Overview
Polypodiaceae is a family of polypod ferns, which includes more than 60 genera divided into several tribes and containing around 1,000 species. Nearly all are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.1]
Description
Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.[1]
Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).[1]
Classification
Recent molecular phylogenic analysis has lead to the divison of the Polypodiaceae into five subfamiles, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae.[2] In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the "(=)" prefix are considered to be synononyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera.
- Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid. 2011
- Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975
- (=) tribe Drynarieae Subh.Chandra 1982
- (=) tribe Selligueeae (author?)[3]
- (=) family Drynariaceae Ching 1978
- Combines drynarioid and selligueoid ferns
- Genera: Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris, Christiopteris, Drynaria, Gymnogrammitis, Paraselliguea, Phymatopteris, Polypodiopteris, Selliguea
- Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- (=) family Platyceriaceae Ching 1978
- Fronds with stellate (radiating from central point) hairs.[3]
- Genera: Platycerium, Pyrrosia
- Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar 1970 (as ?Microsorioideae?)
- (=) tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu 1981
- Genera: Dendroconche, Goniophlebium, Kaulinia, Kontumia, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum, Lepisorus, Lepidomicrosorium, Leptochilus, Microsorum, Neocheiropteris, Neolepisorus, Paragramma, Phymatosorus, Podosorus, Thylacopteris, Tricholepidium
- Subfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- (=) tribe Polypodieae Hooker & Lindley ex Duby (sensu Mabberley 2008)
- Non-grammitid ferns:
- Genera: Campyloneurum, Microgramma, Niphidium, Pecluma, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, Pleurosoriopsis, Polypodium, Serpocaulon, Synammia
- Grammitid ferns (includes family Grammitidaceae)
- Genera: Acrosorus, Adenophorus, Calymmodon, Ceradenia, Chrysogrammitis, Cochlidium, Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Enterosora, Grammitis, Lellingeria, Leucostrichum, Luisma, Melpomene, Micropolypodium, Oreogrammitis, Prosaptia (incl. Ctenopteris), Radiogrammitis, Scleroglossum (incl. Nematopteris), Terpsichore, Themelium, Tomophyllum, Xiphopterella, Xiphopteris, Zygophlebia
Phylogeny
The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between the Polypodiaceae subfamilies.[4]
Selected genera
See also
- List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae)
- (=) tribe Drynarieae Subh.Chandra 1982
- (=) tribe Selligueeae (author?)[3]
- (=) family Drynariaceae Ching 1978
- Combines drynarioid and selligueoid ferns
- Genera: Aglaomorpha, Arthromeris, Christiopteris, Drynaria, Gymnogrammitis, Paraselliguea, Phymatopteris, Polypodiopteris, Selliguea
- Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- (=) family Platyceriaceae Ching 1978
- Fronds with stellate (radiating from central point) hairs.[3]
- Genera: Platycerium, Pyrrosia
- Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar 1970 (as ?Microsorioideae?)
- (=) tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
1981
- Genera: Dendroconche, Goniophlebium, Kaulinia, Kontumia, Lecanopteris, Lemmaphyllum, Lepisorus, Lepidomicrosorium, Leptochilus, Microsorum, Neocheiropteris, Neolepisorus, Paragramma, Phymatosorus, Podosorus, Thylacopteris, Tricholepidium
- Subfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar 1970
- (=) tribe Polypodieae Hooker & Lindley ex Duby (sensu Mabberley 2008)
- Non-grammitid ferns:
- Genera: Campyloneurum, Microgramma, Niphidium, Pecluma, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, Pleurosoriopsis, Polypodium, Serpocaulon, Synammia
- Grammitid ferns (includes family Grammitidaceae)
- Genera: Acrosorus, Adenophorus, Calymmodon, Ceradenia, Chrysogrammitis, Cochlidium, Ctenopterella, Dasygrammitis, Enterosora, Grammitis, Lellingeria, Leucostrichum, Luisma, Melpomene, Micropolypodium, Oreogrammitis, Prosaptia (incl. Ctenopteris), Radiogrammitis, Scleroglossum (incl. Nematopteris), Terpsichore, Themelium, Tomophyllum, Xiphopterella, Xiphopteris, Zygophlebia
Phylogeny
The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between the Polypodiaceae subfamilies.[4]
Selected genera
See also
- List of foliage plant diseases (Polypodiaceae)
References
- ^ a b c G. Panigrahi and S.N. Patnaik (1961), Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India, Nature 191, 1207 - 1208.
