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Rhamneae

(Tribe)

Overview

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A Tribe in the Kingdom Plantae.

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Tribe Rhamneae is a member of the Subfamily Ranunculoideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Rhamneae:

The Tribe Rhamneae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acantholimon

Shrublets, usually thorny, pulvinate, often subglobose, many-branched. Leaves borne on current year's branches, crowded, sessile, persistent on old branches after withering; spring leaves at base of current year's branches and similar or different from summer leaves; leaf blade linear, linear-needlelike, or linear subulate, usually very shallowly obdeltate to subcomplanate in cross section, apex usually pointed to awned. Inflorescences borne in axil of spring leaves at base of current year's branches, branched or unbranched; spikes pedunculate, with 2--8 spikelets, arranged in 2 rows, sometimes rachis undeveloped with spike or spikelets axillary; spikelets 1--5-flowered; bracts distinctly shorter than bractlet of first flower, margin membranous; first bractlet similar to bract, margin broadly membranous. Calyx funnelform or rarely subtubular; tube straight or occasionally basally oblique, inconspicuously herbaceous along ribs and scarious between ribs; limb purple, pink, or white, broad, scarious, 5- or 10-lobed. Corolla slightly exserted from calyx; petals basally slightly connate. Stamens adnate to corolla base. Ovary linear-cylindrical, apex attenuate. Styles 5, free, glabrous; stigmas depressed capitate. Capsules oblong-filiform.[1] [more]

Acer

[more]

Agave

Plants short-stemmed pachycauls, perennial, often flowering after 8-20+ years, monocarpic or polycarpic, acaulescent or caulescent, scapose, forming succulent rosettes on thick, fibrous-rooted crowns, often rhizomatous. Stems aboveground, unbranched or, less often, branched. Leaves evergreen in rosette; blade light green to green and occasionally with lighter patterns of white (€œcross-zoned€) or imprinted with white (€œbud-prints€), linear-lanceolate to ovate, firm to rigid, often thick and fleshy, margins entire, filiferous, or armed with marginal teeth and short to long, sharp-pointed apical spine. Scapes, with inflorescences, much exceeding foliage. Inflorescences terminal atop a semiwoody stalk, spicate, racemose, or paniculate, open to dense, bracteate, occasionally bulbiferous, with flowers borne singly, in pairs, or in umbellike clusters of 2-40+ on peduncles or the lateral branches borne by the peduncle. Flowers protandrous, erect or recurved, showy; perianth mostly yellow, infrequently whitish or reddish, funnelform to tubular; tepals 6, connate basally into tube atop a typically constricted neck; limb lobes erect or curved, equal to unequal in length and/or width, linear to oblong or deltate, often papillate at recurved or hooded apex; stamens 6, exserted, attached atop or within perianth tube; filaments mostly filiform; anthers versatile, linear; ovary inferior, greenish at anthesis, 3-locular, succulent, thick-walled, ovules numerous; style subulate; stigma 3-lobed, glandular, capitate, papillate. Fruits capsular, oblong to ovoid, mostly thick walled and fleshy, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, flattened, obovoid, becoming globose distally. x = 30 (5 large, 25 small) .[2] [more]

Aloinopsis

Aloinopsis is a relatively small genus of from South Africa, whose genus name stands for "similar to an Aloe". [more]

Aphelandra

Aphelandra is a of about 170 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. [more]

Ariocarpus

Plants erect, unbranched [or branched], deep-seated in the substrate [or somewhat subterranean for whole seasons]. Roots taproots. Stem unsegmented, gray-green (yellow-green or purplish with age or stress), above-ground portion flat, concave, or weakly hemispheric, usually flush with soil surface and cryptic, strongly tuberculate, 0-2(-10) × [3-]5-10(-15) cm, hard, rigid, tough skinned [thin skinned in A. agavoides of Mexico]; tubercles arranged in rosettes or mosaics, ± triangular, 8-20[-60] × [3-]11-25 mm, hard, exposed faces of tubercles strongly differentiated from sides [except in some Mexican species], prominently fissured [wrinkled, roughened, or nearly smooth]; areoles elongate [circular and axillary, circular and subapical, or 2-parted], forming a wide woolly groove on each tubercle; areolar glands absent; cortex and pith not mucilaginous, "mucilage" restricted to elongate cavities. Spines absent [sporadic and rudimentary in some Mexican taxa]. Flowers diurnal, borne in axils of tubercles near stem apex, broadly funnelform to almost salverform, 1.5-5 × 1.5-5 cm; outer tepals brownish or greenish with pink tinge, 12-35 × 5-9 mm, margins entire; inner tepals pink or magenta [white or yellow], 13-34 × 4-10 mm, margins entire; ovary smooth (scales, hairs, and spines absent) ; stigma lobes 5-10, white, 1.2-5 mm. Fruits indehiscent (very rarely explosively dehiscent), white or cream to pale greenish [reddish], spheric to clavate or cylindric, proximally or almost completely buried in copious wool of stem apex, 10-25 × 5-10 mm, initially fleshy, drying and collapsing a few days after ripening, scales and spines absent; pulp white to pale greenish; floral remnant apparently persistent. Seeds black, spheric to obovoid, 1.2-1.6(-2.5) mm, minutely tuberculate, shiny; testa cells strongly convex (conspicuous with lens). x = 11.[3] [more]

