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Poaceae

(Family)

Overview

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The Poaceae (also known as the Gramineae) is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocot flowering plants. Members of this family are commonly called (land) grasses, although the term (land) "grass" is also applied to plants that are not in the Poaceae lineage, including the rushes (Juncaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae). As for the seagrasses, they all belong to the Alismatales, a different monocot order altogether. This broad and general use of the word "grass" has led to plants of the Poaceae often being called "true grasses". With over 10,025 currently accepted species, the Poaceae represent the fifth largest plant family. Only the Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae have more species.2]

Plant communities dominated by Poaceae are called grasslands; grasslands are estimated to comprise 20% of the vegetation cover of the Earth. Grass species also occur in many other habitats not formally considered to be grasslands, including different types of wetlands (e.g., fens, marshes), forests and tundra.

Poaceae are often considered to be the most important of all plant families to human economies: it includes the staple food grains and cereal crops grown around the world, lawn and forage grasses, and bamboo, which is widely used for construction throughout east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Civilization was founded largely on the ability to domesticate cereal grass crops around the world.

Description

Structure of a grass plant

Grasses generally have t he following characteristics (the image gallery can be used for reference):

Poaceae have hollow stems called culms, which are plugged (solid) at intervals called nodes, the points along the culm at which leaves arise. Grass leaves are alternate, distichous (in one plane) or rarely spiral, and parallel-veined. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath, which hugs the stem for a distance and a blade with margins usually entire. The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which helps discourage grazing animals. In some grasses (such as sword grass), this makes the edges of the grass blades sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs, called the ligule, lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath.

Parts of a spikelet

Flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each spikelet having one or more florets (the spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes). A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets. A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts called the lemma (the external one) and the palea (the internal). The flowers are usually hermaphroditic (maize, monoecious, is an exception) and pollination is always anemophilous, that is, by wind. The perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. This complex structure can be seen in the image on the right, portraying a wheat (Triticum aestivum) spike.

The fruit of Poaceae is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall and thus, not separable from it (as in a maize kernel).

A tiller a non-seed leaf shoot.

Grass flowers

Growth and development

Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from elongated stem tips. This low growth point evolved in response to grazing animals and allows grasses to be grazed or mown regularly without severe damage to the plant.[3]

Three general classifications of growth habit present in grasses: bunch-type (also called caespitose), stoloniferous, and rhizomatous.

The success of the grasses lies in part in their morphology and growth processes, and in part in their physiological diversity. Most of the grasses divide into two physiological groups, using the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways for carbon fixation. The C4 grasses have a photosynthetic pathway linked to specialized Kranz leaf anatomy that particularly adapts them to hot climates and an atmosphere low in carbon dioxide.

C3 grasses are referred to as "cool season" grasses, while C4 plants are considered "warm season" grasses; they may be either annual or perennial.

Ecology

Biomes dominated by grasses are called grasslands. If only large contiguous areas of grasslands are counted, these biomes cover 31% of the planet's land.[5] Grasslands go by various names depending on location, including pampas, plains, steppes, or prairie.

In addition to their use as forage worldwide by many grazing mammals, such as cattle and other livestock, deer, and elephants, grasses are used as food plants by many species of butterflies and moths; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on grasses.

The evolution of large grazing animals in the Cenozoic has contributed to the spread of grasses. Without large grazers, a clearcut of fire-destroyed area would soon be colonized by grasses and, if there is enough rain, tree seedlings. The tree seedlings would eventually produce shade, which kills most grasses. Large animals, however, trample the seedlings, killing the trees. Grasses persist because their lack of woody stems helps them to resist the damage of trampling.[6]

Evolution

Until recently, grasses were thought to have evolved around 55 million years ago, based on fossil records. However, recent findings of 65-million-year-old phytoliths resembling grass phytoliths (including ancestors of rice and bamboo) in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites,[1][7] may place the diversification of grasses to an earlier date. Indeed, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae have been led to the suggestion that the date might be pushed back as early as 107 Ma to 129 Ma.[8]

The relationships among the subfamilies Bambusoideae , Ehrhartoideae and Pooideae in the BEP clade have been resolved: Bambusoideae and Pooideae are more closely related than Ehrhartoideae.[9] This separation occurred within a relatively short time span (~4 million years).

Distribution

The grass family is one of the most widely distributed and abundant groups of plants on Earth. They are found on every continent, and are essentially only absent from central Greenland and much of Antarctica.[2]

Taxonomy

Setaria verticillata from Panicoideae
Tragus roxburghii from Chloridoideae

The most recent classification of the grass family[citation needed] recognizes 12 subfamilies:

Depending on the classification followed, the family includes approximately 668 genera.[2]

Etymology

The Poaceae was named by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895,[10] based on the tribe Poeae (described in 1814 by Robert Brown), and the type genus Poa (described in 1753 by Linnaeus). The term is derived from the Ancient Greek term for "grass".

Uses

Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family. Grasses' economic importance stems from several areas, including food production, industry, and lawns.

Food production

Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called cereals. Three cereals ? rice, wheat, and maize (corn) ? provide more than half of all calories eaten by humans.[11] Of all crops, 70% are grasses.[12] Cereals constitute the major source of carbohydrates for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in southern and eastern Asia, maize in Central and South America, and wheat and barley in Europe, northern Asia and the Americas.

Sugarcane is the major source of sugar production. Many other grasses are grown for forage and fodder for animal feed, particularly for sheep and cattle, thereby indirectly providing more human calories.

Industry

Grasses are used for construction. Scaffolding made from bamboo is able to withstand typhoon-force winds that would break steel scaffolding.[5] Larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses. Arundo is used to make reeds for woodwind instruments, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.

Grass fiber can be used for making paper, and for biofuel production.

Phragmites australis (common reed) is important in water treatment, wetland habitat preservation and land reclamation in Afro-Eurasia.

Lawn and ornamental grasses

Grasses are the primary plant used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed grasslands in Europe. They also provide an important means of erosion control (e.g., along roadsides), especially on sloping land.

Although supplanted by artificial turf in some games, grasses are still an important covering of playing surfaces in many sports, including football, tennis, golf, cricket, and softball/baseball.

Ornamental grasses, such as perennial bunch grasses, are used in many styles of garden design for their foliage, inflorescences, seed heads, and slope stabilization. They are often used in natural landscaping, xeriscaping, contemporary or modern landscaping, wildlife gardening, and native plant gardening.

Economically important grasses

Grasses and society

Grass covered house in Icela nd

Grasses have long had significance in human society. They have been cultivated as a food source for domesticated animals for up to 10,000 years, and have been used to make paper since the second century AD.[citation needed] Also, the primary ingredient of beer is usually barley or wheat, both of which have been used for this purpose for over 4,000 years.[citation needed]

Some common aphorisms involve grass. For example:

A folk myth about grass is that it refuses to grow where any violent death has occurred.[13]

Genera

See the full List of Poaceae genera.

Image gallery

See also

th:252px;">
Grass flowers

Growth and development

[ Back to top ]

Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from elongated stem tips. This low growth point evolved in response to grazing animals and allows grasses to be grazed or mown regularly without severe damage to the plant.[3]

Three general classifications of growth habit present in grasses: bunch-type (also called caespitose), stoloniferous, and rhizomatous.

The success of the grasses lies in part in their morphology and growth processes, and in part in their physiological diversity. Most of the grasses divide into two physiological groups, using the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways for carbon fixation. The C4 grasses have a photosynthetic pathway linked to specialized Kranz leaf anatomy that parti cularly adapts them to hot climates and an atmosphere low in carbon dioxide.

C3 grasses are referred to as "cool season" grasses, while C4 plants are considered "warm season" grasses; they may be either annual or perennial.

Ecology

[ Back to top ]

Biomes dominated by grasses are called grasslands. If only large contiguous areas of grasslands are counted, these biomes cover 31% of the planet's land.[5] Grasslands go by various names depending on location, including pampas, plains, steppes, or prairie.

In addition to their use as forage worldwide by many grazing mammals, such as cattle and other livestock, deer, and elephants, grasses are used as food plants by many species of butterflies and moths; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on grasses.

The evolution of large grazing animals in the Cenozoic has contributed to the spread of grasses. Without large grazers, a clearcut of fire-destroyed area would soon be colonized by grasses and, if there is enough rain, tree seedlings. The tree seedlings would eventually produce shade, which kills most grasses. Large animals, however, trample the seedlings, killing the trees. Grasses persist because their lack of woody stems helps them to resist the damage of trampling.[6]

Evolution

[ Back to top ]

Until recently, grasses were thought to have evolved around 55 million years ago, based on fossil records. However, recent findings of 65-million-year-old phytoliths resembling grass phytoliths (including ancestors of rice and bamboo) in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites,[1][7] may place the diversification of grasses to an earlier date. Indeed, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae have been led to the suggestion that the date might be pushed back as early as 107 Ma to 129 Ma.[8]

The relationships among the subfamilies Bambusoideae , Ehrhartoideae and Pooideae in the BEP clade have been resolved: Bambusoideae and Pooideae are more closely related than Ehrhartoideae.[9] This separation occurred within a relatively short time span (~4 million years).