- ^ Christenhusz et al.: A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns Phytotaxa 19: 7-54. (18 Feb. 2011)
- ^ a b c D. J. Mabberley (2008). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Cambridge University Press. p. 690. ISBN 9780521820714. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Schuettpelz (2008) Schuettpelz & Pryer "Fern pylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes], ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008
External links
Taxonomy
The Family Polypodiaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (8): Asteroideae · Cyclophorinae · Faboideae · Nepetoideae · Philadelphoideae · Platycerioideae · Polypodioideae · Rosoideae
- Tribe (18): Anemoneae · Anthemideae · Diapensieae · Drynarieae · Galegeae · Indigofereae · Inuleae · Lepisoreae · Loxogrammeae · Microsoreae · Philadelpheae · Polemonieae · Polypodieae · Primuleae · Salvieae · Selligueeae · Sileneae · Spiraeeae
- Genus (164): Acrosorus · Acrostichites · Adenophorus · Adiantites · Aglaomorpha · Aglaonaria · Alansmia · Alcicornium · Allantodiopsis · Anapeltis · Anarthropteris · Anaxetum · Apalophlebia · Arachnoides · Arthromeris · Ascogrammitis · Belvisia · Calymmodon · Campylogramma · Campyloneuron · Campyloneurum · Candollea · Caobangia · Ceradenia · Cheilogramma · Cheiropteris · Christiopteris · Christopteris · Chrysogrammitis · Chrysopteris · Cochlidium · Colysis · Craspedaria · Crypsinopsis · Crypsinus · Ctenopteris · Cyclophorus · Cyrtophlebium · Cysopteris · Dendroconche · Dendroglossa · Diblemma · Dicranoglossum · Dictymia · Drymoglossum · Drymotaenium · Drynaria · Drynariopsis · Dryostachyum · Dynaria · Enterosora · Epidryopteris · Eschatogramme · Galeoglossa · Goniophlebium · Grammatopteridium · Grammatopteris · Grammitis · Gymnogrammitis · Gyrosorium · Hemistachyum · Himalayopteris · Holcosorus · Holostachyum · Hyalolepis · Hyalotricha · Hyalotrichopteris · Hymenolepis · Kaulinia · Kontumia · Lecanopteris · Lellingeria · Lemmaphyllum · Lepicystis · Lepidogrammitis · Lepidomicrosorium · Lepisorus · Leptochilus · Leucotrichum · Lopholepis · Loxogramme · Luisma · Macroplethus · Marginaria · Marginariopsis · Mecosorus · Melpomene · Merinthosorus · Metapolypodium · Microgramma · Microphlebodium · Micropolypodium · Micropteris · Microsorum · Microterus · Moranopteris · Myrmecophila · Myrmecopteris · Myrmecostylum · Myuropteris · Neocheiropteris · Neolepisorus · Neoniphopsis · Nephrodium · Neurodium · Neuroplatyceros · Nevrodium · Niphidium · Niphobolus · Niphopsis · Nistarika · Oetosis · Oleandropsis · Paltonium · Paragramma · Paraleptochilus · Paraselliguea · Pecluma · Peltapteris · Pessopteris · Phlebodium · Photinopteris · Phymatodes · Phymatopsis · Phymatopteris · Phymatosaurus · Phymatosorus · Pichisermollia · Pichisermollodes · Platycerium · Platygyria · Pleopeltis · Pleopodium · Pleurosoriopsis · Podosorus · Polipodium · Polycampium · Polypodiastrum · Polypodiodes · Polypodiopsis · Polypodiopteris · Polypodium · Prosaptia · Pseudocolysis · Pseudodrynaria · Psygmium · Pteropsis · Pycnoloma · Pyrrosia · Sarcostroma · Saxiglossum · Schellolepis · Scleroglossum · Selliguea · Serpocaulon · Solanopteris · Synammia · Terpsichore · Thayeria · Themelium · Thylacopteris · Tricholepidium · Weatherbya · Zygophlebia
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 5,849 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Polypodiaceae.
