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Polypodiales

(Order)

Overview

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The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. The characteristics of this group include: sporangia with a vertical interrupted by the stalk and stomium; indusia laterally or centrally attached (or lost); gametophytes green, chordate, and surficial .1]

Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the angiosperms. [2]

Families

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The Polypodiales order includes the following families.[3][4][5] The order in which they are listed is based on the order in which they appear in the phylogram that follows the list.

Eupolypods II

Eupolypods I

Phylogenic relationships

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The following phylogram for the Polypodiales is based on Lehtonen (2011).[3]

Obsolete families

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Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:

he order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. The characteristics of this group include: sporangia with a vertical interrupted by the stalk and stomium; indusia laterally or centrally attached (or lost); gametophytes green, chordate, and surficial .1]

Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most evolutionarily advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the angiosperms. [2]

Families

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The Polypodiales order includes the following families.[3][4][5] The order in which they are listed is based on the order in which they appear in the phylogram that follows the list.

Eupolypods II

Eupolypods I

Phylogenic relationships

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The following phylogram for the Polypodiales is based on Lehtonen (2011).[3]

Obsolete families

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Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:

References

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  1. ^ Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, et al. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3): 705-731
  2. ^< /a> Harald Schneider, Eric Schuettpelz, Kathleen M. Pryer, Raymond Cranfill, Susana Magall?n, Richard Lupia (2004), "Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms", Nature 428 (6982): 553?557, doi:10.1038/nature02361, PMID 15058303 
  3. ^ a b c Lehtonen S (2011) Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life PLoS ONE 6(10): e24851. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851, 13 Oct 13, 2011
  4. ^ Christenhusz et al. (2011) A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns Phytotaxa 19: 7-54. (18 Feb. 2011)
  5. ^ a b Christenhusz et al. (2011) Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns, Christenhusz & Schneider, 14 Sep 20011

Sources

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Taxonomy

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The Order Polypodiales is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

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Aspleniaceae

The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) is a family of ferns, included in the order Polypodiales or in some classifications as the only family in the order Aspleniales. [more]

Blechnaceae

Blechnaceae is a family of nine genera and between 240-260 species of ferns, with a cosmopolitan distribution. [more]

Davalliaceae

Davalliaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is sister to the largest family of ferns, Polypodiaceae, and shares some morphological characters with it. [more]

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order Polypodiales, the most derived families within monilophytes (ferns). It includes the world's most abundant fern, Pteridium aquilinum (bracken). Members of the order generally have large, highly divided leaves and have either small, round intramarginal sori with cup-shaped indusia (e.g. Dennstaedtia) or linear marginal sori with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin (e.g. Pteridium). The morphological diversity among members of the order has confused past taxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the monophyly of the order and the family . The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae and the rest of the monilophytes was published in 2006, so most of the available literature is not updated. [more]

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteridaceae, is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. They comprise about 1700 species and have a cosmopolitan distribution. They may be terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants. The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species. Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 Mya (million years ago). [more]

Lindsaeaceae

Lindsaeaseae is a pantropical family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It contains about 200 species, some of which also extend into the more temperate regions of eastern Asia, New Zealand, and South America. [more]

Lomariopsidaceae

The Lomariopsidaceae is a family of ferns with a largely tropical distribution. The family is here restricted to the cladistic grouping determined by the paper cited below. [more]

Oleandraceae

Oleandraceae is a family of ferns consisting of three genera containing approximately 60 species. Most are erect ground ferns or scandent epiphytes that start from the ground. [more]

Onocleaceae

Onocleaceae is a small family of terrestrial ferns. There are four genera of onocleoids: Matteuccia, Onoclea, Onocleopsis, and Pentarhizidium, consisting of five species largely in north temperate climes. [more]

Parkeriaceae

Ceratopteridaceae is the family name for the clade that is now known to include the two genera Ceratopteris and Acrostichum. [more]

Polypodiaceae

Polypodiaceae is a family of polypod ferns, which includes more than 60 genera divided into several tribes and containing around 1,000 species. Nearly all are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial. [more]

Pteridaceae

Pteridaceae is a large family of ferns in the order Pteridales. Members of the family have creeping or erect rhizomes and are mostly terrestrial or epipetric (growing on rock). The leaves are almost always compound and have linear sori that are typically on the margins of the leaves and lack a true indusium, typically being protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf. The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recognized as separate families: the adiantoid, cheilanthoid, pteroid, and hemionitidoid ferns. Relationships among these groups remain unclear, and although some recent genetic analyses of the Pteridales suggest that neither the family Pteridaceae nor the major groups within it are all monophyletic, as yet these analyses are insufficiently comprehensive and robust to provide good support for a revision of the order at the family level. [more]

Saccolomataceae

[more]

Tectariaceae

[more]

Thelypteridaceae

Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900 species of ferns. [more]

Vittariaceae

Adiantaceae (as construed here, sensu strictu, not a synonym of Pteridaceae) is a family of ferns in the order Pteridales. This includes the family formerly known as the "Vittariaceae." Recent genetic analyses based on chloroplast genes demonstrate that the vittarioid ferns cladistically nest within the genus Adiantum, making that genus paraphyletic. [more]

Woodsiaceae

Woodsiaceae or Cliff Fern is a family of fern within the Polypodiales order. [more]

At least 2,621 species and subspecies belong to the Family Woodsiaceae.

More info about the Family Woodsiaceae may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, et al. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3): 705-731
  2. ^ Harald Schneider, Eric Schuettpelz, Kathleen M. Pryer, Raymond Cranfill, Susana Magall?n, Richard Lupia (2004), "Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms", Nature 428 (6982): 553?557, doi:10.1038/nature02361, PMID 15058303 
  3. ^ a b c Lehtonen S (2011) Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life PLoS ONE 6(10): e24851. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851, 13 Oct 13, 2011
  4. ^ Christenhusz et al. (2011) A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns Phytotaxa 19: 7-54. (18 Feb. 2011)
  5. ^ a b Christenhusz et al. (2011) Corrections to Phytotaxa 19: Linear sequence of lycophytes and ferns, Christenhusz & Schneider, 14 Sep 20011

Sources

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Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:14:03