Auerodendron

Auerodendron is a genus of in family Rhamnaceae. [more]

Berchemia

Shrubs climbing or erect, evergreen to deciduous, rarely small trees, unarmed. Leaves alternate; stipules connate at base, persistent, rarely caducous; leaf blade mostly papery, margin entire, venation pinnate, with 4-18 pairs of strongly parallel secondary and mostly strongly parallel tertiary veins. Flowers bisexual, pedicellate, 5-merous, glabrous, in thyrses composed of mainly few flowered, terminal or axillary, pedunculate to sessile, corymblike cymes. Calyx tube disk- to cup-shaped or hemispherical. Sepals triangular, rarely linear or narrowly lanceolate, adaxially ± distinctly keeled. Petals spatulate to lanceolate, shorter than or ca. as long as sepals, shortly clawed. Stamens dorsifixed, equaling petals or slightly shorter. Disk mainly fleshy, filling calyx tube, with 10 irregular lobes, free at margin. Ovary superior, ± deeply immersed in disk, 2-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; styles cylindric, short, undivided; stigma large, entire, emarginate, or 2-fid. Drupe single-stoned, purple-red or purple-black, often turning black at maturity, mostly cylindric, rarely obovate, base with persistent calyx tube and disk remnants, apex often with rudimentary style; mesocarp fleshy, thin, sometimes sweet-tasting; endocarp stiffly cartilaginous, 2-loculed, locules 1-seeded.[4] [more]

Ceanothus

Ceanothus is a genus of about 50–60 species of shrubs or small trees in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The genus is confined to North America, the center of its distribution in California, with some species (e.g. C. americanus) in the eastern United States and southeast Canada, and others (e.g. C. coeruleus) extending as far south as Guatemala. Most are shrubs 0.5–3 m tall, but C. arboreus and C. thyrsiflorus, both from California, can be small trees up to 6–7 m tall. [more]

Cecropia

Cecropia is a of about 25 species of trees in the nettle family (Urticaceae). They are native to the tropical Americas, where they form one of the most recognisable components of the rainforest. The genus is named after Cecrops I, the mythical first king of Athens. A common local name is yarumo or yagrumo, or more specifically yagrumo hembra ("female yagrumo") to distinguish them from the similar-looking but unrelated Schefflera (which are called yagrumo macho, "male yagrumo"). In English, these trees are occasionally called pumpwoods (though this may also refer to C. schreberiana specifically) or simply cecropias. [more]

Cedrela

Tall trees. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire to serrate, somewhat oblique. Flowers small, in terminal and sub-terminal panicles. Calyx short, 5-parted. Petals 5, free. Stamens 4-6, free; staminodes present or absent. Disc thick, lobed. Ovary 5-locular; stigma capitate. Fruit a septifragal capsule. Seeds many, winged.[5] [more]

Celastrus

Climbing shrubs, deciduous, dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Leaves alternate, thin or subcoriaceous; stipules minute, deciduous, sometimes absent, deeply serrate. Flowers small, whitish-green, in terminal or axillary racemes or paniculate cymes, 4-5-merous. Male flowers: stamens 4-5, about as long as the petals, inserted on the edge of the disc with a vistigial pistil. Female flowers: staminodes 4-5, ovary 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Capsule 3-celled, dehiscing by 3 valves; seeds 1-2 in each cell, each enclosed in a fleshy red aril.[6] [more]

Centaurea

Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 20-300 cm, glabrous or tomentose. Stems erect, ascending, or spreading, simple or branched. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate or sessile; proximal blade margins often ± deeply lobed, (spiny in C. benedicta ), distal ± smaller, often entire, faces glabrous or ± tomentose, sometimes also villous, strigose, or puberulent, often glandular-punctate. Heads discoid, disciform, or radiant, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Involucres cylindric or ovoid to hemispheric . Phyllaries many in 6-many series, unequal, proximal part appressed, body margins entire. distal parts expanded into erect to spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed, linear to ovate appendages, spine. tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly. Florets 10-many; outer usually sterile, corollas slender and inconspicuous to much expanded, ± bilateral; inner fertile, corollas white to blue, pink, purple, or yellow, bilateral or radial, often bent at junction of tubes and throats, lobes linear-oblong, acute; anther bases tailed, apical appendages oblong; style branches: fused portions with minutely hairy nodes, distinct portions minute. Cypselae ± barrel-shaped, ± compressed, smooth or ribbed, apices entire (denticulate in C. benedicta ), glabrous or with fine, 1-celled hairs, attachment scar. lateral (with or without elaiosomes) ; pappi 0 or ± persistent, of 1-3 series of smooth or minutely barbed, stiff bristles or narrow scales . x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15.[7] [more]

Cephalaria

Herbs, glabrous to pilose. Leaves sometimes divided. Involucral bracts coriaceous, the receptacular ones larger. Calyx cupular, limb many-toothed. Corolla 4-fid. Involucel 4-8-angled, limb toothed.[8] [more]

Cercidiphyllum

Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those of the family.[9] [more]