Genera
Acrosorus
Acrostichites
Adenophorus
Adenophorus is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae. It is one of those formerly separated as the Grammitidaceae. There are ten species, all endemic to Hawaii. [more]
Adiantites
Aglaomorpha
Aglaomorpha is the generic name of two groups of organisms. It can refer to: [more]
Aglaonaria
Alansmia
Alcicornium
Allantodiopsis
Anapeltis
Anarthropteris
Anaxetum
Apalophlebia
Arachnoides
Arachnoides is a genus of sea urchin within the family Arachnoididae, found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. The base is flat and the upper surface is convex . [more]
Arthromeris
Ascogrammitis
Belvisia
Calymmodon
Calymmodon is a genus of in the family Polypodiaceae. It is one of those formerly separated as the Grammitidaceae. It contains at least 30 species, and its known range is Sri Lanka, Thailand, vietnam, Taiwan, Malesia, Australia, Micronesia and Polynesia. [more]
Campylogramma
Campyloneuron
Campyloneurum
Campyloneurum is a genus of fern in family Polypodiaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Candollea
Stylidium (also known as triggerplants or trigger plants) is a genus of dicotyledonous plants that belong to the family Stylidiaceae. The genus name Stylidium is derived from the Greek st???? or stylos (column or pillar), which refers to the distinctive reproductive structure that its flowers possess. Pollination is achieved through the use of the sensitive "trigger", which comprises the male and female reproductive organs fused into a floral column that snaps forward quickly in response to touch, harmlessly covering the insect in pollen. Most of the approximately 300 species are only found in Australia, making it the fifth largest genus in that country. Triggerplants are considered to be protocarnivorous or carnivorous because the glandular trichomes that cover the scape and flower can trap, kill, and digest small insects with protease enzymes produced by the plant. [more]
Caobangia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Ceradenia
Ceradenia is a genus of in the family Polypodiaceae. It is one of those formerly separated as the Grammitidaceae. [more]
Cheilogramma
Cheiropteris
Christiopteris
Christopteris
Chrysogrammitis
Chrysopteris
Cochlidium
Colysis
Craspedaria
Crypsinopsis
Crypsinus
Ctenopteris
Cyclophorus
Cyclophorus may be: [more]
Cyrtophlebium
Cysopteris
Dendroconche
Dendroglossa
Diblemma
Dicranoglossum
Dictymia
Drymoglossum
Drymotaenium
Drynaria
Drynariopsis
Dryostachyum
Dynaria
Enterosora
Epidryopteris
Eschatogramme
Galeoglossa
Goniophlebium
Grammatopteridium
Grammatopteris
Grammitis
Grammitis is a genus of fern in family Grammitidaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Gymnogrammitis
Gyrosorium
Hemistachyum
Himalayopteris
Holcosorus
Holostachyum
Hyalolepis
Hyalotricha
Hyalotrichopteris
Hymenolepis
Hymenolepis is a genus of cyclophyllid tapeworms responsible for hymenolepiasis. [more]
Kaulinia
Kontumia
Lecanopteris
Lellingeria
Lemmaphyllum
Lepicystis
Lepidogrammitis
Lepidomicrosorium
Lepisorus
Leptochilus
Leptochilus is a genus in the family Polypodiaceae. [more]
Leucotrichum
Lopholepis
Loxogramme
Luisma
Macroplethus
Marginaria
Marginariopsis
Mecosorus
Melpomene
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Merinthosorus
Metapolypodium
Microgramma
Plants epiphytic or on rock. Stems long-creeping, branched, 0.5--1.5 mm diam., not whitish pruinose; scales bicolored, rhombic, glabrous, margins entire or toothed. Leaves monomorphic or dimorphic, well separated, not narrowed toward tip, to 17 cm; fertile leaves often narrower and longer than sterile leaves. Petiole articulate to stem, straw-colored to greenish, somewhat flattened. Blade simple, linear-elliptic to linear oblanceolate, glabrous, or sparsely scaly on midrib, margins entire to crenate. Veins obscure, forming a row of costal areoles and often additional areoles toward blade margins, areoles often with 1--several free included veinlets. Sori in 1 row between midrib and margin on included veinlets, discrete, round [elongate]; indument of threadlike scales or absent. Spores tuberculate to rugose. x = 37.[1] [more]
Microphlebodium
Micropolypodium
Micropolypodium is a genus of in the family Polypodiaceae. It is one of those formerly separated as the Grammitidaceae. [more]
Micropteris
Microsorum
Microsorum is a genus of over fifty species of tropical ferns. Like most ferns, they grow from rhizomes, rather than roots. The genus name is often mis-spelled "Microsorium" or "Microsoreum". It includes some species that are lithophytic rheophytes. [more]
Microterus
Moranopteris
Myrmecophila