Distribution

[ Back to top ]

The grass family is one of the most widely distributed and abundant groups of plants on Earth. They are found on every continent, and are essentially only absent from central Greenland and much of Antarctica.[2]

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]
Setaria verticillata from Panicoideae
Tragus roxburghii from Chloridoideae

The most recent classification of the grass family[citation needed] recognizes 12 subfamilies:

Depending on the classification followed, the family includes approximately 668 genera.[2]

Etymology

[ Back to top ]

The Poaceae was named by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895,[10] based on the tribe Poeae (described in 1814 by Robert Brown), and the type genus Poa (described in 1753 by Linnaeus). The term is derived from the Ancient Greek term for "grass".

Uses

[ Back to top ]

Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family. Grasses' economic importance stems from several areas, including food production, industry, and lawns.

Food production

Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called cereals. Three cereals ? rice, wheat, and maize (corn) ? provide more than half of all calories eaten by humans.[11] Of all crops, 70% are grasses.[12] Cereals constitute the major source of carbohydrates for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in southern and eastern Asia, maize in Central and South America, and wheat and barley in Europe, northern Asia and the Americas.

Sugarcane is the major source of sugar production. Many other grasses are grown for forage and fodder for animal feed, particularly for sheep and cattle, thereby indirectly providing more human calories.

Industry

Grasses are used for construction. Scaffolding made from bamboo is able to withstand typhoon-force winds that would break steel scaffolding.[5] Larger bamboos and Arundo donax have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, and grass roots stabilize the sod of sod houses. Arundo is used to make reeds for woodwind instruments, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.

Grass fiber can be used for making paper, and for biofuel production.

Phragmites australis (common reed) is important in water treatment, wetland habitat preservation and land reclamation in Afro-Eurasia.

Lawn and ornamental grasses

Grasses are the primary plant used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed grasslands in Europe. They also provide an important means of erosion control (e.g., along roadsides), especially on sloping land.

Although supplanted by artificial turf in some games, grasses are still an important covering of playing surfaces in many sports, including football, tennis, golf, cricket, and softball/baseball.

Ornamental grasses, such as perennial bunch grasses, are used in many styles of garden design for their foliage, inflorescences, seed heads, and slope stabilization. They are often used in natural landscaping, xeriscaping, contemporary or modern landscaping, wildlife gardening, and native plant gardening.

Economically important grasses

Grasses and society

[ Back to top ]
Grass covered house in Icela nd

Grasses have long had significance in human society. They have been cultivated as a food source for domesticated animals for up to 10,000 years, and have been used to make paper since the second century AD.[citation needed] Also, the primary ingredient of beer is usually barley or wheat, both of which have been used for this purpose for over 4,000 years.[citation needed]

Some common aphorisms involve grass. For example:

A folk myth about grass is that it refuses to grow where any violent death has occurred.[13]

Genera

[ Back to top ]

See the full List of Poaceae genera.

Image gallery

[ Back to top ]

See also

[ Back to top ]

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ a b Piperno, D. R.; Sues, H.D. (2005). "Dinosaurs Dined on Grass". Science 310 (5751): 1126hor = Piperno, D.R.. doi:10.1126/science.1121020. PMID 16293745
  2. ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html#Famlarge. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  3. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 113?4. ISBN 0-563-20207-6. 
  4. ^ [1][dead link]
  5. ^ a b George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 20. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  6. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 137. 
  7. ^ Prasad, V.; Stroemberg, C.A.E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. (2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers". Science(Washington) 310 (5751): 1177?1180. doi:10.1126/science.1118806. PMID 16293759
  8. ^ Prasad V, Str?mberg CA, Leach? AD, Samant B, Patnaik R, Tang L, Mohabey DM, Ge S, Sahni A. (2011). Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae. Nat Commun. 2:480. doi:10.1038/ncomms1482 PMID 21934664
  9. ^ Wu ZQ, Ge S (2011) The phylogeny of the BEP clade in grasses revisited: Evidence from the whole-genome sequences of chloroplasts. Mol Phylogenet Evol
  10. ^ Barnhart, J.H. (1895) Poaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22: 7.
  11. ^ Peter H. Raven & George B. Johnson (1995). Carol J. Mills (ed). ed. Understanding Biology (3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 536. ISBN 0-697-22213-6. 
  12. ^ George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  13. ^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p. 208. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Family Poaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acamptoclados

[more]

Achaeta

[more]

Achlaena

Achlaena may mean: [more]

Achnella

[more]

Achneria

[more]

Achnodon

[more]

Achnodonton

[more]

Achyrodes

[more]

Aciachne

Aciachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Acicarpa

[more]

Acidosasa

Acidosasa is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises 6 genera, mostly found in Southern China, with 1 species also in Indochina. Its name is formed from Latin acidum ("sour") and Sasa (another bamboo genus), referring to its edible shoots. Young shoots of the plants are preserved by the local population. [more]

Acophorum

[more]

Acostia

Acostia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Acratherum

[more]

Acritochaete

Acritochaete is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Acroelytrum

[more]

Actinochloa

[more]

Actinocladum

Actinocladum verticillatum is a species of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae) and the sole of its genus, Actinocladum. The species is distributed in western South America and Brazil. [more]

Aechmophora

[more]

Aegialina

Rostraria is a genus of annual grasses, which are native to Eurasia and North Africa and widely naturalised elsewhere. [more]

Aegilemma

[more]

Aegilonearum

[more]

Aegilopodes

[more]

Aegilotriticum

[more]

Aegylops

[more]

Aeropsis

[more]

Aethonopogon

[more]

Afrachneria

[more]

Afrotrichloris

Afrotrichloris is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Agenium

Agenium is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Aglycia

[more]

Agnesia

Agnesia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Agraulus

Aglaulus or Agraulos (???a????) is a name attributed to three figures in Greek mythology. [more]

Agrestia

[more]

Agrestis

[more]

Agrocalamagrostis

[more]

Agroelymus

[more]

Agrohordeum

[more]

Agropogon

[more]

Agropyrohordeum

[more]

Agropyropsis

Agropyropsis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Agropyrum

[more]

Agrositanion

[more]

Agrosticula

[more]

Agrostomia

[more]

Agrostopoa

[more]

Agrotrigia

[more]

Aikinia

[more]

Airella

[more]

Airidium

[more]

Airochloa

[more]

Airopsis

Airopsis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Alexfloydia

Alexfloydia is a monotypic genus of perennial stoloniferous grasses in the family Poaceae, subfamily Panicoideae. This genus is found only in Coastal Eastern Australia. There is one known species, Alexfloydia repens. This genera was named in honour of the species discoverer Alexander Floyd. [more]

Allagostachyum

[more]

Allelotheca

[more]

Alloeochaete

Alloeochaete is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Alloiatheros

[more]

Alopecuropsis

[more]

Alopercurus

[more]

Altoparadisium

[more]

Alvimia

Alvimia is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 3 species found in eastern coastal Bahia, Brazil. [more]

Amblyachyrum

[more]

Amblyopyrum

Amblyopyrum is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Amblytes

[more]

Amelichloa

[more]

Ammocalamagrostis

[more]

Ammochloa

Ammochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Ammophilia

[more]

Ampelocalamus

Ampelocalamus is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises small clumping tropical bamboos found mostly in Southern China. Some experts have placed these species in the genus Sinarundinaria, now replaced by Chimonocalamus. [more]

Ampelodesma

[more]

Ampelodonax

[more]

Amphicarpon

[more]

Amphidonax

[more]

Amphilophis

[more]

Amphipogon

Amphipogon is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Amphochaeta

[more]

Anachortus

[more]

Anachyris

[more]

Anadelphia

[more]

Anastrophus

[more]

Anatherostipa

[more]

Anatherum

[more]

Ancistrachne

Ancistrachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Ancistragrostis

Ancistragrostis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Andropterum

[more]

Androscepia

[more]

Anemagrostis

[more]

