Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family, are a family of flowering plants. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with flowers with bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. Members of the Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. The family name is based on the name of the included genus Scrophularia L..
In the past it was treated as including about 275 genera and over 5,000 species, but its circumscription has been radically altered since numerous molecular phylogenies have shown the traditional broad circumscription to be grossly polyphyletic. Many genera have recently been transferred to other families within the Lamiales, notably Plantaginaceae and Orobanchaceae but also several new families.2][3] Several families of the Lamiales have had their circumscriptions enlarged to accommodate genera transferred from Scrophulariacae sensu lato.
The family includes some medicinal plants, among them:
^ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon56 (1): 7?12. doi:10.2307/25065731.
^ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden86 (4): 876?893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
Herbs, erectorcreeping, blackened when dry, villous with eglandularhairs, some with glandular hairs, frequently aromatic. Leaves opposite; leafblade glandular punctate, marginserrate.Flowers short pedicellate or sessile, in racemes, spikes, or heads, sometimes solitary in axils of apical leaves. Bracteoles 2. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; upper lobe usually large.Corollatubular; limb 2-lipped; lowerlipspreading flat, 3(or 4) -lobed; upper lip erect, emarginate or entire.Stamens 4, didynamous, included; antherlocules separate, short stipitate.Styleentire or 2-lobed, apexdilated.Capsuleovoid to ellipsoid, septifragal, 4-valved, apex beaked. Seeds numerous, minute; seed coatreticulate.[1][more]
Alonsoa (Mask flower) is a genus of 12 species of flowering plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family. The genus includes both herbaceous and shrubby species. [more]
Ambuli (Tamil: ) is a 2012 Tamil science-fiction thriller film directed by Hari Shankar and Hareesh Narayan, who earlier directed Orr Eravuu (2010). The film was made in stereoscopic format, making it the first 3-D film in Tamil cinema. [more]
Ambulia
Ambulia, Ambulius and Ambulii (Gr. , ????????? and ?????????) were cultic epithets under which the Spartans worshiped the Greek deities Athena, Zeus, and the Dioscuri. The meaning of the name (the three are merely the feminine, masculine, and plural forms of the same word) is uncertain, but it has been supposed to be derived from the Greek anaballo (??a?????), and to de?signate those divinities as the delayers of death. [more]
Amphianthus is a genus of sea anenomes that contains twenty-four recognized species, - A. bathybium - A. brunneus - A. californicus - A. capensis - A. caribaea - A. dohrnii - A. ingolfi - A. islandicus - A. lacteus - A. laevis - A. margaritaceus - A. michaelsarsi - A. minutus - A. mirabilis - A. mopseae - A. natalensis - A. nitidus - A. norvegicus - A. radiatus - A. rosaceus - A. sanctaehelenae - A. valdiviae - A. verruculatus . [more]
Antirrhinum is a genus of plants commonly known as snapdragons or dragon flower from the flowers' fancied resemblance to the face of a dragon that opens and closes its mouth when laterally squeezed (thus the 'snap'). The antirrhinums used to be treated as the family Scrophulariaceae, but studies of DNA sequences have led to the inclusion of Antirrhinum in a vastly enlarged family Plantaginaceae. The word "Antirrhinum" is derived from a?t??????? "antirrhinon" which in turn was derived from Greek anti (a?t?), "like," and rhis (???, ????), "nose", inus (-????), "of" or "pertaining to". The name literally means "like a nose" in Ancient Greek and probably refers to the nose-like capsule in its mature state. [more]
The genus Artanema is a small group of flowering plant species in the figwort family, Plantaginaceae, but also classified in Linderniaceae by some authors. [more]
Asarina
Asarina is a genus comprising 16 species of strongly sprawling or twining perennials, native to Mexico, southwestern USA, and southern Europe. Originally placed in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family), they have more recently been moved to the Plantaginaceae (plantain family). Leaves are often triangular, toothed, downy and hairy with twining flower stalks. Flowers are attractive trumpet-shaped with broad green sepals and pale throat-spotted corolla in varying sizes, resemble snapdragons, and may be white, yellow, pink, purple, and shades in between. Some species are often placed in the genus Maurandya. [more]
Bacopa is a genus of 70 - 100 aquatic plants belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. It is commonly known as Waterhyssop (or Water Hyssop, though this is more misleading as Bacopa is not very closely related to hyssop but simply has a somewhat similar habitus). [more]