Myrmecophila is a genus of plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Species in this genus are either ephiphytic or lithophytic in their growth habit. Their slightly scented flowers are produced on pole like growths that extend upwards from 1 to 4 meters high and take up to 4 months to develop. Several of the Schomburgkia species were transferred into the genus Myrmecophila by Robert Allen Rolfe in 1917. [more]
Myrmecopteris
Myrmecostylum
Myuropteris
Neocheiropteris
Neocheiropteris is a genus of in family Polypodiaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Neolepisorus
Neoniphopsis
Nephrodium
Neurodium
Plants epiphytic. Stems short-creeping, branched, 2--4 mm diam., not whitish pruinose; scales bicolored, lanceolate, somewhat clathrate, margins dentate. Leaves essentially monomorphic, tufted, narrowed toward apex, to 45 cm. Petiole articulate to stem, greenish, round in cross section, grooved at base. Blade linear to lanceolate-elliptic, simple, not glaucous, glabrous, margins entire. Veins obscure, in irregular areoles that are generally longer than wide and parallel to costa, included veinlets 1--2, simple or forked, free. Sori in nearly continuous, nearly marginal band (coenosorus) in distal 1/2 of blade, sometimes also with 1--3 separate oblong to circular sori proximally; indument filamentous. Spores minutely tuberculate. x = 37.[2] [more]
Neuroplatyceros
Nevrodium
Niphidium
Niphobolus
Niphopsis
Nistarika
Oetosis
Oleandropsis
Paltonium
Paragramma
Paraleptochilus
Paraselliguea
Pecluma
Pecluma is a genus of fern in family Polypodiaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Peltapteris
Pessopteris
Phlebodium
Phlebodium is a small genus of two to four species of ferns, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The genus is closely related to Polypodium, and the species were formerly included in that genus. [more]
Photinopteris
Phymatodes
Phymatopsis
Phymatopteris
Phymatosaurus
Phymatosorus
Pichisermollia
Pichisermollodes
Platycerium
Platycerium is a genus of about 18 fern species in the polypod family, Polypodiaceae. Ferns in this genus are widely known as staghorn or elkhorn ferns due to their uniquely-shaped fronds. This genus is epiphytic and is native to tropical and temperate areas of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia and New Guinea1. [more]
Platygyria
Pleopeltis
Pleopeltis is a genus of between 20?50 species of ferns, widely distributed in tropical regions of the world, and also north into temperate regions in eastern North America and eastern Asia. [more]
Pleopodium
Pleurosoriopsis
Podosorus
Polipodium
Polycampium
Polypodiastrum
Polypodiodes
Polypodiopsis
Polypodiopteris
Polypodium
Polypodium is a genus of 75?100 species of true ferns, widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest species diversity in the tropics. The name is derived from Ancient Greek poly (p???) "many" + podion (p?d???) "little foot", on account of the foot-like appearance of the rhizome and its branches. They are commonly called polypody or rockcap fern, but for many species unique vernacular names exist. [more]
Prosaptia
Pseudocolysis
Pseudodrynaria
Psygmium
Pteropsis
Pycnoloma
Pyrrosia
Sarcostroma
Saxiglossum
Schellolepis
Scleroglossum
Selliguea
Serpocaulon
Solanopteris
Microgramma is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae. Most species in the genus are restricted to Central and South America. [more]
Synammia
Terpsichore
Thayeria
The genus Thayeria is used to group several species of tetras, including the blackline penguinfish, Thayeria boehlkei. These fish, among other characteristics, are small, have one lateral black stripe, and have a vesica piscis shape. Penguin Tetra are peaceful creatures. [more]
Themelium
Thylacopteris
Tricholepidium
Weatherbya
Zygophlebia
Zygophlebia is a genus of in the family Polypodiaceae. It is one of those formerly separated as the Grammitidaceae. [more]
At least 10 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zygophlebia.
More info about the Genus Zygophlebia may be found here.
References
- ^ a b c G. Panigrahi and S.N. Patnaik (1961), Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India, Nature 191, 1207 - 1208.
- ^ Christenhusz et al.: A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns Phytotaxa 19: 7-54. (18 Feb. 2011)
- ^ a b c D. J. Mabberley (2008). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Cambridge University Press. p. 690. ISBN 9780521820714. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Schuettpelz (2008) Schuettpelz & Pryer "Fern pylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes], ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008
Footnotes
- Clifton E. Nauman "Microgramma". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Clifton E. Nauman "Neurodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
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