Overview
Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica (nettles). Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including the aforementioned nettles, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), mamaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai ().
The family includes approximately 2600 species, grouped into 54 to 79 genera according to the database of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The largest genera are Pilea (500 to 715 species), Elatostema (300 species), Urtica (80 species), and Cecropia (75 species).
Urticaceae can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.
APG II system puts Urticaceae in order Rosales, while older systems consider it part of Urticales, along with Ulmaceae, Moraceae and Cannabaceae. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.
Description
Urticaceae can be shrubs (e.g. Pilea), lianas, herbs (e.g. Urtica, Parietaria), or, rarely, trees (Dendrocnide, Cecropia).
Leaves are usually entire and bear stipules. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present.
Urticaceae have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are pollinated by the wind. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.
Genera
Image gallery
Pilea cadierei
Pilea pumila
Dendrocnide sp.
Elatostema umbellatum
Urtica dioica
Boehmeria nivea
Parietaria judaica, flowers
Urtica dioica, stinging hairs
See also
- List of foliage plant diseases (Urticaceae)
Description
Urticaceae can be shrubs (e.g. Pilea), lianas, herbs (e.g. Urtica, Parietaria), or, rarely, trees (Dendrocnide, Cecropia).
Leaves are usually entire and bear stipules. Urticating (stinging) hairs are often present.
Urticaceae have usually unisexual flowers and can be both monoecious or dioecious. They are pollinated by the wind. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens are mature and the ir filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.
Genera
Image gallery
Pilea cadierei
Pilea pumila
Dendrocnide sp.
Elatostema umbellatum
Urtica dioica
Boehmeria nivea
Parietaria judaica, flowers
Urtica dioica, stinging hairs
See also
- List of foliage plant diseases (Urticaceae)
References
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2003-01-17). "Family: Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.g ov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1165. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ "Metatrophis F. Br.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genusfamfind.pl?genus=Metatrophis*&ferns=ferns&gymno=gymno&angio=angio. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since]. [1]
- (Italian) Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia, Edagricole, Bologna 1982. ISBN 8850624492
Taxonomy
The Family Urticaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (5): Asteroideae · Boraginoideae · Hydrangeoideae · Rhododendroideae · Trollioideae
- Tribe (8): Boehmerieae · Cecropieae · Forsskaoleeae · Hydrangeae · Lecantheae · Parietarieae · Rhododendreae · Urticeae
- Genus (144): Aboriella · Achudemia · Adicea · Adike · Archiboehmeria · Arietaria · Astrothalamus · Australina · Balansaephytum · Boehmaria · Boehmera · Boehmeria · Botrymorus · Caidbeja · Calostima · Caturus · Cecropia · Chamabainia · Chamaecnide · Chamaedryfolia · Coilotapalus · Collotapalus · Coussapoa · Cynocrambe · Cypholophus · Debregeasia · Debregiasia · Dendrocnide · Didymodoxa · Didymogyne · Didymotoca · Discocarpus · Discocnide · Distemon · Droguetia · Dubrueilia · Dunniella · Duretia · Elatostema · Elatostematoides · Elatostemma · Elkania · Fleurya · Fleuryopsis · Forskohlea · Forsskahlea · Forsskalea · Forsskaolea · Freirea · Gesnouinia · Girardinia · Goethartia · Gonostegia · Greeneina · Gymnogyne · Gyrotaenia · Haroldiella · Haynea · Helxine · Hemistylus · Hesperocnide · Hypselodendron · Hyrtanandra · Ipo · Korsaria · Langeveldia · Laportea · Lecanocnide · Lecanthus · Leptocnide · Leucocnide · Leucococcus · Leucosyke · Lithocnides · Lupulus · Macludrania · Macrophthalma · Maoutia · Margarocarpus · Memorialis · Meniscogyne · Missiessya · Morocarpus · Musanga · Myrianthus · Myriocarpa · Nangha · Nanocnide · Neodistemon · Neopilea · Neraudia · Nesobium · Nothocnide · Obetia · Oblixilis · Oreocnida · Oreocnide · Parietaria · Parsana · Pellea · Pellionia · Pentocnide · Perlarius · Petelotia · Petelotiella · Phenax · Pilea · Pipturus · Poikilospermum · Polychroa · Polyphema · Pourouma · Pouzolzia · Procris · Pseudopipturus · Radermachia · Ramium · Robinsoniodendron · Rousselia · Saccus · Sarcochlamys · Sarcopilea · Scepocarpus · Sceptrocnide · Schychowskya · Sciophila · Sclepsion · Smithiella · Soleirolia · Solenostigma · Sphaerotylos · Splitgerbera · Stachyocnide · Thaumuria · Thelygonum · Touchardia · Toxicaria · Toxylon · Tramoia · Urera · Urtica · Urticastrum · Utrica · Villebrunea
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 5,473 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Urticaceae.