Anemanthele

Anemanthele is a monotypic genus of grass indigenous to New Zealand. Its only species is Anemanthele lessoniana, often called gossamer grass or New Zealand wind grass. This is a naturally rare grass in the wild but it is widely cultivated for use as an attractive ornamental garden plant. It is marginal in zone 8, going dormant and deciduous in cold winters, but usually an evergreen to semi-evergreen. Good green arching foliage to 3 feet in USDA 8, with highlights of orange, copper, and gold, especially in drier soils. Excellent backlit. [more]

Aneurolepidium

[more]

Anisachne

[more]

Anisantha

[more]

Aniselytron

Aniselytron is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Anisopogon

Anisopogon is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Anthaenantha

[more]

Anthaenantia

[more]

Anthaenantiopsis

Anthaenantiopsis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Anthenantia

[more]

Anthistiria

[more]

Anthochloa

[more]

Anthosachne

[more]

Anthoxantum

[more]

Antinoria

[more]

Antitragus

The antitragus is a feature of mammalian ear anatomy. In humans, it is a small tubercle that points anteriorly, but it may be much larger in some other species, most notably bats. It is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch. [more]

Antonella

[more]

Antoschmidtia

[more]

Aphanelytrum

[more]

Apochaete

[more]

Apochiton

[more]

Apoclada

Apoclada is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising one species found in the forests of southeastern Brazil. The genus was for many years thought to contain four species (Apoclada cannavieira, A. arenicola, A. diversa & A. simplex) Upon further examination and fieldwork at the collection locality, the single piece of material at the US National Herbarium from which A. diversa had been described, was found to be merely a deformed stem of A. simplex . Later, with revised concepts of morphological interpretation in the bamboos and strong molecular evidence it became clear that the two species formerly known as A. arenicola, and A. cannavieira which are endemic to the cerrado of central Brazil are actually unrelated to A. simplex and are correctly placed in their own genus Filgueirasia. [more]

Apogonia

[more]

Arberella

Arberella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Arcangelina

[more]

Arctodupontia

[more]

Arctophilla

[more]

Arctopoa

[more]

Argopogon

[more]

Aristaria

Aristaria is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family. It contains only one species, Aristaria theroalis, which is found in the United States and Costa Rica. [more]

Aristavena

[more]

Aristella

[more]

Aristopsis

[more]

Arrozia

[more]

Arthragrostis

Arthragrostis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Arthratherum

[more]

Arthrochortus

[more]

Arthrolophis

[more]

Arthrostachya

[more]

Arthrostylodium

[more]

Arundarbor

[more]

Arundoclaytonia

Arundoclaytonia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Asperella

[more]

Asprella

[more]

Asthenatherum

[more]

Asthenochloa

[more]

Ataxia

Ataxia (from Greek a- [used as a negative prefix] + -t???? [order], meaning "lack of order"), is a neurological sign and symptom that consists of gross lack of coordination of muscle movements. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum. Several possible causes exist for these patterns of neurological dysfunction. The term "dystaxia" is a rarely-used synonym. [more]

Athernotus

[more]

Atheropogon

[more]

Athroostachys

Athroostachys capitata is a species of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae) and the sole member of the genus Athroostachys. [more]

Atractantha

Atractantha is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 2 species found in Brazil. [more]

Atropis

[more]

Aulacolepis

[more]

Aulaxanthus

[more]

Aulaxia

[more]

Australopyrum

[more]

Austrochloris

Austrochloris is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Austrodanthonia

Austrodanthonia is a genus of 28 grass species found in Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. [more]

Austrofestuca

[more]

Austrostipa

Austrostipa is a genus of grass, with about 70 species. The genus includes Australasian species formerly included in the genus Stipa, and likely originated in Australia approximately 20 million years ago. [more]

Avellinia

[more]

Avenastrum

[more]

Avenochloa

[more]

Baldomiria

[more]

Bambos

Charalambos "Bambos" Xanthos is a Greek Cypriot hotel and restaurant owner based in London, England. Following on from being a backgammon player, he became a semi-professional poker player in 1993. [more]

Baptorhachis

Baptorhachis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Barbusa

[more]

Bashania

[more]

Batratherum

[more]

Bealia

[more]

Beckera

[more]

Beckeropsis

[more]

Beesha

[more]

Bellardiochloa

[more]

Berchtoldia

[more]

Berghausia

[more]

Bewsia

[more]

Bhidea

[more]

Bifaria

[more]

Blakeochloa

[more]

Blepharochloa

[more]

Bluffia

[more]

Bonia

Bonia is a of bamboo. [more]

Borinda

Borinda is a of clumping bamboos erected in 1994 by Stapleton and previously included in the genera Fargesia and Yushania. They have been recognized to present different flowers and shorter rhizomes than Yushanias. [more]

Botelua

[more]

Boutelua

[more]

Brachyachne

[more]

Brachychloa

[more]

Brachystachyum

Brachystachyum densiflorum, short-spiked bamboo, short-tassled bamboo, short spikelet bamboo is a of bamboos, of the monotypic genus Brachystachyum. The genus names was formed from Greek and means precisely "short-spiked". [more]

Brachystylus

[more]

Braconotia

[more]

Brasilocalamus

[more]

Brevipodium

[more]

Brizochloa

[more]

Brizopyrum

[more]

Bromelica

[more]

Bromidium

[more]

Bromopsis

[more]

Bromuniola

[more]

Bucetum

[more]

Buchlomimus

[more]

Bulbulus

[more]

Burmabambus

[more]

Butania

[more]

Cabrera

[more]

Calamina

[more]

Calammophila

[more]

Calamochloa

[more]

Calamogrostis

[more]

Calamophila

[more]

Calanthera

[more]

Calderonella

[more]

Calosteca

[more]

Calycodon

[more]

Calyptochloa

[more]

Campeiostachys

[more]

Campella

[more]

Campuloa

[more]

Campulosus

[more]

Camusia

[more]

Camusiella

[more]

Canastra

[more]

Capillipedium

Perennial or annual. Culms erect, decumbent or rambling. Leaf blades linear, sometimes aromatic; ligule membranous, margin ciliolate. Inflorescence a terminal open panicle with elongate central axis; branches capillary, subdivided, each branchlet tipped by a short raceme; racemes with 1-5(-8) spikelet pairs, often reduced to triads of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets, basal homogamous spikelet pairs absent; rachis internodes and pedicels slender, with a median translucent stripe between thickened margins. Sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; callus very short, obtuse, shortly bearded; lower glume cartilaginous, broadly convex to slightly concave, flanks rounded, keeled toward apex, apex acute to obtuse; upper glume boat-shaped, dorsally keeled; lower floret reduced to a small empty hyaline lemma; upper lemma stipitiform, entire, awned from apex; awn geniculate, glabrous or puberulous. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, similar to the sessile or smaller, herbaceous.[1] [more]

Capriola

[more]

Caryochloa

[more]

Caryophyllea

[more]

Casiostega

[more]

Castellia

[more]

Catabrosella

[more]

Catalepis

[more]

Catapodium

[more]

Cathariostachys

[more]

Celtica

[more]

Centosteca

[more]

Centrochloa

[more]

Centrophorum

[more]

Centropodia

[more]

Cephalostachyum

Cephalostachyum is a genus of small to medium-sized bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises about 8 genera, found from the northeastern Himalaya to Thailand and Mindoro. Its habitats are mountain to lowland forests. [more]

Ceratochaete

[more]

Ceratochloa

[more]

Ceresia

[more]

Chaboissaea

[more]

Chaetaria

[more]

Chaetium

[more]

Chaetobromus

[more]

Chaetochloa

[more]

Chaetopoa

[more]

Chaetopogon

[more]

Chaetostichium

[more]

Chaetotropis

[more]

Chaeturus

[more]

Chalcoelytrum

[more]

Chamaedactylis

[more]

Chamaeraphis

[more]

Chamagrostis

[more]

Chandrasekharania

[more]

Chascolytrum

[more]

Chasea

[more]

Chasechloa

[more]

Chasmopodium

[more]

Chennapyrum

[more]

Chikusichloa

Perennial. Culms tufted, erect, unbranched. Leaf sheaths longer than internodes; leaf blades linear or broadly linear, with transverse veinlets; ligule membranous. Panicle lax, open. Spikelets with 1 floret, weakly dorsally flattened at anthesis, becoming terete at maturity, floret borne upon a long slender stipe derived from floret callus, disarticulating at base of stipe; glumes usually absent, sometimes 2 minute vestiges at stipe base; lemma membranous, strongly 5-7-veined, apex acute or awned; palea slightly shorter than lemma, (2-) 3(-5) -veined. Stamen 1. Caryopsis fusiform, embryo small, hilum linear, slightly shorter than caryopsis.[2] [more]

Chilochloa

[more]

Chloachne

[more]

Chloothamnus

[more]

Chloridion

[more]