Colchicum

Perennial. Corm covered with a brown to dark-brown coat. Roots fibrous, arising from one side of the basal part of the corm. Young leaves enclosed in leaf sheaths. Flowers 1-3, arising directly from the corm or on a very short scape. Perianth of 6 segments, united at the base of the segments to form a tube or split to the base. Stamens 6, epiphyllous. Ovary 3-celled; styles 3, free. Fruit a many-seeded capsule.[10] [more]

Condalia

Condalia is a genus of spiny native to arid areas of either North or South America comprised within the Rhamneae tribe of the Rhamnaceae family. Distribution patterns are quite variable. Some species are confined to geographical points of few square miles, while others sprout vast, hundred to thousand square mile areas. Condalia species are only related to South and North American desert and xeric shrublands of tropical and subtropical arid climates. They are only native of the New World shrublands biome. [more]

Conophytum

[more]

Cordyline

Plants treelike or shrubby. Stems ± woody, usually few branched, with conspicuous leaf scars distally. Leaves crowded at apex of stems, petiolate (or sessile) ; petiole 10--30 cm, base amplexicaul; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate to sword-shaped, veins essentially parallel but with lateral veins branching from midvein in proximal 1/2. Inflorescence arising from axils of distal leaves, usually paniculate, large, many branched. Flowers bisexual, solitary, usually tubular-campanulate or subcylindric; pedicel usually short, articulate at or near apex. Perianth with short tube; lobes in 2 whorls of 3. Stamens 6, inserted in tube or throat of perianth; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 to many per locule. Style slender; stigma capitate, small. Fruit a capsule, leathery, 1- to several seeded. Seeds black, coated with phytomelanin.[11] [more]

Cryptandra

Cryptandra is a genus of shrub in the plant family . [more]

Cryptomeria

Trees evergreen, monoecious; trunk straight; bark reddish brown to dark gray, fibrous, peeling off into long shreds; crown pyramidal or ovoid; branches ± whorled, horizontal or erect-spreading; winter buds small. Leaves persisting 4 or 5 years, spirally 5-ranked, spreading or directed forward, subulate, straight or incurved at apex, adaxial and abaxial surfaces convex, lateral surfaces slightly flattened, keeled, stomatal bands present on all 4 surfaces, base decurrent, apex acute. Pollen cones axillary toward apex of 2nd year branchlets, usually crowded into a short, terminal, sessile, oblong raceme, plum red turning yellow when mature; microsporophylls many, spirally arranged; pollen sacs (3 or) 4 or 5(or 6). Seed cones terminal, solitary or occasionally aggregated, nodding, sessile, ± globose, rosettelike and resembling opening buds, ripening in 1st year, persisting 1-2 years longer with branchlet growth often temporarily continuing through cone; bracts and cone scales connate; bracts borne on middle or proximal middle part of abaxial surface of cone scales, triangular, small; ovules 2-5 per bract axil; cone scales persistent, shield-shaped, cuneate, thickened distally, woody, umbo with a central spine and 4 or 5(-7) toothlike projections on distal margin; apical scales small and sterile. Seeds irregularly compressed-ellipsoid or -triangular-ellipsoid, very narrowly winged. Cotyledons (2 or) 3(or 4). Germination epigeal. 2n = 22*.[12] [more]

Daphne

Shrubs or subshrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes opposite; petiole short. Inflorescence usually terminal, sometimes axillary, capitate or shortly racemose, sometimes paniculate, racemose, or spicate, with or without involucre; peduncle short or absent. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants sometimes dioecious), 4- or 5-merous. Calyx tube white, pink, or yellow, rarely mauve, campanulate, cylindric, or slightly funnel-shaped, exterior glabrous or pubescent; lobes 4 or 5, erect or spreading, alternately longer and shorter. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series; filaments short or absent; anthers oblong, included; connectives indistinct. Disk absent or annular, cup-shaped, sometimes elongated on one side. Ovary usually sessile or slightly stipitate, ovoid, 1-loculed; style terminal, short; stigma capitate. Fruit a succulent berry or dry and leathery, sometimes enclosed by persistent calyx, sometimes naked, usually red or yellow. Seed testa crustaceous, endosperm scanty or absent; cotyledons fleshy.[13] [more]

Draba

Herbs perennial, rarely annual, biennial (or subshrubs with woody stems). Trichomes simple, forked, stellate, malpighiaceous, or dendritic, stalked or sessile, often more than 1 kind present. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes prostrate, leafy or leafless and plants scapose. Basal leaves petiolate, often rosulate, simple, entire or toothed, rarely lobed. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, cuneate or auriculate at base, entire or dentate, sometimes absent. Racemes bracteate or ebracteate, elongated or not in fruit. Fruiting pedicels slender, erect, ascending, or divaricate. Sepals ovate, oblong, or elliptic, base of lateral pair not saccate or subsaccate, margin usually membranous. Petals yellow, white, pink, purple, orange (or rarely red) ; blade obovate, spatulate, oblong, oblanceolate, orbicular, or linear, apex obtuse, rounded, or rarely emarginate; claw obscurely to strongly differentiated from blade. Stamens 6, tetradynamous; filaments dilated or not at base; anthers ovate or oblong, obtuse at apex. Nectar glands 1, 2, or 4, distinct or confluent and subtending bases of all stamens; median glands present or absent; lateral glands toothlike, semiannular, or annular. Ovules 4 to numerous per ovary. Fruit dehiscent, silicles or rarely siliques, ovate, elliptic, oblong, orbicular, ovoid, globose, lanceolate, or linear, latiseptate or terete, sometimes spirally twisted; valves distinctly or obscurely veined, glabrous or pubescent; replum rounded; septum complete, membranous, translucent; style distinct or obsolete, glabrous; stigma capitate, entire or slightly 2-lobed. Seeds biseriate, wingless (or rarely winged), oblong, ovate, or orbicular, flattened; seed coat minutely reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.[14] [more]