Genera
Aboriella
Aboriella (syn. Smithiella Dunn) is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae, native to the eastern Himalaya, in the Abor Hills. The sole species is Aboriella myriantha. Sometimes this genus is included in Pilea by some authors. [more]
Achudemia
Achudemia is a genus of plants belonging to the family Urticaceae. It is sometimes also treated as a section of the genus Pilea. [more]
Adicea
Adike
Archiboehmeria
Shrubs or subshrubs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules deciduous, intrapetiolar, 2-cleft; leaf blade greenish on both surfaces, 3-veined, base symmetric, margin dentate; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences in axillary pairs, dichotomous cymes, unisexual or androgynous (plants monoecious or partially hermaphroditic), bracts scale-like. Bisexual flowers: perianth lobes 5, joined for ca. 1/2 of length; stamens 5; ovary and style as in female flowers. Male flowers: perianth lobes (4 or) 5, connate ca. 1/2 of length, valvate, stamens (4 or) 5; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary obovoid, apex with a reduced stigma, densely white woolly at base. Female flowers: perianth tubular, membranous, constricted at mouth, apex 4(or 5) -toothed; staminodes absent. Ovary included by free perianth, sessile; style short; stigma ligulate, papillose on 1 side, persistent; ovule orthotropous. Achene nutlike, ovoid, enclosed by marcescent perianth. Seeds with oily endosperm; cotyledons small, suborbicular.[1] [more]
Arietaria
Astrothalamus
Australina
Balansaephytum
Boehmaria
Boehmera
Boehmeria
Boehmeria is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in the nettle family Urticaceae, native to Asia. The species include herbaceous perennials, shrubs and small trees. Although related to nettles, this genus does not have stinging hairs. Some species are known commonly as false nettle. [more]
Botrymorus
Caidbeja
Calostima
Caturus
Acalypha is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole genus of the subtribe Acalyphinae. With 450 to 500 species of herbs and shrubs, the genus is only behind Euphorbia, Croton and Phyllanthus in term of Malpighiales diversity. The common names are copperleaves or three-seeded mercuries. [more]
Cecropia
Cecropia is a Neotropical genus presently consisting of sixty-one recognized species with a highly distinctive lineage of dioecious trees. The genus consists of pioneer trees in the more or less humid parts of the Neotropics, with the majority of the species being myrmecophytic. Berg and Rosselli state that the genus is characterized by some unusual traits: spathes fully enclosing the flower-bearing parts of the inflorescences until anthesis, patches of dense indumentums (trichilia) producing Mullerian (food) at the base of the petiole, and anthers becoming detached at anthesis (Berg and Rosselli, 2005).Cecropia is most studied for its ecological role and association with ants. Its classification is controversial; in the past it has been placed in the Cecropiaceae, Moraceae (the mulberry family), or Urticaceae (the nettle family). The modern Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system places the "cecropiacean" group in the Urticaceae. [more]
Chamabainia
Herbs perennial, diffuse, without stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; stipules persistent, paired, interpetiolar, free, reflexed at flowering; leaf blade 3-veined, margin serrate; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, sessile, glomerules of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; male glomerules distal; female ones proximal, or sometimes mixed in middle. Male flowers: perianth lobes (3 or) 4, connate at middle, valvate, gibbous or mucronate below apex; stamens (3 or) 4; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary clavate. Female flowers: perianth tubular, slightly compressed, mouth contracted, apex often minutely 2-4-toothed, in fruit enlarged; staminodes absent. Ovary included; style short; stigma ovoid, fimbriate, persistent; ovule orthotropous. Achene enclosed by thin marcescent perianth; pericarp crustaceous and lustrous. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons ovate.[2] [more]
Chamaecnide
Chamaedryfolia
Coilotapalus
Collotapalus
Coussapoa
Cynocrambe
Mercuries (singular pronounced ) constitute a (Mercurialis /m?r?kj??ri'æl?s/) of plants of the family Euphorbiaceae (Spurge), which includes slender herbs (forbs), rhizomatious perennials and woody perennials. There are 8 to 10 European species (depending on classification) and 1 Asian species. [more]
Cypholophus
Shrubs or small trees, without stinging hairs. Leaves opposite; stipules deciduous, lateral, free; leaf blade 3-veined, often bullate-rugose adaxially, margin serrate; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, at proximal nodes of older branches, glomerules globose or semiglobose, of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) . Male flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, valvate; stamens 4 or 5; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary obovoid, tomentose around base. Female flowers: perianth connate into a tube, free from ovary, ventricose, 2- or unequally 4-toothed. staminodes absent. Ovary straight; style present; stigma filiform, recurved, long fimbriate on adaxial side, persistent; ovule orthotropous. Achene enclosed by fleshy perianth, compressed.[3] [more]