Buddleja, or Buddleia () but commonly known as the Butterfly Bush, is a genus of flowering plants. The generic name bestowed by Linnaeus posthumously honoured the Reverend Adam Buddle (1662?1715), a botanist and rector in Essex, England, at the suggestion of Dr William Houstoun. Houstoun sent the first plants to become known to science as buddleja (B. americana) to England from the Caribbean about 15 years after Buddle's death.[1][more]
CalceolariaL. (), also called Lady's purse, Slipper flower and Pocketbook flower, or Slipperwort, is a genus of plants in the Calceolariaceae family, sometimes classified in Scrophulariaceae by some authors. This genus consists of about 388 species of shrubs, lianas and herbs, and the geographic range extends from Patagonia to central Mexico, with its distribution centre in Andean region. Calceolaria in Latin means shoemaker. [more]
Capraria is a genus of flowering plants in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. It is sometimes placed in the families , Scrophulariaceae, or Veronicaceae. The name is derived from the Latin word caprarius, meaning "pertaining to goats." This refers to goats being one of the few herbivores that will graze on the plants. [more]
The black rhinoceros or hook-lipped rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), is a species of rhinoceros, native to the eastern and central areas of Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. Although the rhino was referred to as black, it is actually more of a grey/brown/white color in appearance. [more]
Elephas is one of two surviving genera in the order of elephants, Proboscidea. The genus has one surviving species, the Asian elephant Elephas maximus. [more]
Erinus is a genus of plants in the family Plantaginaceae (previously in the family Scrophulariaceae). Some members of the genus have been cultivated as ornamental plants , particularly Erinus alpinus for which a number of different cultivars are available. [more]
The cornetfishes are a small family Fistulariidae of extremely elongated fishes in the order Syngnathiformes. The family consists of just a single genus Fistularia with four species, found worldwide in tropical and subtropical marine environments. [more]
Galvezia is a genus of perennial plants which are native to western North America, western South America and the Galapagos Islands. The genus is currently placed in the family Plantaginaceae, having been formerly classified under Scrophulariaceae. It is named in honour of Jos? de G?lvez, a colonial official in New Spain during the1700s. [more]
Gambelia
Gambelia is the genus name for the Leopard Lizards in the family Crotaphytidae. One difference between the genera Gambelia and Crotaphytus is that the former has fracture planes in their tails, allowing the tails to break off when grasped by predators. [more]
Gerardia L. ( Stenandrium Nees) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae. It was once used as the generic name for the genus Agalinis, but based on the rules of the ICBN (Art. 53) it is an illegitimate later homonym of Gerardia L. (1753) that is now unavailable for use Agalinis. [more]
Isoplexis is a section of 4 species within the genus Digitalis. The species of section Isoplexis differ from other plants in the genus Digitalis in that their monosymmetric (sometimes called zygomorphic) flowers have a distinctive large upper lip rather than large lower lip and the species are endemic to the Canary Islands (the species D. canariensis, D. chalcantha, and D. isabelliana) and Madeira (D. sceptrum). [more]
Leucophyllum is a genus of evergreen shrubs in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is sometimes placed in the family Myoporaceae. The dozen-odd species are often called "sages", although they have no relationship to the genus Salvia. [more]
Hover flies (family Syrphidae) of the genus Microdon are unusual among the Diptera. Like other members of the subfamily, they are myrmecophiles, meaning they inhabit the nests of ants. There are 249 species are known worldwide, with the greatest diversity being from the tropics; 30 species are known from North America, though it is expected that many of these species will be placed in other genera in time , as Microdon has been used as a catch all for various unrelated species not placed in other genera . [more]
Myoporum is a genus of flowering plants in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae (formerly placed in Myoporaceae). There are about 32 species within the genus, which is spread from Mauritius, across Australia to the Pacific Islands and up to China. [more]
Oncorhynchus is a genus of fish in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific salmons and Pacific trouts. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek onkos ("hook") and rynchos ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype"). [more]
Paulownia is a genus of between 6–17 species (depending on taxonomic authority) of plants in the monogeneric family Paulowniaceae, related to and sometimes included in the Scrophulariaceae. They are native to much of China (its name in Chinese is 泡æ¡/pao1tong2), south to northern Laos and Vietnam, and long cultivated elsewhere in eastern Asia, notably in Japan and Korea. They are deciduous trees 10–25 m tall, with large leaves 15–40 cm across, arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. The flowers are produced in early spring on panicles 10–30 cm long, with a tubular purple corolla resembling a foxglove flower. The fruit is a dry capsule, containing thousands of minute seeds. [more]