Chlorocalymma

[more]

Chloropsis

The leafbirds (Chloropseidae) are a family of small passerine bird species found in India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. They are one of only three bird families that are entirely endemic to the Indomalayan ecozone. They were formerly grouped with the ioras and fairy-bluebirds in the family Irenidae. As presently defined, the leafbird family is monotypic, with all species placed in the genus Chloropsis. [more]

Chondrosium

[more]

Chondrosum

[more]

Chrysochloa

[more]

Chrysopogon

[more]

Chrysurus

[more]

Chumsriella

[more]

Cinnagrostis

[more]

Cinnastrum

[more]

Claudia

[more]

Clausospicula

[more]

Clavinodum

[more]

Cleistachne

[more]

Cleistochloa

[more]

Cliffordiochloa

[more]

Clinelymus

[more]

Clomena

[more]

Cockaynea

[more]

Coelachyropsis

[more]

Coelachyrum

[more]

Coelarthron

[more]

Coelorhachis

[more]

Colanthelia

Colanthelia is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 7 species found in Brazil. [more]

Coleataenia

[more]

Coliquea

[more]

Colladoa

[more]

Colobachne

[more]

Commelinidium

Comopyrum

[more]

Coraderia

[more]

Coridochloa

[more]

Cornucopiae

[more]

Corynephorus

[more]

Craepalia

[more]

Craspedorhachis

Crassipes

Cremopyrum

[more]

Criciuma

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Crinipes

Critesion

[more]

Critho

[more]

Crithodium

[more]

Crithopsis

Crossotropis

Crypsinna

[more]

Cryptochloa

[more]

Cryptochloris

Cryptochloris is a genus of golden moles, containing the two species De Winton's Golden Mole (Cryptochloris wintoni) and Van Zyl's Golden Mole (Cryptochloris zyli). [more]

Cryptococcum

Cryptostachys

[more]

Crypturus

[more]

Curtopogon

[more]

Cyathopus

Perennial, tufted, scabrid throughout. Culms ascending, moderately stout, unbranched. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence an open panicle; branches whorled, distant, bare in lower part; pedicels densely scabrid, apices pale, shallowly cuplike. Spikelets laterally compressed, floret 1, rachilla extension absent or almost so, disarticulating below glumes; glumes equal, lanceolate, papery, prominently 3-veined, apex cuspidate; lemma membranous, slightly shorter than glumes, weakly keeled, 5-veined, apex subacute, awnless; palea as long as lemma, 2-keeled. Stamens 3.[3] [more]

Cyclostachya

[more]

Cylindropyrum

[more]

Cymatochloa

[more]

Cymbachne

[more]

Cymbosetaria

Cynochloris

Cynodon

Not to be confused with the vertebrate clade "Cynodont" [more]

Cynosorus

[more]

Cyphochlaena

Cypholepis

[more]

Cyrtochloa

[more]

Czernya

[more]

Dactilon

[more]

Dactylodes

[more]

Dactylogramma

[more]

Dactylon

[more]

Dactylus

(dactyl, dactylopodite) : Seventh and terminal segment of appendage (thoracopod). Follows propodus and may serve as distal element in subchela or as movable finger in chela.

[4] [more]

Daknopholis

[more]

Dallwatsonia

Dalucum

[more]

Danthoniastrum

[more]

Danthonidium

[more]

Danthoniopsis

[more]

Danthosieglingia

[more]

Dasiola

[more]

Dasypoa

[more]

Davidsea

[more]

Decandolia

[more]

Decaryella

[more]

Decaryochloa

[more]

Dechampsia

Deina

[more]

Dendrocalamopsis

Bambusa is a large (about 37 species) of clumping bamboos. These species are usually giant ones, with numerous branches at a node and one or two much larger than the rest. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, especially in the monsoon and wet Tropics. [more]

Dendrochloa

[more]

Desmostachya

Perennials, rhizomatous. Leaf blades linear or inrolled; ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescence a narrow spikelike panicle composed of numerous, short, 1-sided racemes of sessile, closely imbricate, biseriate spikelets on a long central axis. Spikelets falling entire, strongly laterally compressed, florets several to many; glumes shorter than lemmas, unequal, membranous, 1-veined, lightly keeled, acute; lemmas papery to leathery, 3-veined with lateral veins evanescent upward, glabrous, keeled, acute; palea equal to or slightly shorter than lemma. Caryopsis ovoid, trigonous.[5] [more]

Deyeuxia

[more]

Diachroa

[more]

Diachyrium

[more]

Diandranthus

Diandrochloa

Diandrolyra

[more]

Diandrostachya

[more]

Diastemanthe

[more]

Dicanthelium

Dichaetaria

[more]

Dichantium

Didymochaeta

[more]

Diectomis

[more]

Dielsiochloa

[more]

Digastrium

[more]

Digitariella

Digitariopsis

Dignathia

Digraphis

Diheteropogon

[more]

Dilepyrum

[more]

Dilophotriche

[more]

Dimeiostemon

[more]

Dimesia

[more]

Dimorphochloa

Dimorphostachys

[more]

Dineba

[more]

Diperium

[more]

Diplachyrium

[more]

Diplasanthum

[more]

Diplax

[more]

Diplocea

[more]

Diplopogon

[more]

Dipogonia

[more]

Disakisperma

[more]

Disarrenum

[more]

Distomischus

[more]

Dolichochaete

[more]

Douglasdeweya

[more]

Drake-Brockmania

[more]

Dregeochloa

Drymochloa

[more]

Dryopoa

Dryopoa dives (Giant Mountain Grass) is a of grass (family Poaceae) and the only member of the genus Dryopoa. The name Dryopoa (tree-grass) is derived from the Greek language, with dryos meaning tree and poa meaning grass. This species in endemic to Australia. [more]

Dupoa

[more]

Dybowskia

[more]

Eatonia

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Eccoilopus

Eccoptocarpha

[more]

Echinalysium

[more]

Echinaria

[more]

Echinolaena

Echinolaena is a genus of in the Poaceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Echinopogon

[more]

Ectrosia

[more]

Ectrosiopsis

[more]

Ehinochloa

Ehrhardta

Ehrhartia

[more]

Ekmanochloa

[more]

Elictotrichon

[more]

Elyhordeum

[more]

Elyleymus

[more]

Elymandra

Elymordeum

[more]

Elyonurus

[more]

Elytesion

[more]

Elytrophorus

Annual. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence composed of dense globular spikelet clusters, spaced or confluent along an elongate central axis, outer spikelets of each cluster with an enlarged lower glume and the lower or all lemmas empty, forming a chaffy involucre of linear-acuminate scales. Spikelets ovate, strongly laterally compressed, florets several, usually disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes slightly shorter than lemmas, subequal, membranous, narrow, 1-veined, acuminate to a short awn-point; lemmas 3-veined, keeled, membranous, shortly ciliate on keel and margins, keel acuminately extended into an awn-point; palea winged on keels. Lodicules 1-2. Stamens 1-3. Caryopsis with embryo 1/2 its length and free pericarp.[6] [more]

Elytrostachys

Endallex

[more]

Enneapogan

[more]

Enodium

[more]

Entoplocamia

Epicampes

[more]

Eragrostiella

[more]

Eremium

[more]

Eremocaulon

Eremocaulon is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It is native to Brazil and comprises 5 species. [more]

Eremochlamys

Eremochloe

[more]

Eremopogon

Erianthecium

[more]

Erioblastus

[more]

Eriochaeta

[more]

Eriochrysis

[more]

Erochloe

[more]

Erosion

[more]

Erythranthera

[more]

Euthryptochloa

[more]

Eutriana

[more]

Exotheca

Exydra

[more]

Falona

[more]

Farrago

[more]

Fasciculochloa

[more]

Fendleria

Festucaria

Festucella

[more]

Festucopsis

[more]

Fibichia

[more]

Filgueirasia

Fimbribambusa

[more]

Fluminea

Fluminia

[more]

Forasaccus

[more]

Froesiochloa

[more]

Frumentum

[more]

Fussia

[more]

Gamelythrum

[more]

Gaoligongshania

[more]

Gastropyrum

[more]

Gaudinopsis

[more]

Gazachloa

[more]

Genea

[more]