Debregeasia
Shrubs or small trees, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules deciduous, intrapetiolar, connate, membranous, 2-cleft; leaf blade thinly papery or papery, 3-veined, often snow white or silvery tomentose abaxially, margin serrulate; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, densely capitate clusters of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; glomerules solitary or pairs of dichotomously branched cymes. Male flowers: perianth lobes (3 or) 4(or 5), slightly connate, valvate, often depressed-globose in bud, stamens (3 or) 4(or 5) ; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary obovoid, woolly at base. Female flowers: perianth tube obovoid or jug-shaped, mouth contracted, very minutely 3- or 4-toothed, in fruit often enlarged, fleshy, and adnate to ovary, rarely membranous and free; staminodes absent; style short; stigma penicillate, with tuft of long hairs; ovule orthotropous. Achenes somewhat drupaceous, obovoid, slightly compressed, closely enclosed by often fleshy, adnate perianth. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons small, broad.[4] [more]
Debregiasia
Dendrocnide
Dendrocnide is a genus of 37 species of shrubs to large trees in the nettle family Urticaceae. They have a wide distribution across Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. [more]
Didymodoxa
Didymogyne
Didymotoca
Discocarpus
Discocarpus is a of the plant family Phyllanthaceae. It is a small genus with 3 species, which are found in Amazonia. [more]
Discocnide
Distemon
Droguetia
Herbs, without stinging hairs. Stems ascending. Leaves alternate or opposite; stipules persistent, lateral, free; leaf blade ovate, 3-veined or triplinerved, margin serrate; cystoliths punctate. Inflorescences axillary, androgynous (plants monoecious), sessile, glomerules crowded on broad, campanulate, dentate involucre. Male flowers numerous on margin of the involucre; perianth lobe 1, often split and unequally 3-lobed or 3-toothed; stamen 1; rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers 1 or 2, in center of involucre; perianth absent; staminodes absent. Ovary straight; stigma filiform, papillose-hispid, almost persistent; ovule orthotropous. Achene compressed ovoid, woolly or glabrous, enclosed by involucre. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons elliptic.[5] [more]
Dubrueilia
Dunniella
Duretia
Elatostema
Small shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves apparently alternate, distichous; nanophylls present or absent, opposite to normal leaves; stipules 2; leaf blade 3-veined, one or both major lateral veins sometimes inserted above the base, or pinnately veined, base asymmetric, cystoliths linear or fusiform. Inflorescences usually pedunculate, mostly many-flowered or rarely 1-3-flowered discoid capitula, capitula usually 2-valved, each valve with several glomerules of several flowers and subtended by a few bracteoles; unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; male inflorescences usually with discoid receptacle (pyriform young receptacle in E. brachyodotnum and E. ficoides), rarely cymose; female ones with discoid receptacle and bracteoles along margin. Male flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, elliptic, connate at base, usually corniculate or short horned below apex; stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes; filaments of stamens inflexed in bud; rudimentary pistil small or absent. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, or reduced, less than 1/2 length of ovary, free or connate at base, not corniculate at apex; staminodes 3-5, linear. Ovary straight, ellipsoid; style absent; stigma penicillate; ovule orthotropous. Achenes ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly flattened, mostly longitudinally 6-10-ribbed, rarely smooth or tuberculate.[6] [more]
Elatostematoides
Elatostemma
Elkania
Fleurya
Fleuryopsis
Forskohlea
Forsskahlea
Forsskalea
Forsskaolea
Freirea
Gesnouinia
Girardinia
Herbs annual or perennial, armed with stinging hairs. Stems sympodial, upper stem often zigzig, often 5-angled. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules caducous, intrapetiolar, connate, often broad, foliaceous; leaf blade 3-veined, margin dentate or lobed; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences in axillary pairs or solitary, cymes, panicles or spikes, unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; male inflorescence often long, flowers clustered on rachis of spikes, dichotomous cymes, or panicles; female glomerules lax or dense on rachis of scorpioid cymes, spikes, or panicles. Male flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, valvate; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary conspicuous. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4, 2 or 3 lobes connate into a tube, 2 or 3-toothed, split to base on 1 side, sometimes also with a small bristle-like segment; staminodes absent. Ovary straight, ovoid; stigma subulate, papillose on 1 side; ovule orthotropous. Achene often large, slightly oblique, often compressed, verrucose; persistent stigma usually reflexed; pedicels simple or swollen. Seeds with thin or no endosperm; cotyledons broad.[7] [more]
