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Salsoloideae

(Subfamily)

Overview

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The Salsoloideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae, formerly in family Chenopodiaceae.

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These are herbs, subshrubs, shrubs and some trees. Stems and leaves are often succulent. The ovary contains a spiral embryo. In most genera, scarious wings develop at the outside of the fruiting perianth, allowing for dispersal by the wind (anemochory).
In Tribus Caroxyloneae, the stamens have vesiculose anther appendages, discolor with anthers, that probably play a role for insect pollination. In Tribus Salsoleae the anther appendages are absent or small and unconspicuous.

Distribution

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The area with most species (center of diversity) are the deserts and semideserts of Central-Asia and the Middle East. Distribution of the subspecies extends to the Mediterranean, to Middle-Europe, north and south Africa, and Australia, some species have also been introduced to America. Many species grow in dry habitats (xerophytes) or tolerate salty soils (halophytes), some are ruderals.

Photosynthesis pathway

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Die Salsoloideae are C4-plants (with a few exceptions in Salsoleae). In Caroxyloneae there ist exclusively C4 of the NAD-malic enzyme subtype. In Salsoleae there ist mostly NADP-malic enzyme subype.[1]

Taxonomy

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Climacoptera crassa, in fruit
Cornulaca monacantha
Halothamnus subaphyllus, in fruit
Saxaul, Haloxylon ammodendron
Hammada griffithii, in fruit
Kali tragus

The type species of subfamily Salsoloideae is Salsola L. According to recent research, the former classification did not reflect the phylogenetic relationship, so that the subfamily had to be reclassified.[2] The tribe Camphorosmeae is now treated as own subfamily Camphorosmoideae.[3]

e Salsoloideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae, formerly in family Chenopodiaceae.

[ Back to top ]

These are herbs, subshrubs, shrubs and some trees. Stems and leaves are often succulent. The ovary contains a spiral embryo. In most genera, scarious wings develop at the outside of the fruiting perianth, allowing for dispersal by the wind (anemochory).
In Tribus Caroxyloneae, the stamens have vesiculose anther appendages, discolor with anthers, that probably play a role for insect pollination. In Tribus Salsoleae the anther appendages are absent or small and unconspicuous.

Distribution

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The are a with most species (center of diversity) are the deserts and semideserts of Central-Asia and the Middle East. Distribution of the subspecies extends to the Mediterranean, to Middle-Europe, north and south Africa, and Australia, some species have also been introduced to America. Many species grow in dry habitats (xerophytes) or tolerate salty soils (halophytes), some are ruderals.

Photosynthesis pathway

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Die Salsoloideae are C4-plants (with a few exceptions in Salsoleae). In Caroxyloneae there ist exclusively C4 of the NAD-malic enzyme subtype. In Salsoleae there ist mostly NADP-malic enzyme subype.[1]

Taxonomy

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Climacoptera crassa, in fruit
Cornulaca monacantha
Halothamnus subaphyllus, in fruit
Saxaul, Haloxylon ammodendron
Hammada griffithii, in fruit
Kali tragus

The type species of subfamily Salsoloideae is Salsola L. According to recent research, the former classification did not reflect the phylogenetic relationship, so that the subfamily had to be reclassified.[2] The tribe Camphorosmeae is now treated as own subfamily Camphorosmoideae.[3]

References

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  1. ^ V.I.Pyankov, H.Ziegler, A.Kuz?min, G.E.Edwards. - Origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons. Plant Syst Evol 230: S.43?74, 2001.
  2. ^ a b c Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson:Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae S.L. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification In: International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(6):S. 931?956, 2007.
  3. ^ Gudrun Kadereit & Helmut Freitag: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy. Taxon 60(1), S. 51-78, 2011.

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Subfamily Salsoloideae is a member of the Family Amaranthaceae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Salsoloideae:

The Subfamily Salsoloideae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Alexandra

Alexandra (Greek: ) is the feminine form of the given name Alexander, which is a romanization of the Greek name ????a?d??? (Alexandros). Etymologically, the name is a compound of the Greek verb ????e?? (alexein) "to defend" and the noun ??d??? (andros), genitive of ???? (aner) "man". Thus it may be roughly translated as "protector of man". The name was one of the titles ("epithets") given to the Greek goddess Hera and as such is usually taken to mean "one who comes to save warriors". The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek a-re-ka-sa-da-ra, written in Linear B syllabic script. [more]

Anabasis

Anabasis (from Greek ana = "upward", bainein = "go") is an expedition from a coastline up into the interior of a country. Katabasis, by contrast, is a trip from the interior down to the coast. Two classic texts are titled with "anabasis": [more]