Germainia

Perennial or annual. Leaf blades linear; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescence terminal, composed of 1 or 2(-6) digitate racemes; racemes with large imbricate persistent sessile spikelets covering smaller pedicelled deciduous spikelets; rachis internodes tough, short, or almost absent and then inflorescence capitate and sessile spikelets forming an involucre, the lower sometimes lacking a pedicelled spikelet. Sessile spikelet male or barren, dorsally compressed, florets usually 2; lower glume lanceolate to oblong, leathery or papery, broadly convex, 7-9-veined, apex truncate or denticulate or retuse; upper glume longer and narrower than lower glume, membranous, 3-veined, apex truncate; upper lemma awnless or rarely mucronate. Pedicelled spikelet fertile, subterete, floret 1(-2) ; callus pungent, obliquely attached to pedicel; lower glume apex truncate; lower floret usually suppressed; upper lemma entire, stipitiform, awned; awn geniculate, pubescent. Lodicules absent. Stamens 2.[7] [more]

Gerritea

Gigachilon

[more]

Gilgiochloa

Glaziophyton

Glaziophyton mirabile is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). Its genus, Glaziophyton, is monotypic. The plant is found in Brazil. [more]

Glyphochloa

Gouinia

[more]

Goulardia

Gouldochloa

[more]

Gracilea

[more]

Gramen

Graphephorum

[more]

Greenia

[more]

Greslania

Griffithsochloa

[more]

Guaduella

Guinea

Gymnachne

[more]

Gymnostichum

[more]

Gymnotrix

[more]

Habrochloa

[more]

Hakonechloa

Hakonechloa is a genus of grasses of the Arundinoideae. [more]

Halochloa

[more]

Halopyrum

Haplachne

[more]

Harpachne

[more]

Harpechloa

[more]

Harpochloa

Haynaldoticum

Hekaterosachne

[more]

Heleochloa

[more]

Helicotrichon

[more]

Hellerochloa

[more]

Helopus

Helopus from the meaning "marsh foot" can refer to three types of living organism: [more]

Hemimunroa

[more]

Hemisacris

[more]

Hemisorghum

[more]

Hesperostipa

[more]

Heterachne

[more]

Heteranthelium

[more]

Heteranthoecia

Heterocarpha

[more]

Heteropogon

[more]

Heterosteca

[more]

Hexarrhena

[more]

Hibanobambusa

Hibanobambusa is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Hickelia

Hierochloa

[more]

Hippagrostis

[more]

Hitchcockella

Holcolemma

Hologamium

[more]

Holttumochloa

Holttumochloa is a of bamboo. It has 3 species, all found in the hill forests of Peninsular Malaysia. It is sometimes included in the genus Bambusa. [more]

Homalachne

[more]

Homalepis

[more]

Homalocenchrus

[more]

Homalotrichon

[more]

Homoeatherum

[more]

Homoiachne

[more]

Homolepis

[more]

Homopholis

Homopholis is a genus of African geckos, commonly known as Velvet Geckos. [more]

Homoplitis

[more]

Homopogon

[more]

Homozeugos

Hookerochloa

[more]

Hordelymus

[more]

Hubbardochloa

[more]

Hyalopoa

[more]

Hydrochloa

[more]

Hydropoa

[more]

Hydropyrum

Hydrothauma

[more]

Hygrochloa

Hygroryza

Perennial, aquatic, stoloniferous, numerous feathery adventitious roots arising from nodes. Culms floating, spongy, much branched. Leaf sheaths inflated, bladderlike, with transverse veinlets; leaf blades ovate-lanceolate; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescence few-spiculate panicle, base enclosed by uppermost leaf sheath. Spikelets with 1 floret, laterally compressed, floret borne upon a long slender stipe derived from floret callus, disarticulating at base of stipe, disarticulation point marked by a brown line; glumes absent; lemma lanceolate, papery, keeled, strongly 5-veined, outermost veins close to margins, apex acuminate, extended into a slender awn; palea as long as lemma body and enclosed within it, papery, 3-veined. Stamens 6. Caryopsis terete, embryo small, hilum linear, almost as long as caryopsis. x = 12.[8] [more]

Hylebates

[more]

Hymenothecium

[more]

Hyperthelia

Hypogynium

[more]

Hypseochloa

Hypseochloa is a genus of in the Poaceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Hypudaeurus

[more]

Hystrix

Hystrix is a genus of porcupine that contains what are the best known and most distinctive of the Old World porcupines. [more]

Indochloa

[more]

Indopoa

[more]

Indosasa

Indosasa is a genus of bamboo, comprising 12 species. They are found in Asia, especially in China and Vietnam. [more]

Ipnum

[more]

Isalus

[more]

Ischaemopogon

[more]

Ischnochloa

[more]

Ischnurus

[more]

Ischurochloa

[more]

Iseilema

[more]

Ixalum

[more]

Jacquesfelixia

[more]

Jansenella

[more]

Jarava

[more]

Jardinea

[more]

Joannegria

[more]

Joycea

[more]

Kampmannia

[more]

Kampochloa

[more]

Kaokochloa

Karroochloa

[more]

Kengia

[more]

Kengyilia

Plants perennial, with creeping, underground rhizomes. Culms densely tufted, rarely laxly so. Leaf blade flat, rolled. Spike dense, rarely lax, usually with terminal spikelet. Spikelets 1(or 2) per node, sessile, with (5-) 7 or 8 florets; rachilla disarticulating above glumes. Glumes rounded abaxially or keeled only at apex, rarely keeled throughout length. Lemma rounded abaxially, rarely keeled, usually 5-veined, densely pilose or hirsute, awnless or shortly awned. Palea apex retuse, obtuse, or 2-lobed. Caryopsis oblong, apex usually hairy. x = 7.[9] [more]

Keniochloa

[more]

Kerinozoma

[more]

Kerriochloa

[more]

Kiharapyrum

[more]

Kinabaluchloa

Kinabaluchloa is a of bamboo. It comprises 2 species, found in the montane forests of Malaysia. [more]

Klemachloa

[more]

Knappia

[more]

Korycarpus

[more]

Krombholzia

[more]

Lachnagrostis

[more]

Lachnochloa

[more]

Lamprothyrsus

[more]

Lappago

[more]

Lasiagrostis

Lasiochloa

Lasiogrostis

Lasiolytrum

[more]

Lasiorhachis

[more]

Lasiorrhachis

[more]

Lasiostega

[more]

Latipes

Lecomtella

[more]

Leiopoa

Leleba

[more]

Lepargochloa

[more]

Lepeocercis

[more]

Lepideilema

[more]

Lepidopironia

[more]

Lepidurus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Lepiurus

[more]

Leptagrostis

[more]

Leptatherum

[more]

Leptocanna

[more]

Leptocarydion

[more]

Leptochloopsis

[more]

Leptochloris

[more]

Leptoloma

[more]

Leptophyllochloa

[more]

Leptopogon

Leptopogon is a genus of bird in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Leptosaccharum

[more]

Leptostachys

[more]

Leptothrix

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Lepturella

[more]

Lepturidium

[more]

Lepturopetium

[more]

Lepturopsis

[more]

Lerchenfeldia

[more]

Lesourdia

[more]

Leucophrys

[more]

Leucopoa

[more]

Libyella

[more]

Limnetis

Lindbergella

[more]

Lingnania

Linkagrostis

[more]

Lintonia

Lithagrostis

[more]

Littledalea

Perennials, often rhizomatous. Leaf sheaths with free margins overlapping almost to the base. Panicle open or loosely contracted, composed of few spikelets. Spikelets large, wedge-shaped to oblong, flat, florets few to several; glumes unequal, membranous or scarious, shorter than florets, lower glume 1-3-veined, upper glume 3-5-veined; floret callus small, rounded; lemmas elliptic-oblong, usually papery, rounded on back, 7-9-veined, glabrous or puberulous, apex obtuse to truncate and erose, awnless or infrequently mucronate; palea shorter and narrower than lemma, scabrid to ciliate along keels, apex 2-toothed. Anthers 3, usually nearly as long as palea.[10] [more]

Lodicularia

[more]

Loliolum

[more]

Lombardochloa

[more]

Lophacme

[more]

Lophatherum

Perennials with spindle-shaped root tubers. Culms unbranched. Leaf blades all cauline, narrowly lanceolate, strongly many-veined with obvious cross veinlets, pseudopetiolate. Inflorescence of loose or dense unilateral racemes spaced on a central axis. Spikelets falling entire, floret 1, rachilla extension bearing a bunch of up to 9 smaller sterile lemmas, cross veinlets evident on glumes and lemmas; glumes unequal, 5-7-veined, apex obtuse; fertile lemma 7-veined, all lemmas with a retrorsely scaberulous awn, those of the sterile lemmas developing into a fan of recurved hooks at maturity. Stamens 2 or 3.[11] [more]

Lophochloa

[more]

Lophopogon

[more]

Lophopyrum

[more]

Loretia

[more]

Loudetiopsis

[more]

Louisiella

[more]

Loxodera

[more]

Lucaea

[more]

Ludolphia

[more]

Lycurus

[more]