Goethartia
Gonostegia
Herbs perennial or subshrubs, sometimes diffuse, without stinging hairs. Leaves opposite or sometimes alternate in upper stems; stipules often persistent, lateral, intrapetiolar, free; leaf blade 3(-5) -veined, margin entire; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, glomerules of male and female flowers or unisexual (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; bracts small, membranous. Male flowers subglobose, apex abruptly truncate; perianth (3 or) 4 or 5, usually free, valvate, segments angled, transversely crested or villous; stamens as many as perianth lobes; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary present. Female flowers: perianth tubular, often ovoid and beaked, constricted and 2-4-toothed at apex; staminodes absent. Ovary included; style present; stigma filiform, villous along 1 side, deciduous with style; ovule orthotropous. Achene enclosed by marcescent, always accrescent, and often longitudinally winged or ribbed perianth; pericarp often crustaceous, lustrous. 2n = 26.[8] [more]
Greeneina
Gymnogyne
Gyrotaenia
Gyrotaenia is a genus of in family Urticaceae. [more]
Haroldiella
Haynea
Helxine
Hemistylus
Hesperocnide
Herbs, annual, with stinging and nonstinging hairs. Stems usually branched, erect, spreading, or reclining. Leaves opposite; stipules present. Leaf blades ovate to broadly ovate, distal blades sometimes broadly elliptic, margins serrate; cystoliths elongate. Inflorescences axillary, globose, nearly globose, or elongate-racemose or paniculate. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate in loose to dense clusters in same inflorescence; bracts absent. Staminate flowers: tepals 4, distinct, equal; stamens 4; pistillode present. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, connate, forming persistent saclike structure covered with delicate, hooked hairs and completely enclosing mature, flattened achene; staminodes absent; style absent, stigma tufted, persistent. Achenes subsessile, laterally compressed, ovoid, tightly enclosed in persistent tepals. x = 12.[9] [more]
Hypselodendron
Hyrtanandra
Ipo
Korsaria
Langeveldia
Laportea
Laportea is a genus of plant in family Urticaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Lecanocnide
Lecanthus
Herbs annual or perennial, without stinging hairs. Stems succulent. Leaves opposite, petiolate; stipules deciduous, intrapetiolar, connate, membranous; leaf blade 3-veined, usually symmetric, margin serrate-dentate; cystoliths linear. Inflorescences solitary, axillary, often pedunculate, seated on a receptacle; receptacles at first broadly subcampanulate, soon expanded, of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; male and female inflorescences often separate or sometimes mixed in same receptacle, rarely male ones capitate or cymose without receptacle; involucral bracts in 1 or 2 whorled rows along margin of receptacle. Male flowers often obconic in bud; perianth lobes 4 or 5, slightly unequal, imbricate; stamens 4 or 5; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary minute, inconspicuous. Female flowers: perianth lobes (3 or) 4(or 5), often unequal, often corniculate below apex; staminodes small, scale-like, inflexed. Ovary straight; style absent; stigma penicillate, deciduous; ovule orthotropous. Achene straight, with crested or U-shaped appendix at apex or along dorsiventral edges, usually verrucose, invested by shorter persistent perianth. Seeds with little endosperm; cotyledons thick, elliptic.[10] [more]
Leptocnide
Leucocnide
Leucococcus
Leucosyke
Small trees or shrubs, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate (or opposite outside Flora area), often distichous, petiolate; stipules caducous, intrapetiolar, connate, membranous, 2-lobed or entire; leaf blade papery, 3(-5) -veined, often tomentose abaxially, base asymmetric, margin crenate-serrate or entire; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate, densely globose clusters of unisexual flowers (plants often dioecious) ; glomerules solitary or in dichotomous cymes. Male flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, valvate; stamens 4 or 5; rudimentary ovary ovoid, glabrous or woolly. Female flowers: perianth small, cupular, 4 or 5-lobed or -toothed, adnate to base of ovary. staminodes absent. Ovary obliquely ovoid, stigma sessile, penicillate, with tuft of long hairs; ovule orthotropous; Achene somewhat drupaceous, slightly compressed, with ± fleshy pericarp. Seeds with thin endosperm; cotyledons elliptic.[11] [more]
Lithocnides
Lupulus
Macludrania
Macrophthalma
Maoutia
