Overview
Photos
Taxonomy
The Tribe Rhinantheae is a member of the Subfamily Rhinanthoideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Rhinantheae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta
Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
- Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
- Infraphylum: Radiatopses
Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Class: Magnoliopsida
Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
- Subclass: Lamiidae
Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Superorder: Lamianae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Order: Scrophulariales
Lindley, 1833
- Family: Scrophulariaceae
(skrof-yoo-larr-ee-AY-see-ay)
Durande, 1782, Nom. Cons. - Figwort Family
- Subfamily: Rhinanthoideae
- Tribe: Rhinantheae
- Subfamily: Rhinanthoideae
- Family: Scrophulariaceae
(skrof-yoo-larr-ee-AY-see-ay)
Durande, 1782, Nom. Cons. - Figwort Family
- Order: Scrophulariales
Lindley, 1833
- Superorder: Lamianae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Subclass: Lamiidae
Takhtajan Ex Reveal, 1992
- Class: Magnoliopsida
Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
- Infraphylum: Radiatopses
Kenrick & Crane, 1997
- Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
- Phylum: Tracheophyta
Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866
The Tribe Rhinantheae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Genus (10): Castilleja · Cymbaria · Euphrasia · Melampyrum · Odontites · Pedicularis · Penstemon · Pinus · Potentilla · Rhinanthus
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 310 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Tribe Rhinantheae.
Genera
Castilleja
Herbs, annuals or perennials, rarely shrubs, hemiparasitic. Spikes or racemes terminal; bracts leaflike, often broader than leaves, variously colored, entire or lobed. Calyx tubular, base often gibbous abaxially, 2- or 4-lobed, median clefts usually deeper than lateral. Corolla tube included in calyx; limb conspicuously 2-lipped; lower lip short, patent, 3-lobed; upper lip elongated, rostrate apex entire. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers enclosed by upper lip. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds numerous, minute; seed coat transparent, foveolate.[1] [more]
Cymbaria
Euphrasia
Herbs, annual or perennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves opposite, lower ones usually small, increasing in size upward. Inflorescences terminal spikes or racemes; bracts larger than leaves, opposite, palmately veined, margin callous thickened dentate. Calyx tubular to campanulate, 4-lobed, more deeply parted medianly than laterally. Corolla tube tubular, apically inflated; limb 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, lobe apices often emarginate; upper lip straight, galeate, lobes revolute. Stamens 4, didynamous, anthers connivent and enclosed by galea; locules parallel and free, pointed at base but posterior 2 anthers each with 1 locule spurred, all 4 with barbate hairs along slit. Stigma slightly dilated, entire or 2-lobed. Capsule compressed, 2-grooved, loculicidal, apex obtuse. Seeds numerous, small, ellipsoid, with cross striate wings.[2] [more]
Melampyrum
Herbs, annual, hemiparasitic. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers solitary in axils of bracts or congregated into racemes or spikes; bracts leaflike in shape, margin often with pointed or setose teeth, rarely entire. Calyx campanulate; lobes 4, upper 2 larger than lower. Corolla tube tubular, gradually expanded upward; limb dilated, 2-lipped; lower lip patent, base 2-plicate, apex 3-lobed; upper lip galeate, compressed, slightly shorter than upper lip, margin revolute, apex obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous, enclosed by galea; anthers connivent, locules equal in size and base conically pointed, bearded along slit after dehiscence. Ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate, entire. Capsule ovoid, slightly compressed, straight or oblique, loculicidal, apex obtuse or tapered. Seeds 1-4, oblong, large, smooth.[3] [more]
Odontites
Herbs, hemiparasitic. Leaves opposite. Bracts smaller than leaves. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla tube tubular; limb 2-lipped; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, lateral lobes entire, middle lobe emarginate; upper lip slightly arching, obscurely galeate, margin straight, apex entire to emarginate. Stamens 4, didynamous, enclosed by galea; anther locules slightly divergent, pointed at base. Stigma capitate. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds numerous, pendulous, sculptured, winged; wings cross striate.[4] [more]
Pedicularis
Herbs perennial or annual, rarely biennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, usually pinnatifid to 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire or dentate. Lower leaves usually long petiolate; upper leaves often ± sessile. Inflorescences terminal or flowers axillary; bracts usually leaflike. Calyx tubular to campanulate, often ± bilabiate, usually deeply cleft anteriorly, (2--) 5-lobed. Corolla purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) hooded, enclosing anthers, laterally compressed, rounded or truncate, or terminating in teeth or in a beak; lower lip 3-lobed, usually spreading, external to upper lip in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments glabrous or pubescent; anthers mucronate or not. Stigma capitate. Capsule moderately compressed or not, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, reticulate or costate.[5] [more]
Penstemon
Penstemon (Beard-tongue) is a large of North American and East Asian plants traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae family. Due to new genetic research it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae. [more]
Pinus