Arthrophytum

Subshrubs or shrubs, glabrous or with papillate processes. Annual branches terete or obtusely 4-angled, jointed, slightly fleshy. Leaves opposite, sessile, linear, semiterete or clavate, fleshy, rarely subulate or scale-like, base slightly expanded, apex obtuse or with a short, acicular awn; leaf axil usually cottony. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth subglobose; segments 5, orbicular to broadly elliptic, herbaceous, abaxially somewhat thickened, bearing a transverse, winglike process a little below apex in fruit, adaxially convex, margin membranous, apex usually recurved. Disk cupular or discoid, usually with 5 interstaminal lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on disk; filaments subulate, compressed; anthers broadly ovate-cordate, apex without an appendage or mucronate. Style very short, apex slightly contracted; stigmas 2-5-lobed. Utricle enclosed in perianth, hemispheric, apex truncate or somewhat convex; pericarp fleshy. Seed horizontal; embryo spiral; perisperm absent.[1] [more]

Bienertia

[more]

Borsczowia

[more]

Choriptera

[more]

Cornulaca

Herbs annual or small shrubs. Stem and branches stout, not jointed. Leaves sessile, alternate, subulate or acicular, base expanded, apex pellucid; leaf axils fascicular villous. Flowers solitary or clustered in leaf axils, minute, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth segments 5, free or fused, apex with a free, membranous lobe; fruiting perianth enlarged, hardened, and bearing an acicular appendage abaxially, forming a narrowly conic spine, apex of segment remaining unchanged, persistent at junction of perianth and spine. Disk present or absent. Stamens up to 5; anthers narrowly oblong, appendage obscure or absent. Ovary ovoid; stigmas 2, filiform. Utricle enclosed in enlarged perianth, ovoid, slightly compressed; pericarp membranous, adnate to seed. Seed vertical; testa membranous; embryo conic-spiral; perisperm absent.[2] [more]

Cyathobasis

[more]

Fadenia

Gamanthus

[more]

Girgensohnia

Herbs annual or subshrubs, glabrous or shortly hairy. Stem much branched; branches jointed, terete or ribbed. Leaves opposite, sessile, triangular-ovate, leathery, margin entire or denticulate, apex acute. Flowers small, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth segments 5, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, papery, 1-veined, abaxially with a recurved, winglike appendage. Disk 5-lobed; lobes obtuse at apex. Stamens 5, inserted on disk; filaments subulate; anthers ovate-cordate, apex obtuse or finely mucronate. Ovary ovoid or subglobose, compressed; ovule subsessile; style short; stigma capitate, 2-divided. Utricle enclosed in perianth; pericarp membranous. Seed vertical, ovoid or globose, compressed; testa membranous; embryo spiral or planospiral; perisperm absent.[3] [more]

Halanthium

Halarchon

[more]

Halocharis

Halogeton

Halogeton is a plant genus of the family Amaranthaceae. The genus name, Halogeton, derives from the Greek words for "salt" and for "neighbor." [more]

Halothamnus

Herbs or subshrubs. Stems erect, much branched. Leaves alternate, linear, semiterete. Flowers borne in bract axils, forming a spicate inflorescence, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth 5-parted; segments narrowly ovate, in fruit proximally enlarged and woody, expanded at base forming a flat basal surface, 5-ribbed, with a transverse, membranous wing near middle abaxially. Stamens 5; filaments expanded proximally; anthers without an appendage. Ovary depressed globose; style very short; stigmas 2, narrowly lanceolate, apex obtuse. Fruit a utricle. Seed horizontal; embryo spiral.[4] [more]

Haloxylon

Shrubs or trees, glabrous, or cottony in leaf axils. Stem erect, much branched; older branches terete, annual ones green or blue-green, pointed. Leaves opposite, reduced to scales or nearly absent, bases united, apex obtuse or with a short awn. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth segments 5, free, papery or dry membranous, abaxially with a distal, transverse wing in fruit, adaxially concave, base usually arachnoid; wing horizontal, membranous, longitudinally veined. Disk cupular. Stamens 5, inserted on disk; anthers elliptic, without an appendage. Ovary base sunken into disk; style very short; stigmas 2-5. Utricle hemispheric, apically slightly concave; pericarp fleshy, adnate to seed. Seed horizontal; embryo green, spiral; perisperm absent.[5] [more]

Horaninovia

Herbs annual, glabrous or hispidulous; branches dichotomous or opposite. Leaves opposite or alternate, acicular or terete, stiff, base expanded. Flowers solitary or clustered in glomerules in leaf axils, bisexual or unisexual. Perianth 4- or 5-parted; segments broadly ovate to oblong, membranous or leathery, abaxially usually transversely winged in fruit, apex obtuse, acute, or awned. Disk cupular; lobes semiorbicular. Stamens 5, inserted between lobes of disk; filaments subulate; anthers cylindric to broadly elliptic, with or without an awnlike appendage. Ovary base sunken in disk; ovule sessile; style very short; stigma capitulate, 2- or 3-lobed. Utricle abaxially convex, adaxially slightly concave; pericarp membranous, more fleshy basally, free from seed. Seed horizontal or oblique, depressed globose; testa membranous; embryo spiral, slender; perisperm absent.[6] [more]