Shrubs or small trees without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, intrapetiolar, membranous, deeply 2-lobed; leaf blade papery, 3-veined, often tomentose abaxially, margin dentate or crenate-serrate; cystoliths punctiform. Glomerules axillary, in loose cymose panicles of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; bracts and bracteoles scarious. Male flowers: perianth lobes 5, valvate; stamens 5; rudimentary ovary small, ovoid, densely woolly. Female flowers: perianth minute or absent, 2-lobed, connate at base asymmetrically to shallow cupular pocket, adnate to base of ovary; staminodes absent. Ovary straight, stigma sessile, penicillate-capitate; ovule orthotropous. Achene trigonous-ovoid, with ± fleshy epicarp and bony endocarp. Seeds with little endosperm; cotyledons elliptic.[12] [more]
Margarocarpus
Memorialis
Meniscogyne
Missiessya
Morocarpus
Musanga
Myrianthus
Myriocarpa
Myriocarpa is a genus woody plant which ranges in size from shrubs to small trees and is endemic to Central and South America. Within the Urticaceae, Myriocarpa is characterized by long pendulous string-like female inflorescences of apparently naked flowers and stems which release a watery latex when cut. Estimates for the diversity of the genus range from five to eighteen species. Research for Flora Mesoamericana indicates that there are probably fifteen to twenty species. [more]
Nangha
Nanocnide
Herbs, perennial, with creeping rhizomes. armed with stinging hairs. Stems often caespitose. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules persistent, lateral, free, membranous; leaf blade broad, membranous, irregularly 2-5-veined, secondary veins dichotomously branched, margin coarsely dentate or subincised; cystoliths often botuliform. Inflorescences axillary, pedunculate cymes (male) or sessile glomerules (female), unisexual (plants monoecious) ; male dichotomous cymes solitary, with filiform peduncles; female clusters sessile in the same or different axils; bracts present. Male flowers: perianth lobes (4 or) 5, slightly imbricate, transversely crested below apex; stamens (4 or) 5; rudimentary ovary obovoid or urceolate, transparent. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4, unequal, outer (dorsal-ventral) 2 larger, keeled, corniculate below apex, inner 2 smaller, flat, all usually with stinging hairs below apex. Stigma subsessile, penicillate-capitate. ovule orthotropous. Achene straight, ovoid, compressed, invested by the persistent but not enlarged perianth. Seeds erect, with thin endosperm; cotyledons ovate, fleshy.[13] [more]
Neodistemon
Neopilea
Neraudia
Neraudia is a genus of in family Urticaceae. [more]
Nesobium
Nothocnide
Obetia
Oblixilis
Oreocnida
Oreocnide
Shrubs or trees, evergreen, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, lateral, free; leaf blade pinnately veined or 3-veined, margin serrate, denticulate, or entire; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences axillary, small, pedunculate, densely capitate clusters of unisexual flowers (plants dioecious) ; solitary glomerules or pairs of dichotomously branched cymes; bracts small. Male flowers: perianth lobes 3 or 4, valvate; stamens 3 or 4; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary obovate-clavate, woolly. Female flowers: perianth tube adnate to ovary, mouth contracted, apex 3- or 4-toothed; staminodes absent; stigma sessile, discoid or peltate, long ciliate hairs along margin; ovule orthotropous. Achene drupaceous, straight, adnate to thinly fleshy perianth, enclosed as base or almost wholly by discoid or cuplike fleshy receptacle. Seeds with endosperm; cotyledons ovate or broad.[14] [more]
Parietaria
Herbs, annual or perennial, sparsely to densely pubescent with hooked and straight, nonstinging hairs on all parts of plant, stinging hairs absent. Stems often branched from base, erect, ascending, or decumbent. Leaves alternate; stipules absent. Leaf blades deltate, orbiculate to narrowly elliptic, or lanceolate, margins entire; cystoliths rounded. Inflorescences axillary. Flowers bisexual, staminate, or pistillate, proximal flowers usually bisexual and staminate, distal flowers pistillate; involucral bracts linear to lanceolate, without hooked hairs; tepals 4, distinct, ascending, lacking hooked hairs; stamens 4; style persistent or not; stigma tufted, deciduous. Achenes stipitate, ovoid, acute or mucronate (style base sometimes persisting as apical or subapical mucro), loosely enclosed by tepals. x =7, 8, 10, 13.[15] [more]
Parsana
Pellea
Pellionia