Maclurochloa

[more]

Maclurolyra

[more]

Macroblepharus

[more]

Macrobriza

[more]

Macrochloa

[more]

Macrostachya

Maillea

[more]

Maizilla

[more]

Malacurus

[more]

Maltebrunia

Malya

[more]

Mandelorna

[more]

Manisuris

[more]

Massia

[more]

Matrella

[more]

Matudacalamus

[more]

Mays

[more]

Mayzea

[more]

Megalachne

[more]

Megaloprotachne

[more]

Megastachya

[more]

Megathyrsus

[more]

Melanocenchris

[more]

Melinus

[more]

Melocalamus

Melocalamus is a genus of bamboo, found in lowland areas from Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand to Southern China. [more]

Meoschium

[more]

Merathrepta

[more]

Meringurus

[more]

Merisachne

[more]

Merxmuellera

[more]

Mesosetum

[more]

Mesosorghum

Metasasa

[more]

Metcalfia

[more]

Mezochloa

[more]

Michelaria

[more]

Microbambus

[more]

Microbriza

[more]

Microcalamus

Micropyrum

[more]

Miegia

Mildbraediochloa

[more]

Miliarium

[more]

Miscanthidium

Mitwabachloa

[more]

Mnesithea

Perennial, rarely annual. Culms robust, tufted, often branched. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule short, membranous. Inflorescence of racemes, these usually axillary and aggregated into a spathate compound panicle, rarely terminal. Racemes cylindrical or flattened, fragile, horizontally articulated; rachis internodes clavate to pyriform, base truncate with central peg, spikelets paired, one sessile, the other pedicelled or occasionally in triplets of 2 sessile and 1 pedicelled. Sessile spikelet closely appressed or sunk in hollow in rachis, usually longer than adjacent internode; lower glume papery to leathery, ± flat, smooth or sculptured, marginally 2-keeled, keels winged at least at apex; lower floret barren, with or without a small palea; upper floret with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet varying from well developed to rudimentary or absent; pedicel oblong, clavate or leaflike, free or partially or fully adnate to rachis internode. x = 9.[12] [more]

Mniochloa

[more]

Molina

Molineriella

Moliniopsis

[more]

Monachather

Monachne

[more]

Monachyron

[more]

Monandraira

[more]

Monelytrum

Monerma

[more]

Monium

Monocladus

[more]

Monocymbium

Monodia

[more]

Monopogon

[more]

Monostachya

Monroa

[more]

Moorochloa

[more]

Mosdenia

[more]

Muantijamvella

[more]

Muehlenbergia

[more]

Mullerochloa

[more]

Munroa

[more]

Mygalurus

[more]

Myriachaeta

[more]

Myriocladus

Myriocladus (botany) is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises about 20 species, found in the sandstone tablelands of Venezuela and Surinam. [more]

Myriostachya

[more]

Nabelekia

[more]

Narduretia

[more]

Narduroides

Nardurus

Narenga

[more]

Nasella

Nastus

Nastus is a of slender, erect, scrambling or climbing bamboo. It has 7 species, mainly found in the tropical mountain forests of the Southern Hemisphere from Madagascar and Réunion to the Solomon Islands. [more]

Natschia

[more]

Nazia

[more]

Neeragrostis

[more]

Neesiochloa

[more]

Nemastachys

[more]

Nematopoa

[more]

Neoaulacolepis

[more]

Neobouteloua

[more]

Neohouzeaua

Neohouzeaua is a of medium-sized tropical bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). These species have culms growing in large tufts, often somewhat scandent. They are found in Southeast Asia. [more]

Neohusnotia

[more]

Neololeba

[more]

Neomicrocalamus

Racemobambos is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae) and the sole genus of its subtribe, the Racemobambodinae. The genus comprises about 16 species, confined to the montane forests of Malesia (included the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands). [more]

Neomolinia

[more]

Neosasamorpha

[more]

Neoschischkinia

[more]

Neosinocalamus

[more]

Neostapfiella

[more]

Nephelochloa

Neuropoa

[more]

Nevskiella

[more]

Nipponobambusa

[more]

Nipponocalamus

[more]

Nivieria

[more]

Normanboria

[more]

Notholcus

[more]

Notochloe

[more]

Notodanthonia

[more]

Nowodworskya

[more]

Ochthochloa

[more]

Odontelytrum

[more]

Odyssea

[more]

Oedipachne

[more]

Oligostachyum

Oligostachyum is a genus of bamboo originating from coastal China. The genus is sometimes considered a synonym of Arundinaria. [more]

Onoea

[more]

Ophiochloa

Ophiurinella

[more]

Ophiuros

Annual or perennial. Culms robust. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence of many single racemes aggregated into a spathate compound panicle; racemes cylindrical, fragile, transversely or slightly obliquely articulated, spikelets borne alternately on opposite sides of rachis; rachis internodes stout, semi-cylindrical, base with central peg, apex hollow. Sessile spikelet sunk into hollow in rachis; lower glume oblong, leathery, broadly convex, smooth, areolate or latticelike; marginally 2-keeled, with or without narrow wings toward apex; lower floret male with a palea; upper floret hyaline with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet absent; pedicel linear, adnate to adjacent internode, sometimes barely distinguishable from it.[13] [more]

Ophiurus

Opizia

[more]

Oplismenopsis

[more]

Opsiandra

[more]

Oreiostachys

Oreocalamus

[more]

Oreochloa

[more]

Oreopoa

[more]

Orinus

Perennials, with long scaly rhizomes. Leaf blades linear to involute, with setiform slightly pungent apex; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a sparse panicle of few to several ascending racemose branches along a central axis. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, laterally compressed, florets (1 or) 2 to several, rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes thin, lower 1-veined, upper 3-veined, acute to obtuse; lemmas lanceolate-oblong, 3-veined, pilose, lightly keeled, entire, acute or mucronate; palea equal to or slightly shorter than lemma, ± ciliolate along keels, ± hairy between keels. Caryopsis cylindrical.[14] [more]

Oriza

Oropetium

Orrhopygium

[more]

Ortachne

Orthachne

[more]

Orthoclada

[more]

Orthopogon

[more]

Orthoraphium

[more]

Osterdamia

[more]

Otachyrium

[more]

Otatea

Otatea is a of clumping bamboos found from Central Mexico to Central America. The name derives from the nahuatl otatl, meaning "bamboo". The genus comprises 3 species, of which the best-known is of the Mexican weeping bamboo. [more]

Ottochloa

Perennials. Culms tufted or rambling and stoloniferous. Leaf blades lanceolate; ligule membranous, truncate, ciliolate, or sometimes obscure. Inflorescence an open panicle, primary branches spaced along the central axis, spikelets borne on short secondary branches, singly or in appressed secondary racemelets. Spikelets dorsally compressed, 2-flowered; glumes similar, subequal, herbaceous, 1/2-2/3 spikelet length, 3-5(-7) -veined; lower floret herbaceous, sterile or staminate, its lemma as long as the spikelet, 7-9-veined; upper lemma as long as the spikelet, coriaceous to cartilaginous, flattened on the back, smooth or rugulose, margins narrow, hyaline, incurved upward. x = 9.[15] [more]

Oxyanthe

[more]

Oxychloris

[more]

Oxydenia

[more]

Oxyrhachis

Padia

[more]

Paneion

[more]

Panicastrella

[more]

Panicularia

[more]

Pantathera

Pappagrostis

[more]

Parabambusa

[more]

Paracolpodium

[more]

Paractaenum

Parahyparrhenia

Paraneurachne

Paraneurachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Paratheria

[more]

Parodiochloa

[more]

Parodiolyra

[more]

Parvotrisetum

[more]

Pascopyrum

[more]

Paspalus

Patellocalamus

[more]

Patis

[more]

Patropyrum

[more]

Peltophorus

[more]

Penicillaria

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Pentacraspedon

[more]

Pentapogon

[more]

Pentarraphis

Pentarrhaphis

Pentaschistis

Pentaschistis is a genus of in the Poaceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Pentatherum

[more]

Pereilema

Pereilema is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Periballia

[more]

Peridictyon

Peridictyon is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Perobachne

[more]

Perotis

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Perrierbambus

Perulifera

Perulifera is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. Found in Madagascar, it was first described scientifically in 1928. [more]

Petrina

[more]