Drosera

Herbs perennial or annual, with rhizomes, fibrous roots, or tubers with a vertical stolon below ground. Stem very short, long and erect, or climbing. Leaves basal and rosulate, or alternate, petiolate, with glandular, papillose hairs. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Sepals (4 or) 5(or 6-12), free or connate at base, persistent. Petals 5, free, closing and contorted after anthesis, persistent. Stamens as many as petals. Ovary superior, 1-loculed, 2-5-carpellate; placentation parietal; styles (2 or) 3-5(or 6), free or connate at base, persistent. Capsule dehiscent, 2-6-valved. Seeds numerous, ellipsoid or linear, sometimes winged.[15] [more]

Eriogonum

Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, sometimes nearly arborescent, perennial, biennial, or annual, polycarpic or, rarely, monocarpic (subg. Pterogonum), synoecious (sometimes polygamodioecious in subg. Micrantha and Oligogonum, rarely dioecious in subg. Oligogonum) ; taproot slender to stout, solid, or rarely chambered (subg. Pterogonum). Stems prostrate or decumbent to erect, infrequently absent, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular; caudex stems absent or woody, tightly compact to spreading and at or just below surface, or spreading to erect and above surface; aerial flowering stems arising at nodes of caudex branches, at distal nodes of aerial branches, or directly from the root, prostrate or decumbent to erect, slender to stout, solid or slightly to distinctly hollow and fistulose, rarely disarticulating into ringlike segments (subg. Clastomyelon). Leaves usually persistent through anthesis, occasionally persistent through growing season or longer, sometimes marcescent or quickly deciduous, basal and sometimes sheathing up stems, cauline, or basal and cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled, 1 per node or fasciculate; petiole usually present, sometimes obscure; blade linear to orbiculate, entire apically. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, cymose and dichotomously or trichotomously branched, or racemose, simple or compound-umbellate, subcapitate, or capitate, occasionally distally uniparous due to suppression of secondary branches; branches mostly dichotomous except for initial trichotomous node, not brittle or disarticulating into segments, round and smooth, rarely grooved, angled or ridged, variously lanate, tomentose, floccose, sericeous, hispid, pilose-pubescent, or puberulent, occasionally glandular, rarely scabrellous; bracts 2-13 or more at proximal nodes, usually 3 distally, connate proximally, leaflike, semileaflike, or scalelike, not awn-tipped, glabrous or variously pubescent or glandular. Peduncles absent or erect to deflexed. Involucres 1-8 or more per cluster, smooth or ribbed, tubular, cylindric or narrowly turbinate to broadly campanulate or hemispheric; teeth 5-10, sometimes lobelike, not awned. Flowers bisexual or, infrequently, unisexual, (2-) 6-100 per involucre at any single time during full anthesis, sometimes with stipelike base; perianth usually white to red or variously yellow, broadly campanulate when open, cylindric to urceolate when closed, glabrous or pubescent or glandular abaxially; tepals 6, connate proximally to 2 their length, monomorphic or dimorphic, usually entire apically, rarely emarginate; stamens 9; filaments adnate basally, glabrous or pubescent; anthers usually red to cream or yellow, oblong to ellipsoid or oval. Achenes included to exserted, various shades of brown, black, or occasionally yellow, rarely winged or ridged (subg. Pterogonum), lenticular or 3-gonous, glabrous or pubescent. Seeds: embryo curved or straight. x = 10.[16] [more]

Frangula

The Buckthorns (Rhamnus) are a (or two genera, if Frangula is treated as distinct) of about 100 species of shrubs or small trees from 1-10 m tall (rarely to 15 m), in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. They are native throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America. Some species are invasive outside their natural ranges. [more]

Geogenanthus

[more]

Geranium

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually alternate, stipulate, variously divided. Peduncles (1-) 2-flowered. Flowers often showy, regular, usually 5-merous. Petals alternating with 5 nectiferous glands. Stamens (5-) 10, staminodes occasional. Carpels usually 5, adnate, separating septifragally from the central axis at maturity. Ovary 5-lobed. Fruit schizocarpic, of 5 mericarps which remain attached to an elastically coiling stylar axis upwards; mericarps without apical pits.[17] [more]

Gymnocalycium

Gymnocalycium, commonly called chin cactus, is a genus of about 70 species of cacti. The genus name Gymnocalycium (from Greek, "naked calyx") refers to the flower buds bearing no hair or spines. [more]