Herbs or subshrubs, without stinging hairs. Leaves apparently alternate, distichous; nanophylls present or absent, opposite to normal leaves; stipules 2; leaf blade 3-veined, one major lateral vein sometimes inserted above the base, or pinnately veined, base asymmetric, margin entire or serrate; cystoliths mostly present, linear or fusiform. Inflorescences axillary, cymes of unisexual flowers (plants monoecious or dioecious) ; male ones usually pedunculate; female ones pedunculate or sessile, bracteose, rarely with discoid receptacle and involucre. Male flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, elliptic, connate 1/2 of length, slightly valvate, apex usually corniculate; stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary pistil small. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, distinct, longer than or as long as ovary, usually unequal, apex usually corniculate; staminodes as many as and opposite to perianth, scale-like. Ovary straight, ellipsoid; style absent; stigma penicillate; ovule orthotropous. Achenes ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly flattened, usually tuberculate.[16] [more]
Pentocnide
Perlarius
Petelotia
Petelotiella
Phenax
Pilea
Pilea with 600?715 species is the largest genus in the plant family Urticaceae and one of the larger genera in the Urticales and eudicot rosids. [more]
Pipturus
Pipturus is a genus of plant in family Urticaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Poikilospermum
Shrubs or tall, woody climbers, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate; stipules often caducous, intrapetiolar, connate, leathery; leaf blade often large, leathery, often prominently pinnately veined, margin entire; cystoliths in circular groups adaxially, along veins abaxially, either punctiform or linear. Inflorescences of solitary, axillary, dichotomously branched cymes, unisexual (plants dioecious) ; glomerules capitate, on swollen peduncular receptacles (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma, continental Asia group), in agglomerations, or free (in P. subgen. Poikilospermum, E Malaysia group). Male flowers: perianth lobes 2-4, free or slightly connate; stamens 2-4, filaments straight (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) or inflexed; rudimentary ovary present. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4, clavate-tubular, decussate-imbricate. Ovary enclosed; style short; stigma capitate or ligulate (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) ; ovule orthotropous. Achene oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid, slightly compressed, either enclosed by persistent perianth (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) or exserted from it; pericarp easily separating into 2 valves. Seeds with little or no endosperm; cotyledons ovate.[17] [more]
Polychroa
Polyphema
Pourouma
Pourouma is a genus of about 20?25 species of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae, native to tropical regions of Central and South America. [more]
Pouzolzia
Herbs or subshrubs [and shrubs], perennial, with nonstinging hairs. Stems simple, erect. Leaves alternate, less often opposite; stipules present. blades elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate, margins entire; cystoliths rounded. Inflorescences axillary. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate flowers in sessile or subsessile clusters in same inflorescences; bracts oblanceolate, lacking hooked hairs. Staminate flowers: tepals 4, equal; stamens 4; pistillode present. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, connate, appressed to and tightly enclosing ovary; staminodes absent; style deciduous, elongate. Achenes ovoid, acute, not mucronate, tightly enclosed by persistent tepals. x = 13.[18] [more]
Procris
A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Pseudopipturus
Radermachia
Ramium
Robinsoniodendron
Rousselia
Saccus
Sarcochlamys
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, without stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, spiral; stipules deciduous, intrapetiolar, 2-cleft; leaf blade 3-veined, margin serrulate; cystoliths punctiform. Inflorescences in axillary pairs, cymose panicles, lateral branches usually few and short, unisexual (plants dioecious) ; glomerules contiguous, forming dense spikes. Male flowers: perianth lobes 5, connate at base, imbricate; stamens 5; filaments inflexed in bud; rudimentary ovary present. Female flowers: perianth lobes 4 or 5, connate at base, submembranous at anthesis, enlarged and fleshy in fruit, unequal, ventral 1(or 2) lobes smaller, ovate to lanceolate, connate with others at base, dorsal 3(or 4) lobes larger, connate to apex, swelling to ventricose tube, staminodes absent. Ovary without style; stigma sessile, ringlike, with villous hairs; ovule orthotropous. Achene somewhat drupaceous, ovoid to obliquely obovoid, covered but not enclosed by fleshy perianth. Seeds with little endosperm; cotyledons ovate.[19] [more]
Sarcopilea
Scepocarpus
Urera is a genus of flowering shrubs, trees and vines in the nettle family, Urticaceae. Urera is characterized by fleshy fruits (formed by the inflation of the petals), the presence of paintbrush-like stigmas, glabrous , and hairs with bulbed bases, that in some species are stinging. [more]
Sceptrocnide
Schychowskya
Sciophila
Sclepsion
Smithiella
Aboriella ( Smithiella Dunn) is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae, native to the eastern Himalaya, in the Abor Hills. The sole species is Aboriella myriantha. Sometimes this genus is included in Pilea by some authors. [more]
Soleirolia