Iljinia

Subshrubs. Branches not jointed; annual branches terete. Leaves alternate, obliquely spreading, subclavate, straight or slightly upward arcuate, somewhat fleshy. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, sessile, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth slightly depressed, herbaceous, becoming slightly hardened and papery in fruit, glabrous; segments 5, free, ovate to suborbicular, veinless, abaxially with a transverse wing near apex, adaxially concave, margin membranous. Disk cupular, 5-lobed; lobes semiorbicular, margin slightly fleshy. Stamens 5, inserted on disk; filaments filiform, flattened, short; anthers ovoid, apex with a mucronate appendage. Ovary ovoid or depressed globose; style very short; stigmas 2, expanded. Utricle hemispheric, adaxially plane or slightly concave. Seed horizontal, slightly depressed; embryo planospiral; perisperm absent.[7] [more]

Lagenantha

[more]

Nanophyton

Subshrubs cushion-shaped, glabrous or cottony in leaf axils. Leaves alternate, sessile, triangular-ovate, adaxially concave, leathery, base semiamplexicaul, margin membranous, apex subulate or pungent. Flowers solitary in leaf axils and usually 1-4-clustered at each annual branch apex, bisexual, with 2 bractlets. Perianth segments 5, free, in 2 whorls, 2 in outer whorl, 3 in inner whorl, twisted into a cone, lanceolate, adaxially concave, membranous, distinctly enlarged and becoming papery in fruit, without abaxial appendages, apex acute or acuminate. Disk cupular, with 5 semiorbicular, fleshy lobes. Stamens 5, inserted between lobes of disk; filaments complanate; anthers sagittate, apex with a mucronate appendage. Ovary ovoid, compressed; style terete, slightly longer than stigmas; stigmas 2, recurved or erect, linear. Utricle enclosed in perianth, ovoid or broadly so, abaxially convex, adaxially concave; pericarp membranous, adnate to seed. Seed vertical; testa membranous; embryo spiral or planospiral; perisperm absent.[8] [more]

Noaea

[more]

Nucularia

[more]

Ofaiston

[more]

Piptoptera

[more]

Rhaphidophyton

[more]

Salsola

Herbs, annual, or subshrubs [shrubs and small trees], glabrous, or ± pubescent or hispid. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate, branched (rarely simple), not jointed, not armed, not fleshy. Leaves mostly alternate (rarely opposite, especially proximal ones), sessile; blade lanceolate, linear, or filiform to subulate, semiterete, margins entire basally, apex obtuse, soft and subspinescent or narrowed to spine or soft bristle. Inflorescences spicate, flowers solitary in axils of bracts or reduced distal leaves (rarely 2-3-flowered with lateral flowers poorly developed) ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, spine-tipped. Flowers bisexual, with 2 bracteoles; perianth segments persistent, 5, covering utricle at maturity, often developing transverse, dorsal, membranous or ± coriaceous wing (sometimes only 2-3 segments winged, sometimes wingless or nearly so) ; stamens 5; styles and stigmas 2 (or 3). Fruits utricles, covered by perianth segments at maturity; pericarp adherent. Seeds usually horizontal, orbicular; seed coat black or brown; perisperm absent. x = 9.[9] [more]

Seidlitzia

[more]

Sevada

[more]

Suaeda

Suaeda is a genus of plants containing species known generally as seepweeds and seablites. Many are halophytes, and many can tolerate very alkaline soils. Some species have thick, juicy leaves that resemble those of ice-plant. Suaeda californica is an endangered species in California, and Suaeda linearis is listed as endangered in New York State. [more]

Sympegma

Subshrubs. Stem much branched, glabrous; bark fissured, corky. Leaves alternate, loosely arranged, linear, terete, fleshy. Flowers usually 1-3-clustered, borne on apex of dwarf, single-internode branches, bisexual; bractlets in 1(or 2) pairs below flower cluster, resembling leaves. Perianth laterally compressed; segments 5, 2 outer and 3 inner, oblong, adaxially concave, hardened in fruit, with an abaxial, transverse wing borne below apex. Stamens 5; filaments narrowly linear, flattened, bases expanded and connate; anthers oblong-cordate, apex without an appendage. Ovary cylindric, somewhat compressed; style short; stigmas 2, recurved, subulate. Utricle enclosed in perianth, globose, slightly compressed laterally; pericarp membranous, free from seed. Seed vertical; testa membranous; embryo planospiral; perisperm absent.[10] [more]

Traganopsis

[more]

Traganum

[more]

More info about the Genus Traganum may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ V.I.Pyankov, H.Ziegler, A.Kuz?min, G.E.Edwards. - Origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on anatomical and biochemical types in leaves and cotyledons. Plant Syst Evol 230: S.43?74, 2001.
  2. ^ a b c Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards, Eric H. Roalson:Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae S.L. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification In: International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(6):S. 931?956, 2007.
  3. ^ Gudrun Kadereit & Helmut Freitag: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy. Taxon 60(1), S. 51-78, 2011.

External links

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Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. "Arthrophytum". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 396. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. "Cornulaca". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 394. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. "Girgensohnia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 399. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. "Halothamnus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 401. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. "Haloxylon". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 395. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. "Horaninovia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 395. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants "Iljinia". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 401. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. "Nanophyton". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 411. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. Sergei L. Mosyakin "Salsola". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 260, 261, 340, 351,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants "Sympegma". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 400. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:49:01