Penstemon (), Beard-tongue, is a large genus of North American and East Asian plants traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae family. Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae. In the earlier Cronquist system, it was placed in Scrophulariaceae. [more]
Phygelius (E. Mey.ex Benth.), Cape fuchsia, is a of the Scrophulariaceae family. The genus is native to southern Africa. The plants are adapted to surviving severe summer conditions. Phygelius is not related to the Fuchsia genus, in spite of the common name. [more]
Rhabdotosperma is a genus of in family Scrophulariaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Rhaphidophyllum
Rhaphiobotrya
Rhaphispermum
Rhodochiton
Rhodochiton is a genus of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae. There are three species in this genus, the most commonly grown is R. astrosanguineum, (syn. R. volubile) the purple bell vine. Native of woodland in Mexico, this attractive plant scrambles through the undergrowth and produces dark purple tubular flowers within a long lasting, papery calyx. Propagation is by seed or cuttings. The two other species, sometimes included in Lophospermum are R. hintonii and R. nubicola. [more]
The genus Scrophularia of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of Scrophularia all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers forming clusters at the end of their stems. The genus is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but concentrated in Asia with only a few species in Europe and North America. [more]
Somalia ( soh-mah-lee-?; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: ???????? a?-?umal), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: ??????? ???????? Jumhuriyyat a?-?umal) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world. [more]
Thapsus (less commonly, Tapsus) was an ancient city in what is modern day Tunisia. Its ruins exist at Ras Dimas near Bekalta, approximately 200 km southeast of Carthage. Originally founded by Phoenicians, it served as a marketplace on the coast of the province Byzacena in Africa Propria. Thapsus was established near a salt lake on a point of land eighty stadia (14.8 km) from the island of Lampedusa. [more]
Thorella
Caropsis verticillatoinundata is a species of in the Apiaceae, the only member of the genus Caropsis. It is endemic to Western Europe and Southwestern Europe. [more]
Vandellia is a genus of catfishes native to South America. The species in this genus are the most well-known of the parasitic catfishes also known as candiru, known for their alleged habit of entering the human urethra. [more]
The mulleins (sg. , genus Verbascum, /v?r'b?sk?m/; also known as velvet plants) are a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae). They are native to Europe and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. [more]
Verena
Verena is venerated as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church and by the Roman Catholic Church. According to tradition, she was associated with the Theban Legion and died on the 4th day of Thout (September 14). [more]
^ ab Kornhall, Per and Bremer, Birgitta (2004). "New circumscription of the tribe Limoselleae (Scrophulariaceae) that includes the taxa of the tribe Manuleeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society146 (4): 453?467. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00341.x.
^ Oxelman, B.; Kornhall, P.; Olmstead, R.G.; Bremer, B
. (2005). "Further disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae". Taxon54 (2): 411?425. doi:10.2307/25065369. JSTOR 25065369.
^ Haston, E., Richardson, J. E., Stevens, P. F., Chase, M. W., Harris, D. J. (2007). "A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families". Taxon56 (1): 7?12. doi:10.2307/25065731.
^ Nelson D. Young, Kim E. Steiner, Claude W. dePamphilis (Autumn, 1999). "The Evolution of Parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: Plastid Gene Sequences Refute an Evolutionary Transition Series". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden86 (4): 876?893. doi:10.2307/2666173. JSTOR 2666173.
"Dopatrium". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Zhi-Yun Zhang & Nikolai N. Tzvelev "Gleadovia". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 241. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Nathaliella". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 20. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
"Neopicrorhiza". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 56. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
"Oreosolen". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 20. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
"Pseudolysimachion". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