Herbs, perennial, with nonstinging hairs. Stems 1-25-branched, repent, filiform, mat-forming. Leaves alternate; stipules absent. Leaf blades orbiculate to oblong, margins entire; cystoliths elongate, linear. Inflorescences axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual, proximal flowers pistillate, the distal staminate; bracts subtending pistillate flowers developing 3 corky wings covered with fine, hooked hairs in fruit. Staminate flowers: tepals 4, distinct, equal; stamens4; pistillode obovate. Pistillate flowers: tepals 4, connate, lacking hooked hairs; staminodes absent; stigma filiform, deciduous. Achenes sessile, ovoid, apex acute, tightly enclosed by scarious perianth and surrounded by connivent, winged bracteoles. x =10.[20] [more]
Solenostigma
Sphaerotylos
Splitgerbera
Stachyocnide
Thaumuria
Thelygonum
Touchardia
Toxicaria
Toxylon
Tramoia
Urera
Urera is a genus of flowering shrubs, trees and vines in the nettle family, Urticaceae. Urera is characterized by fleshy fruits (formed by the inflation of the petals), the presence of paintbrush-like stigmas, glabrous , and hairs with bulbed bases, that in some species are stinging. [more]
Urtica
Nettles constitute between 24 and 39 species of flowering plants of the genus Urtica in the family Urticaceae, with a cosmopolitan though mainly temperate distribution. They are mostly herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annual and a few are shrubby. Most of the species have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. [more]
Urticastrum
Utrica
Villebrunea
At least 23 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Villebrunea.
More info about the Genus Villebrunea may be found here.
References
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2003-01-17). "Family: Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1165. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ "Metatrophis F. Br.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-16. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genusfamfind.pl?genus=Metatrophis*&ferns=ferns&gymno=gymno&angio=angio. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
Bibliography
- Chen Chiajui & Wang Wentsai. 1995. Urticaceae. In: Wang Wentsai & Chen Chiajui, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(2): 1404.
- Robbins, W.W. 1940. Alien plants growing without cultivation in California. Univ. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 637: 1-128.
- Woodland, D. W., I. J. Bassett, and C. W. Crompton. 1976. The annual species of stinging nettle (Hesperocnide and Urtica) in North America. Canad. J. Bot. 54: 374-383.
Footnotes
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Archiboehmeria". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 163. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Chamabainia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 175. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Cypholophus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 179. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Debregeasia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 185. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Droguetia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 189. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Lin Qi, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Elatostema". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 127. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Girardinia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 90. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Gonostegia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 178. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Hesperocnide". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Lecanthus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 121. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Leucosyke". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 187. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Maoutia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 188. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Nanocnide". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 84. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Oreocnide". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 181. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Parietaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Lin Qi, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Pellionia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 122. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Poikilospermum". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 180. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Pouzolzia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Chen Chia-jui, Ib Friis, C. Melanie Wilmot-Dear "Sarcochlamys". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 179. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Soleirolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
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