwin, 1909. url p. 37, p. 414, p. 417, p. 74, p. 88.
The principal species of wood: their characteristic properties. By Charles Henry Snow. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; [etc., etc.], [c1908], 1910. url , p. 142, p. 162, p. 165.
The small place; its landscape architecture, London, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1918. url , , .
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1180, p. 1183, p. 172, p. 174, p. 1800, p. 2616, p. 378, p. 380.
The study of plant communities: an introduction to plant ecology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1948. url p. 263, p. 264, p. 272, p. 274.
The testing of forest seeds during 25 years, 1887-1912. Copenhagen, Langkjrs Bogtrykkeri, 1915 url p. 30, p. 31.
The tree book. A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. By Julia Ellen Rogers. With sixteen plates in colour and one hundred and sixty in black-and-white from photographs by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page, 1912. url .
The tree book: A popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1920. url , , p. 82.
The tree book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation / Garden City: Doubleday, Page, 1914. url , p. 82.
The tree book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913. url , , p. 82.
The trees of California. San FranciscoCunningham, Curtis & Welch[1909] url p. 14, p. 33, p. 92, p. 93.
The trees of Great Britain & Ireland / by Henry John Elwes and Augustine Henry. Edinburgh: Priv. print., 1906-13. url , p. 1057, p. 1968, p. 491, p. 703, p. 719, p. 745, p. 777, p. 778, p. 779, p. 780, p. 781, p. 801.
The vegetation of a desert mountain range as conditioned by climatic factors, Washington, D. C., Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915. url , , , , .
The well-considered garden, by Mrs. Francis King, with preface by Gertrude Jekyll. New York, Scribner, 1922. url p. 223.
Timber management: a programmatic environmental analysis record for BLM-administered lands in western Oregon / Office, 1974 url p. 50, p. 52.
Timber. LondonConstable1908 url p. 82.
Transactions of the Utah Academy of Sciences. [Salt Lake City]: The Academy, 1918-1921. url p. 264.
Trees & shrubs for English gardens. [London]"Country life", 1908. url p. 153, p. 156.
Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles / by W. J. Bean. London: J. Murray, 1916. url p. 123.
Trees and shrubs of Mexico / By Paul C. Standley. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1920-1926. url p. 59, p. 60.
Trees and shrubs of the British Isles; native and acclimatised, LondonDent1909 url p. 225, p. 31.
Trees and shrubs, hardy in the British isles. LondonJ. Murray1914 url p. 117, p. 123.
Trees for Long Island. [S.l.:s.n.], 1908. url p. 34.
Trees in winter; their study, planting, care and identification, New YorkMacmillan1913 url p. 98.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture 1949. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture: 1949. url p. 252, p. 767, p. 804, p. 924.
Trees: the yearbook of agriculture, 1949 / the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1949 url p. 252, p. 767, p. 804, p. 924.
Tulane studies in zoology. 12 1965 New Orleans: Tulane University, 1953-1968. url fig. 1, page 94.
University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 7 1954 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 520, p. 526, p. 625.
Water-lilies and how to grow them, with chapters on the proper making of ponds and the use of accessory plants, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1907. url , p. 196.
Webster's Practical forestry: a popular handbook on the rearing and growth of trees for profit or ornament / by A.D. Webster. London: W. Rider & son, limited, [1917] url p. 136.
What England can teach us about gardening, by Wilhelm Miller. .. illustrated with one hundred and twelve photographic plates and eight plates in color. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & company, 1911. url p. 153, p. 154.
Wild flowers and trees of Colorado. Boulder, A. A. Greenman, [c1909] url , .
Windbreaks for Illinois farmsteads. Urbana, 1954. url p. 31.
Wood; a manual of the natural history and industrial applications of the timbers of commerce. LondonE. Arnold1908 url p. 174, p. 41.
Woody plants of the western national parks; containing keys for the identification of trees and shrubs, by Virginia Long Bailey and Harold Edwards Bailey. Notre Dame, Ind., University Press, 1949. url p. 14, p. 16, p. 5, p. 6, p. 7, p. 8, p. 9.
Yard and garden; a book of practical information for the amateur gardener in city, town or suburb, Indianapolis, The Bobbs-Merrill company[c1908] url , p. 396.
Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, Chao Chi-son & Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 32-281.
Liu, T. S. 1971. A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Taipei.
Matzenko, A.E. 1968. Conspectus generis Abies Mill. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 9--12.

Notes

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Contributors

"Abies concolor". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Published by Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
Conifer Database. Release date: June 5, 2008
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. Abies concolor. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 29January2012.
Conifer Specialist Group 1998. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 11, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
The International Plant Names Index. Accessed Dec 27, 2011.
UConn Plant Database of Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Accessed May 17, 2006.
USDA NRCS Plant Materials Program
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Characteristics Database. Accessed April 17, 2006.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL (April 24, 2008)
USDA, NRCS. 2005. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 28, 2008:

Arizona State University, International Institute for Species Exploration: Arizona State University Vascular Plant Herbarium
Arizona State University, International Institute for Species Exploration: The Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University
Berkeley Natural History Museums: University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider
Bundesamt für Naturschutz / Zentralstelle für Phytodiversität Deutschland: Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz / Zentralstelle fuer Phytodiversitaet Deutschland
Burke Museum: Vascular Plant Collection - University of Washington Herbarium (WTU)
Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien: Observations du Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisien.
Forest Research Institute, Department of Natural Forests: Herbarium
GBIF-Spain: Jardín Botánico de Córdoba: Herbarium COA
GBIF-Spain: Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA)
GBIF-Sweden: Herbarium of Oskarshamn (OHN)
GBIF-Sweden: Plants (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
Herbario SANT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela: SANT herbarium vascular plant collection
Missouri Botanical Garden
Oregon State University: Vascular Plant Collection
The New York Botanical Garden: Vascular Plant Type Specimens
Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum
UK National Biodiversity Network: Botanical Society of the British Isles - Vascular Plants Database
University of Alabama Biodiversity and Systematics: Herbarium (UNA)
USDA PLANTS: USDA PLANTS Database
Utah State University: USU-UTC Specimen Database

Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Con-1393
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3924291
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676560-1
GRIN Nomen Number: 649
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 181828
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 676560-1
IUCN ID: 188000
Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: PGPIN01042 PGPIN01040
U.S.D.A. Plant Symbol: ABCOL ABCO
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 995

Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias & Robert R. Mill "Pinaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 11. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Richard S. Hunt "Abies". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Mean = 1,252.510 meters (4,109.285 feet), Standard Deviation = 768.660 based on 243 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

Abies concolor

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Pinaceae

Genus Abies

Physical Description

Species Abies concolor

Size/Age/Growth

Landscaping

Habitat

Biology

Reproduction

Growth

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Similar Species

Members of the genus Abies

More Info

Further Reading

Notes

Contributors

Data Sources

Identifiers

Footnotes