Trees or shrubs aromatic, evergreen; crown usually conic when young, often rounded or flat-topped with age. Bark of older stems variously furrowed and plated, plates and/or ridges layered or scaly. Branches usually in pseudowhorls; shoots dimorphic with long shoots and short shoots; short shoots borne in close spirals from axils of scaly bracts and bearing fascicles of leaves (needles) . Buds ovoid to cylindric, apex pointed (blunt), usually resinous. Leaves dimorphic, spirally arranged; foliage leaves (needles) (1--) 2--5(--6) per fascicle, persisting 2--12 or more years, terete or ± 2--3-angled and rounded on abaxial surface, sessile, sheathed at base by 12--15 overlapping scale leaves, these (at least firmer basal ones) persisting for life of fascicle or shed after first season; resin canals 2 or more. Pollen cones in dense, spikelike cluster around base of current year's growth, mostly ovoid to cylindric-conic, tan to yellow, red, blue, or lavender. Seed cones maturing in 2(--3) years, shed early or variously persistent, pendent to ± erect, at maturity conic or cylindric, sessile or stalked, shedding seed soon after maturity or variously serotinous (not opening upon maturity but much later) ; scales persistent, woody or pliable, surface of exposed apical portion of each scale (apophysis) thickened, with umbo (exposed scale surface of young cone) represented by a scar (sometimes apiculate) or extended into a hook, spur, claw, or prickle; bracts included. Seeds winged or wingless; cotyledons (3--) 6--10(--18) . x =12.[6] [more]
Potentilla
Herbs perennial, rarely biennial, annual, or shrubs, if perennial then with ± tufted, scaly rootstock. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves pinnate or palmately compound; stipules ± adnate to petiole. Inflorescence often cymose or cymose-paniculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual. Hypanthium concave, mostly hemispheric. Sepals 5, valvate; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with sepals. Petals 5, often yellow, rarely white or purple. Stamens usually ca. 20 in 3 series of 10, 5, and 5, rarely fewer or more (11-30) ; anthers 2-loculed. Carpels usually numerous, free, inserted on slightly elevated receptacle; ovule ascending or pendulous, anatropous, amphitropous, or suborthotropous; style subterminal, lateral, or basal. Achenes numerous, inserted on dry receptacle with persistent sepals. Seed testa membranous. x = 7.[7] [more]
Rhinanthus
Herbs, hemiparasitic. Leaves opposite. Racemes terminal. Calyx 4-lobed, upper side parted to ca. 1/2 length, other lobes shallow. Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip galeate, extending into a short 2-lobed beak. Stamens 4, enclosed by galea; anthers connivent, locules transversely divergent, spurless, barbate along slit after dehiscence. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds several per locule, broadly winged.[8] [more]
At least 242 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Rhinanthus.
More info about the Genus Rhinanthus may be found here.
Bibliography
- Bailey, D.K. 1970. Phytogeography and taxonomy of Pinus subsection Balfourianae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 210--249.
- Bailey, D.K. 1987. A study of Pinus subsection Cembroides I: The single-needle pinyons of the Californias and the Great Basin. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44: 275--310.
- Bailey, D.K. and F.G. Hawksworth. 1979. Pinyons of the Chihuahuan Desert region. Phytologia 44: 129--133.
- Critchfield, W.B. and E.L. Little Jr. 1966. Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World. Washington. [U.S.D.A., Misc. Publ. 991.]
- Duffield, J.W. 1952. Relationships and species hybridization in the genus Pinus. Silvae Genet. 1: 93--97.
- Fowells, H.A. 1965. Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States. Washington. [Agric. Handb. 271.]
- Kurz,H. and R.K. Godfrey. 1962. Trees of Northern Florida. Gainesville.
- Little, E.L. Jr. and W.B. Critchfield. 1969. Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). Washington. [U.S.D.A., Misc. Publ. 1144.]
- Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus Pinus. New York.
- Peattie, D.C. 1953. A Natural History of Western Trees. Boston.
- Perry, J.P.Jr. 1991. The Pines of Mexico and Central America. Portland.
- Preston, R.J. 1976. North American Trees (Exclusive of Mexico and Tropical United States), ed. 3. Ames.
- Price, R.A. 1989. The genera of Pinaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 70: 247--305.
- Sargent, C.S. 1922. Manual of the Trees of North America (Exclusive of Mexico), ed. 2. Boston and New York. [Facsimile edition in 2 vols. 1961, reprinted 1965, New York.]
- Shaw, G.R. 1914. The Genus Pinus. Cambridge, Mass. [Publ. Arnold Arbor. 5.]
- Sudworth, G.B. 1908. Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope. Washington.
- Sudworth, G.B. 1917. The Pine Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region. Washington. [U.S.D.A. Bull. 460.]
- Tsoong Puchiu & Yang Hanbi, eds. 1979. Scrophulariaceae (1). Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 1-431. Tsoong Puchiu, ed. 1963. Scrophulariaceae (2). Fl. Reipulb. Popularis Sin. 68: 1-449.
- Yü Te-tsun, Lu Ling-ti, Ku Tsue-chih, Li Chao-luan, Kuan Ke-chien & Chiang Wan-fu. 1974, 1985, 1986. Rosaceae. In: Yü Te-tsun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 36: 1443; 37: 1516; 38: 1133.
Footnotes
- "Castilleja". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 89. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Euphrasia". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 92. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Melampyrum". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 90. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Odontites". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 96. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Yang Han-bi, Noel H. Holmgren, Robert R. Mill "Pedicularis". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 97. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Robert Kral "Pinus". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Li Chaoluan (Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Potentilla". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 291. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Rhinanthus". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 96. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.