Hamatocactus

Plants erect, unbranched or branched in basal portion, not deep-seated in substrate. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, bright deep green, hemispheric when young, becoming spheric or ovoid to cylindric, 3.6-12(-20) × 4.5-12 cm, glabrous; ribs 13, spiraling or vertical, slender, crests sinuate, sharp, not interrupted or undulate, narrow; areoles circular or, on older parts of stem, elliptic to ovate, adaxially elongated into short areolar grooves; areolar glands golden, darker with age, cylindric or peglike; cortex and pith firm, not mucilaginous. Spines 11-20 per areole, not obscuring stems, yellowish, whitish, or reddish brown, acicular (rarely central spine flattened), longest spines 12-38 mm; radial spines 10-19 per areole, straight or slightly curved toward stem, longest spines 11-32 mm; central spines 1 per areole, porrect, hooked, terete (rarely flattened). Flowers diurnal, near stem apex, at adaxial edge of areoles or at axillary ends of short areolar grooves, widely funnelform, 3.7-7 × 4-7 cm; outer tepals finely fringed; inner tepals yellow (to ivory) with red bases, 20-25 × 6-9 mm, margins entire, toothed, or lacerate; ovary scaly, hairless, spineless; stigma lobes 5-11, pale yellow to orangish, 3-7 mm. Fruits indehiscent or eventually dehiscent by vertical slits, bright red, spheric or nearly so, ca. 10 × 8-13 mm, fleshy, with 15 or fewer whitish, broad fringed, naked, spineless scales; floral remnant persistent. Seeds black, obovoid, usually 1-1.4 × 0.8-1 mm, minutely papillate; testa cells weakly convex, nearly flat toward proximal end of seed. x = 11.[18] [more]

Hemerocallis

Herbs, perennial, scapose, clump-forming, rhizomatous, from fibrous or fleshy contractile roots often enlarged at ends; rhizomes spreading. Leaves many, basal, sessile, 2-ranked, bases sheathing; blade long-linear, keeled, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 2, in terminal helicoid cyme, or solitary. Flowers mostly diurnal and ephemeral, slightly irregular, showy; tepals 6, connate basally into short, funnelform to campanulate tube, distinct parts imbricate, spreading, inner broader than outer; stamens 6, adnate to throat of perianth tube; filaments curved upward, distinct, unequal; anthers dorsifixed, 2-locular, linear-oblong, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, conic, septal nectaries present; style curved upwards; stigma indistinctly 3-lobed or capitate. Fruits capsular, leathery, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds rarely produced (sterile) or many. x = 11.[19] [more]

Hosta

Herbs, perennial, scapose, forming dome-shaped clumps, from rhizomes; rhizomes short, branching, sometimes stoloniferous, leaf scars prominent; roots fleshy. Leaves numerous, basal, spiral, distinctly petiolate; petiole sulcate, terete, sometimes ridged; blade light to dark green, often variegated, cordate to orbiculate to lanceolate, smooth to puckered, margins entire, slightly undulate [flat or crisped]; veins campylodromous, conspicuous, usually sunken adaxially, prominent abaxially. Scape usually surpassing leaves. Inflorescences simple, terminal, racemose, usually subsecund, elongate, subtended proximally by 1 or more sterile bracts, each flower usually bracteate. Flowers: perianth tubular to campanulate or urceolate-cylindric [funnelform]; tepals 6, similar, connate proximally into wide-throated tube, white, bluish purple, or purplish violet with darker markings or lines, lobes spreading, sometimes recurved, longer than perianth tube; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube or ovary apex, exceeding tepals; filaments declinate; anthers dorsifixed in connective pits, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, oblong, septal nectaries present; style filiform, exceeding stamens; stigma minute, capitate or 3-lobed; pedicel short. Fruits capsular, pendent at maturity, angled, elongate or triangular, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds numerous, black, flattened, winged. x = 30.[20] [more]

Hydrocotyle

Herbs perennial. Stem slender, creeping or decumbent, rooting at the nodes. Leaves petiolate; petioles not sheathing; stipules present, entire or parted to base, membranous; blade cordate, orbicular, or reniform. Inflorescence a simple umbel; umbels sometimes densely capitate; peduncles axillary, obsolete to much longer than leaves; bracts present or absent; pedicels very short or extended (best seen in fruiting material). Flowers bisexual. Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Petals white, greenish or yellow, valvate, ovate, spreading. Stylopodium conic to depressed. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, strongly flattened laterally, base cordate, dorsal surface rounded, glabrous (rarely with white hairs) ; dorsal and lateral ribs usually conspicuous, slender, acute (rarely obsolete) ; vittae inconspicuous. Seed face plane to concave; endocarp woody. Carpophore usually absent.[21] [more]

Karwinskia

[more]

Leonurus

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, erect. Leaves 3-7-lobed, basal ± palmately lobed, usually deciduous at anthesis; stem leaves entire, incised, or 3-lobed. Verticillasters many flowered, in long spikes; bracteoles subulate or spinescent, rigid or flaccid. Calyx obconical or tubular-campanulate, 5-veined, obscurely 2-lipped; upper lip straight, 3-toothed; lower lip 2-toothed, teeth coalescent, spreading or slightly spreading. Corolla white, reddish, to purplish, 2-lipped, tube exserted; upper lip oblong, obovate, or ovate-orbicular, margin entire, straight, villous or glabrous; lower lip straight or spreading, spotted, 3-lobed, lobes oblong-ovate or middle lobe shallowly cordate, larger than ovate lateral lobes. Stamens 4, anterior 2 longer, posterior 2 parallel; anther cells 2, parallel. Style apex equally 2-cleft, lobes subulate. Nutlets acutely triquetrous, base cuneate, apex truncate.[22] [more]