Peyritschia

Phacelurus

Perennial. Culms often robust. Leaf blades linear or rarely terete; ligule membranous. Inflorescence terminal, racemes usually subdigitate, rarely spread along an elongate axis or solitary. Racemes ± flattened, bearing paired spikelets, horizontally articulated, often rather tardily disarticulating; rachis internodes inflated to clavate, glabrous, base truncate, sometimes with a central peg. Sessile spikelet flat, convex or concave across back; lower glume lanceolate to ovate, membranous to leathery, smooth, marginally 2-keeled or rounded; upper glume boat-shaped; lower floret male or barren, with or without palea; upper floret bisexual, with entire awnless lemma. Pedicelled spikelet resembling sessile but usually smaller and slightly laterally compressed; pedicel free, resembling adjacent rachis internode.[16] [more]

Phalaridantha

[more]

Phalaroides

Phalona

[more]

Phanopyrum

[more]

Pheidochloa

[more]

Phippsia

[more]

Phramites

Phyllorhachis

Phyllorhachis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pilgerochloa

Pilgerochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family consisiting of two Middle Eastern species: Pilgerochloa blanchei (Boiss.) Eig and Pilgerochloa eigiana H.Scholz & Raus. [more]

Pinga

In Inuit mythology, Pinga ("the one who is up on high") was a goddess of the hunt, fertility and medicine. She was also the psychopomp, bringing souls of the newly-dead to Adlivun, the underworld. [more]

Piptophyllum

Piptophyllum is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Piptostachya

[more]

Piresia

[more]

Plagiantha

[more]

Plagiochloa

[more]

Plagiolytrum

[more]

Plagiosetum

Plagiosetum is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Plantinia

[more]

Plectrachne

Pleiadelphia

Pleioblastus

Pleioblastus is a genus of monopodial bamboo. Genetic research indicates that this genus may properly be part of the genus Arundinaria. [more]

Pleopogon

[more]

Pleuraphis

[more]

Pleuroplitis

[more]

Plinthanthesis

Plinthanthesis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Poagrostis

[more]

Pobeguinea

Pobeguinea is a genus of plantlike grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Podagrostis

[more]

Podagrostris

[more]

Podionapus

[more]

Podophorus

Podophorus is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Podosemum

[more]

Poecilostachys

[more]

Pogonachne

Pogonarthria

[more]

Pogonatherum

Perennials, densely tufted. Culms slender, branching, drooping or trailing, several- to many-noded. Leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, lower blades deciduous; ligule a membranous ciliate rim. Inflorescence a single raceme borne on a flexuous peduncle, racemes many, terminating the culm branches; raceme fragile, sessile and pedicelled spikelets of a pair similar, both fertile; rachis internodes and pedicels shorter than spikelets, linear with expanded apex, ciliate. Sessile spikelet oblong, laterally compressed; callus obtuse, bearded with long silky hairs; glumes subequal, membranous or thinly cartilaginous; lower glume strongly convex, 3-5-veined, apex truncate, 2-3-lobed, ciliate; upper glume slightly longer than lower glume, strongly keeled, apex 2-toothed, a long, fine, flexuous awn from sinus; lower floret male with palea or reduced to a hyaline lemma or absent; upper lemma oblong, hyaline, 2-lobed for 1/3-1/2 its length, awned; awn long, very slender, geniculate near base; upper palea subequal to lemma. Stamens 1-2. Pedicelled spikelet often smaller, lacking a lower floret, upper floret bisexual or female.[17] [more]

Pogoneura

Pogonochloa

Pogonochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pogonopsis

[more]

Pohlidium

Pohlidium is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Poidium

Polevansia

Polevansia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pollinia

Pollinium, or plural pollinia, is a coherent mass of grains in a plant. [more]

Pollinidium

[more]

Polliniopsis

[more]

Polyantherix

[more]

Polyodon

The American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, also called the Mississippi paddlefish or spoonbill, is a paddlefish living in slow-flowing waters of the Mississippi River drainage system. It appears to have been extirpated from Lake Erie and its tributaries. They are closely related to the sturgeons. This large Chondrostean freshwater fish may grow to 220 cm (7 feet) and weigh up to 100 kg (220 pounds). The paddlefish takes its common and scientific names from its distinctive snout, which is greatly elongated and flattened into a paddle shape. The American paddlefish is believed to use sensitive electroreceptors on its paddle to detect prey, as well as to navigate while migrating to spawning sites. The American paddlefish feeds primarily on zooplankton but also feeds on crustaceans and bivalves. Polyodon spathula is one of two living species of Paddlefish; the other is the possibly extinct Chinese Paddlefish, Psephurus gladius. [more]

Polytoca

Perennial. Leaf blades broadly linear; ligule membranous. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, racemes subdigitate or axillary racemes sometimes solitary, spathate; racemes bearing pairs of unisexual awnless spikelets, female and male spikelets separated into different zones, axis fragile, especially in female zone; lateral racemes of digitate cluster entirely staminate, terminal raceme and solitary axillary racemes mixed, usually sterile spikelet pairs at base, then a zone with female sessile and sterile pedicelled spikelets, distally both spikelets of a pair staminate, uppermost spikelet pairs sterile. Rachis internode and pedicel fused along one margin, flat, ciliate; callus truncate with central knob. Female zone: spikelet pair dissimilar; sessile spikelet dorsally compressed; lower glume leathery, enveloping whole spikelet, glume body oblong, flanks rounded, abruptly contracted into keeled winged apical beak; lower floret sterile, reduced to a lemma; upper floret pistillate, palea present, stigma single, elongate; pedicelled spikelet much longer than sessile, sterile, comprising only a herbaceous, many-veined lower glume. Male zone:spikelet pair similar, both staminate; lower glume lanceolate, papery, winged above middle; both florets male with paleas.[18] [more]

Pommereulla

Pommereulla is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Porroteranthe

[more]

Porteresia

Porteresia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Potamochloa

[more]

Pringleochloa

Pringleochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Prionanthium

Prosphysis

[more]

Prosphytochloa

Psamma

[more]

Psammagrostis

Psammagrostis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Psammochloa

Psammochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Psammopyrum

[more]

Psatyrostachys

Pseudanthistiria

Pseudanthistiria is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pseudarrhenatherum

Pseudechinolaena

Annuals. Culms trailing. Leaf blades lanceolate; ligule membranous. Inflorescence composed of several slender, loosely spiculate racemes spaced along a central axis, spikelets paired but the sessile spikelet often reduced. Spikelets laterally compressed, florets 2; glumes equaling the spikelet or slightly shorter, lower glume acute to awned, upper glume gibbous, armed at maturity with coarse, tubercle-based hooklike bristles, apex acute or rarely awned; lower lemma equaling the spikelet, papery to subcoriaceous but membranous on the margins and with a median hyaline patch at the base; upper lemma laterally compressed, obliquely ellipsoid, cartilaginous to coriaceous, margins flat or inrolled.[19] [more]

Pseudelymus

[more]

Pseudobambusa

[more]

Pseudobrachiaria

[more]

Pseudobromus

Pseudochaetochloa

Pseudochaetochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pseudocoix

[more]

Pseudodanthonia

Pseudodanthonia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Pseudodichanthium

Pseudolasiacis

[more]

Pseudopentameris

Pseudophacelurus

[more]

Pseudophleum

[more]

Pseudopogonatherum

[more]

Pseudoraphis

Aquatic or semi-aquatic perennials. Culms decumbent to stoloniferous, many-noded, rooting at lower nodes or floating. Leaf sheaths compressed; leaf blades linear to lanceolate; ligule membranous or ciliate. Inflorescence open or contracted, composed of racemes on all sides of a common axis; racemes solitary or grouped, rachis slender, bearing 1 to several alternate shortly pedicelled spikelets, terminating in a bristle. Spikelets lanceolate, terete or slightly dorsally compressed, florets 2; lower glume very small, veinless; upper glume equaling the spikelet, firmly herbaceous, scabrous to setose, long-acuminate or briefly awned; lower lemma resembling upper glume but usually slightly shorter, enclosing a shorter hyaline palea; upper floret 1/2 as long, shortly stipitate, membranous, smooth, shiny. Caryopsis eventually much larger than upper floret and filling spikelet when mature. x = 7, 9.[20] [more]

Pseudoryza

[more]

Pseudosclerochloa

[more]

Pseudosecale

[more]

Pseudosorghum

Pseudostachyum

The thin-walled bamboo (Pseudostachyum polymorphum) is a species of bamboo and the sole species of the genus Pseudostachyum. The plant is found in Myanmar and India. [more]

Pseudostreptogyne

[more]

Pseudovossia

[more]

Pseudoxytenanthera

[more]

Pseudozoysia

Psilathera

[more]

Psilolemma

Psilolemma is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Psilurus

Pterium

Pteria was the capital of the Assyrians in northern Cappadocia. They were said by Herodotus to have been taken and ruined by Croesus in 547 BC. It also was the place of an undecided battle between Cyrus the Great and Croesus. [more]