Lithops

Lithops is a of succulent plants native to southern Africa. "Lithos" means "stone" and "-ops" means "like" in Ancient Greek; therefore "Lithops" means "stone-like". This is a very good description of these plants, which avoid being eaten by blending in with surrounding rocks. They are often known as pebble plants or living stones. The formation of the name from the greek "-ops" means that even a single plant is called a Lithops. [more]

Lobivia

Echinopsis is a large of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cacti, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. One small species, E. chamaecereus, is known as the peanut cactus. The 128 species range from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines. [more]

Mammillaria

Plants mostly erect (rarely decumbent or prostrate), branched or unbranched, deep-seated in substrate or not. Roots diffuse or taproots (adventitious from offsets in M. thornberi and M. prolifera) . Stems unsegmented, green to gray-green, sometimes purplish under stress, spheric to cylindric or turbinate, often flat-topped, 1-15(-25) × 1.8-12(-20) cm, firm or flaccid; tubercles distinct, not confluent into ribs, pyramidal, conic, or cylindric, 3-25 × 2-9 mm; areoles of 2 kinds: vegetative areoles (spine clusters) at tips of tubercles; reproductive areoles in axils of tubercles, woolly, bristly, or naked; areolar glands absent; cortex and pith usually not mucilaginous, instead containing latex (absent in M. grahamii) . Spines [2-]5-80(-90) per areole, of every color that cactus spines can be, hairlike, bristlelike, or needlelike, glabrous or plumose, (0.5-) 2-25(-31) × 0.01-0.6 mm; radial spines (6-) 10-80 per areole, straight to curved or crinkly bristles, (0.6-) 3-25 mm; central spines 0-several (indefinitely numerous and intergrading with radial spines in M. lasiacantha), straight, curved, or hooked, terete. Flowers diurnal, in ring distant from stem apex (or nearly apical at anthesis forming a ring around new growth, subsequent apical growth displacing fruits even farther away from apex), in axils of tubercles, unconnected to spine clusters, funnelform, campanulate, or rotate, 0.9-4(-5.2) × 0.6-3.5(-7.5) cm; outer tepal margins entire or fringed; inner tepals yellow, white, rose-pink, magenta, or maroon, 4-30 × 1.5-8.5 mm; ovary lacking scales and spines; stigma lobes cream, yellow, red, pink, or brownish green, 0.3-8 mm. Fruits indehiscent, usually pink, bright red, or greenish, green and barrel-shaped when seeds mature, sometimes becoming colored and clavate or cylindric to ovoid, 5-30(-40) × (2-) 4-9(-26) mm, usually juicy; scales and spines absent (or rudimentary) ; floral remnant persistent to quickly deciduous. Seeds black, brown, reddish, or yellowish (with tan, corky strophioles in M. tetrancistra), 0.8-1.5 × 0.6-1.4 mm, usually pitted or raised-reticulate (with additional wrinkling in M. tetrancistra) [impressed-reticulate M. candida of Mexico], often shiny; testa cells flat to concave, walls straight to sinuate. x = 11.[23] [more]

Maranta

Plants terrestrial, prostrate, scandent, or upright, usually dying back to rhizome during dry season, 0.1--1.5(--1.8) m. Rhizomes occasionally swollen, storing starch. Stems branched or unbranched with basal and cauline leaves to highly branched above elongate, cane-like stem (internode) with few or no basal leaves. Leaves homotropic [rarely antitropic]; sheath usually auriculate, not spongy; blade [patterned] plain green, ovate to elliptic. Inflorescences usually 2--several per shoot, spikel-like, unbranched; bracts persistent, subtending 2--6 pedicellate flower pairs, herbaceous; prophylls keeled, membranous; secondary bracts absent; bracteoles usually absent. Flowers self-fertilizing [or outcrossing], corolla white, staminodes white [purple]; sepals persistent in fruit, more than 5 mm, herbaceous; corolla tube [4--]12--14 mm, corolla lobes unequal; outer staminodes 2, petal-like; callose staminode apex usually petal-like; cucullate staminode with 1 appendage, medial [subterminal], flaplike [fingerlike]; stylar movement in single plane; style unappendaged. Fruits capsules, 1-seeded, obliquely ellipsoid, pericarp relatively thin, dehiscent. Seeds brown, ellipsoid, rugose; perisperm canal 1, distally branched; aril conspicuous, white.[24] [more]

Nepenthes

Morphological characters and geographical distribution are the same as those for the family.[25] [more]

Notospartium

Notospartium is a genus of in the Fabaceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Parodia

Parodia is a of cacti. This genus has about 50 species, ranging from small globose plants to 1-m tall columnar cacti. [more]

Pelecyphora

Pelecyphora is a of cacti, comprising 2 species. They originate from Mexico. [more]

Pinguicula

The butterworts are a group of comprising the genus Pinguicula. Members of this genus use sticky, glandular leaves to lure, trap, and digest insects in order to supplement the poor mineral nutrition they obtain from the environments. Of the roughly 80 currently known species, 12 are native to Europe, 9 to North America, and the rest are found in northern Asia, South and Central America and southern Mexico. [more]

Pleiospilos

Potentilla

Herbs perennial, rarely biennial, annual, or shrubs, if perennial then with ± tufted, scaly rootstock. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves pinnate or palmately compound; stipules ± adnate to petiole. Inflorescence often cymose or cymose-paniculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual. Hypanthium concave, mostly hemispheric. Sepals 5, valvate; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with sepals. Petals 5, often yellow, rarely white or purple. Stamens usually ca. 20 in 3 series of 10, 5, and 5, rarely fewer or more (11-30) ; anthers 2-loculed. Carpels usually numerous, free, inserted on slightly elevated receptacle; ovule ascending or pendulous, anatropous, amphitropous, or suborthotropous; style subterminal, lateral, or basal. Achenes numerous, inserted on dry receptacle with persistent sepals. Seed testa membranous. x = 7.[26] [more]

Quercus

Trees or shrubs, evergreen or winter-deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous. Terminal buds spheric to ovoid, terete or angled, all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules deciduous and inconspicuous (except in Quercus sadleriana ) . Leaf blade lobed or unlobed, thin or leathery, margins entire, toothed, or awned-toothed, secondary veins either unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin, or branching and anastomosing before reaching margin. Inflorescences unisexual, in axils of leaves or bud scales, usually clustered at base of new growth; staminate inflorescences lax, spicate; pistillate inflorescences usually stiff, with terminal cupule and sometimes 1-several sessile, lateral cupules. Staminate flowers: sepals connate; stamens (2-) 6(-12), surrounding tuft of silky hairs (apparently a reduced pistillode) . Pistillate flower 1 per cupule; sepals connate; carpels and styles 3(-6) . Fruits: maturation annual or biennial; cup variously shaped (saucer- to cup- or bowl- to goblet-shaped), without indication of valves, covering base of nut (rarely whole nut), scaly, scales imbricate or reduced to tubercles, not or weakly reflexed, never hooked; nut 1 per cup, round in cross section, not winged. x = 12.[27] [more]

Reynosia

Reynosia is a genus of in family Rhamnaceae. [more]

Rhamnus

Shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, deciduous or rarely evergreen, often spinose. Branches opposite or alternate, unarmed or terminating in a woody spine; winter buds naked (R. subg. Frangula) or with scales (R. subg. Rhamnus). Leaves opposite or alternate, rarely fasciculate on short shoots; stipules mainly subulate, caducous, rarely persistent; leaf blade always undivided, pinnately veined, margin serrate or rarely entire. Flowers mostly yellowish green, small, bisexual or unisexual, rarely polygamous, solitary or few fascicled in axillary cymes, cymose racemes, or cymose panicles. Calyx tube campanulate to cup-shaped; sepals 4 or 5, ovate-triangular, adaxially ± distinctly keeled. Petals 4 or 5, rarely absent, shorter than sepals, cucullate to hooded, often enfolding stamens, base shortly clawed, apex often 2-fid. Stamens 4 or 5, surrounded by and equaling petals or shorter; anthers dorsifixed. Disk thin, adnate and lining calyx tube. Ovary superior, globose, free, 2-4-loculed; styles ± deeply 2-4-cleft. Fruit a 2-4-stoned, berrylike drupe, obovoid-globose or globose; stones indehiscent or ventrally dehiscing. Seeds obovoid or oblong-obovoid, unfurrowed or abaxially or laterally with a ± long, narrow to gaping, often distinctly margined furrow; endosperm fleshy.[28] [more]

Sageretia

Shrubs scandent or erect, rarely small trees, unarmed or spinescent. Branchlets alternate or subopposite, often terminating in a woody spine. Leaves alternate or subopposite; stipules small, caducous; leaf blade papery to leathery, pinnately veined, margin serrate, rarely entire. Flowers mostly very small, 1-2 mm in diam., bisexual, 5-merous, usually sessile or subsessile, rarely pedicellate, in spikes or spicate panicles, rarely in racemes. Calyx tube shallowly cup-shaped to hemispherical; sepals triangular, ± fleshy, adaxially medially keeled and hooded. Petals spatulate, apex 2-lobed to ± deeply emarginate. Stamens equaling petals or slightly longer; anthers dorsifixed. Disk cup-shaped, thick, fleshy, outer margin free from calyx tube, ± distinctly erect, entire or 5-lobed. Ovary superior, 2- or 3-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; style short, stout, undivided, apically ± distinctly 2- or 3-lobed. Drupe obovoid-globose, with 2 or 3 one-seeded stones, base with remnants of persistent calyx tube. Seeds compressed, slightly asymmetrical, concave at both ends.[29] [more]

Saxifraga

Herbs perennial, rarely annual or biennial. Stem cespitose or simple. Leaves both basal and cauline, petiolate or not; leaf blade simple, entire, margin dentate or lobate; cauline leaves usually alternate, rarely opposite. Inflorescence a solitary flower or few- to many-flowered cyme, bracteate. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic; receptacle cyathiform or saucer-shaped. Sepals (4 or) 5(or 7 or 8) . Petals (4 or) 5, yellow, orange, white, or red to purple, callose or not, distinctly veined, margin usually entire. Stamens (8 or) 10; filaments subulate or clavate. Carpels 2, usually connate at least in placental region; ovary superior to inferior, usually 2-loculed; placentation usually axile; ovules many; integuments 1 or 2; nectary disc sometimes well developed, annular or semiannular. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seeds many.[30] [more]

Scutia

Shrubs scandent or erect, spinose or unarmed. Leaves opposite or subopposite, leathery, margin entire or inconspicuously serrulate. Flowers hermaphroditic, 5-merous, few fascicled in leaf axils or in shortly pedunculate axillary cymes, shortly pedicellate. Calyx tube hemispherical or turbinate; sepals 5, triangular. Petals deeply obcordate or bilobed, base clawed, shorter than sepals. Stamens equaling petals. Disk thin, lining calyx tube, slightly fleshy, at margin free. Ovary globose, immersed in disk, 2-5-loculed, with 1 ovule per locule; style short, undivided or 2-4-fid. Drupe obovoid-globose or subglobose, apex often with rudimentary style, base surrounded by persistent calyx tube, with 2-4 one-seeded stones, embedded in a thin, fleshy pulp at maturity. Seeds not furrowed, seed coat thin to nearly leathery.[31] [more]

Streptocarpus

Streptocarpus is a of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, closely related to the genus Saintpaulia. One common name is Cape Primrose, referring to the nativity of several species to South Africa and their superficial resemblance to the genus Primula. The genus is native to parts of Africa and Madagascar (with a few odd species in Asia that probably do not belong in the genus). The plants often grow on shaded rocky hillsides or cliffs. About 155 species of Streptocarpus are currently recognized, the first described being S. rexii. They are found growing on the ground, rock crevices, and almost anywhere the seed can germinate and grow. Some species such as S. dunnii are unifoliate with the plant producing no true leaves, only a single cotyledon that continues to grow throughout the life of the plant. The unifoliate species are monocarpic and die after producing seeds. Other species are perennial and come into flower during different parts of the year. Members of subgenus Streptocarpella are more typical caulescent herbs and are sometimes grown as bedding or hanging plants. The genus is defined by having a spirally twisted fruit (hence the name "streptocarpus"), although this character is also found in some other Old World genera of Gesneriaceae. Recent phylogenetic studies strongly suggest that although it does not have a twisted fruit the genus Saintpaulia has evolved from within subgenus Streptocarpella. [more]

Sulcorebutia

Rebutia K. Schum. is a in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. [more]

Syngonium

Syngonium is a of about 36 species of flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical rain forests in Central and South America. They are woody vines growing to heights of 10-20 m or more in trees. They have leaves that change shape according to the plant's stage of growth, and adult leaf forms are often much more lobed than the juvenile forms usually seen on small house plants. [more]

At least 79 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Syngonium.

More info about the Genus Syngonium may be found here.

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. "Acantholimon". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 193. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. James L. Reveal & Wendy C. Hodgson "Agave". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 413, 414, 442, 443, 444, 450, 463. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. Allan D. Zimmerman & Bruce D. Parfitt "Ariocarpus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 96, 212, 221, 238,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. Yilin Chen & Carsten Schirarend "Berchemia". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 116, 124,130. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. "Cedrela". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. "Celastrus". in Flora of Pakistan Page 13. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. David J. Keil, Jörg Ochsmann "Centaurea". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 52, 57, 58, 67, 83, 84, 96, 171, 172, 176, 177, EFloras.org.
  8. "Cephalaria". in Flora of Pakistan Page 11. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. Dezhi Fu & Peter K. Endress "Cercidiphyllum". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 126. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. "Colchicum". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. Chen Sing-chi, Nicholas J. Turland "Cordyline". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 204. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  12. "Cryptomeria". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 56. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  13. Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew & Christopher Brickell "Daphne". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 213, 215, 223, 230, 246. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  14. "Draba". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 66. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  15. "Drosera". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 199. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  16. James L. Reveal "Eriogonum". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  17. Yasin J Nasir "Geranium". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  18. Allan D. Zimmerman & Bruce D. Parfitt "Hamatocactus". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 98, 207, 208, 218. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  19. Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Hemerocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 51, 53, 57, 219. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  20. Frederick H. Utech "Hosta". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 21, 51, 53, 57, 222, 223. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  21. Sheh Meng-lan, Mark F. Watson, John F. M. Cannon "Hydrocotyle". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 14. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  22. "Leonurus". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  23. Allan D. Zimmerman & Bruce D. Parfitt "Mammillaria". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 94, 98, 221, 239,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  24. "Maranta". in Flora of North America Vol. 22. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  25. "Nepenthes". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 198. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  26. Li Chaoluan (Li Chao-luang, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba "Potentilla". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 291. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  27. Kevin C. Nixon "Quercus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  28. "Rhamnus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115, 139. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  29. "Sageretia". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 115, 133. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  30. Pan Jintang , Richard Gornall, Hideaki Ohba "Saxifraga". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 280. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  31. "Scutia". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 116, 162. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: January 24, 2010
2010/01/24 05:05:33