Pterochlaena

[more]

Pterochloris

[more]

Pterygostachyum

[more]

Ptilagrostris

[more]

Ptiloneilema

[more]

Puccinelia

Puccinella

Pucciphippsia

[more]

Pucinellia

Pyrrhanthera

[more]

Qiongzhuea

Rabdochloa

[more]

Racemobambos

Raimundochloa

[more]

Rattraya

[more]

Ratzeburgia

Reana

[more]

Reboulea

Reederochloa

Reederochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Rehia

Rehia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Reimaria

[more]

Reitzia

[more]

Relchela

Rendlia

Rettbergia

Chusquea is a genus of bamboo with about 150 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. Some animals are, to various extents, associated with stands of Chusquea, for example the Inca Wren and the Plushcap. [more]

Reynaudia

Reynaudia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Rhabdochloa

[more]

Rheochloa

[more]

Rhipidocladum

Rhipidocladum is a genus of New World woody bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae of the family Poaceae). It comprises 18 species, found in Central and South America. The genus is characterized by 1) erect, non-pseudopetiolate culm leaves, 2) numerous branchlets arising in an apsidate (fan-like) array, and 3) fruits being true caryopses. The name is derived from the Greek rhipid meaning "fanlike" and clad meaning "branch" . [more]

Rhizocephalus

Rhizocephalus is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Rhombolytrum

[more]

Rhynchelytrum

[more]

Rhynchoryza

Rhynchoryza is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Rhytachne

[more]

Richardsiella

[more]

Ripidium

[more]

Robynsiochloa

[more]

Roshevitzia

[more]

Rouxia

[more]

Rubimons

[more]

Saccharifera

[more]

Sarga

[more]

Sarocalamus

[more]

Sasaella

Sasaella is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Sasamorpha

Bamboo is a group of woody perennial evergreen (except for certain temperate species) plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Some of its members are giant bamboo, forming by far the largest members of the grass family. Bamboo is the fastest growing woody plant in the world. Their growth rate (up to 1.2 meters/day (1.5-2.0 inches/hr)) is due to a unique rhizome-dependent system, but is highly dependent on local soil and climate conditions. [more]

Saugetia

[more]

Savastana

[more]

Schaffnerella

Schaffnerella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Schedolium

[more]

Schedololium

[more]

Schedonorus

[more]

Schellingia

[more]

Schenckochloa

[more]

Schistachne

[more]

Schleropelta

[more]

Schmidtia

[more]

Schoenefeldia

Schyzachyrium

[more]

Sclerachne

[more]

Sclerandrium

[more]

Sclerodactylon

Sclerodactylon is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Scleropoa

[more]

Scleropogon

Scleropogon is a monotypic genus of which includes the sole species Scleropogon brevifolius, or burrograss. This grass is found in two areas of the world, in North America from the southwestern United States to central Mexico and in South America in Chile and Argentina. This is a perennial mat-forming grass with sharp, tufted leaves and firm awns. This grass may be dioecious, with staminate and pistillate plants growing in separate colonies. [more]

Sclerostachya

Sclerostachys

[more]

Scrotochloa

Scutachne

[more]

Sefania

Sehima

Perennial or annual. Culms tufted, simple or sparingly branched. Leaf blades narrowly linear; ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescence a single terminal raceme, spikelets paired, dissimilar; rachis internodes and pedicels subinflated, stoutly linear to subclavate, densely white-ciliate along margins. Sessile spikelet bisexual, narrow, compressed between internode and pedicel; callus rounded, inserted into shallowly hollowed internode apex; lower glume leathery, back concave or longitudinally grooved, strongly veined on either side of groove but midvein absent, 2-keeled, keels lateral or becoming dorsal toward base, barely winged, apex elongate, scarious, 2-toothed; upper glume boat-shaped, finely awned; lower floret staminate, well developed with palea; upper lemma 2-lobed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate, column glabrous or ciliolate. Pedicelled spikelet large, conspicuous, usually staminate, lanceolate, strongly dorsally compressed, distinctly veined, midvein present, awnless. x = 10 and 20.[21] [more]

Senisetum

[more]

Senites

[more]

Sericura

[more]

Serrafalcus

[more]

Sesleriella

[more]

Setarica

Setariopsis

Setariopsis is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Setiacis

[more]

Setosa

[more]

Shibatea

[more]

Silentvalleya

[more]

Simplicia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Sinochasea

Sinochasea is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Sirochloa

[more]

Sitanion

[more]

Sitopsis

[more]

Sitordeum

[more]

Snowdenia

[more]

Soderstromia

Soejatmia

Kinabaluchloa is a genus of bamboo. It comprises 2 species, found in the montane forests of Malaysia. [more]

Sohnsia

Sohnsia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Solenachne

[more]

Sonderina

Sorghastrum

[more]

Sorgum

[more]

Spathia

Spathia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Sphaerobambos

Sphaerocaryum

Annual. Culms trailing, many-noded. Leaf blades ovate, amplexicaul, with obscure cross veins; ligule a line of hairs. Inflorescence a panicle; pedicels glandular. Spikelets 1-flowered, floret bisexual; glumes deciduous, veinless or 1-veined, obtuse; lemma membranous, 1-veined, pubescent, obtuse; palea equal to lemma. Stamens 3. Caryopsis ovate.[22] [more]

Spheneria

Spheneria is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Sphenopus

[more]

Spodiopogon

Perennials, often rhizomatous. Culms erect, many-noded, simple or branched. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, flat, sometimes narrowed to a pseudopetiole; ligule membranous, often hairy on margin or back. Inflorescence terminal, an open or contracted panicle with elongate central axis, primary branches subverticillate, typically capillary, smooth, bearing 1 or more racemes; racemes short, rachis fragile or tough, sessile and pedicelled spikelet of a pair similar, both pedicelled when rachis tough, both fertile, rarely spikelets solitary; rachis internodes and pedicels slender or thickened upward, often with cupular apex. Spikelets usually lanceolate, scarcely compressed; callus subglabrous to shortly bearded; glumes equal, firmly papery, lower glume rounded on back, puberulous to villous, closely many-veined, veins prominent, raised into ridges, apex acute to shortly awned; upper glume usually resembling lower glume, sometimes keeled; lower floret often staminate, lemma lanceolate to ovate, palea usually present; upper lemma deeply 2-lobed, awned from sinus; awn geniculate. x = 10.[23] [more]

Sporolobus

[more]

Stapfiola

[more]

Stegosia

[more]

Steinchisima

Steirachne

Stelephuros

[more]

Stenochloa

[more]

Stenofestuca

[more]

Stenostachys

[more]

Stephanachne

Perennials. Leaf blades linear. Inflorescence a contracted or spikelike panicle. Spikelets with 1 floret, bisexual; rachilla extension present, short; glumes lanceolate, subequal, longer than floret, membranous to herbaceous, 1-5-veined, apex acuminate; callus short, obtuse, shortly bearded; lemma narrowly ovate, herbaceous or thinly leathery, rounded on back, 5-veined, body pubescent or pilose, apex deeply 2-lobed, lobes acuminate or excurrent into a short awn, a circlet of long hairs across base of lobes, awned from sinus; awn geniculate with twisted column, scabrid throughout; palea narrowly lanceolate, equaling or slightly shorter than lemma, hairy between veins; lodicules 2 or 3, narrowly lanceolate. Stamens 1 or 3, anthers glabrous at apex. Stigmas 2.[24] [more]

Stereochlaena

Steudelella

[more]

Stiburus

Stiburus is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Stiporyzopsis

[more]

Streblochaete

Strephium

[more]

Streptachne

[more]

Streptogyne

[more]

Streptolophus

Streptolophus is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Streptostachys

[more]

Stylagrostis

[more]

Styppeiochloa

Styppeiochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Suardia

[more]

Sucrea

[more]

Swallenochloa

[more]

Syllepis

[more]

Symplectrodia

Symplectrodia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Synaphe

[more]

Syntherisma

[more]

Taeniorhachis

Tansaniochloa

[more]

Tarigidia

Tarigidia is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Tatianyx

[more]

Teinostachyum

Temochloa

[more]

Terrellia

[more]

Tetrachaete

Tetrachne

Tetragonocalamus

[more]

Tetrapogon

Tetrarrhena

[more]

Thalysia

Thalysia (Ta??s?a) was an ancient Greek festival of first fruits held in the honor of Demeter, the earth goddess. [more]

Thamnocalamus

Thamnocalamus is a genus of clumping bamboo. These species are found from the mountains of East Asia and Africa. They are similar to the genus Fargesia, which is sometimes put in synonymy with Thamnocalamus. [more]

Thaumastochloa

Thedachloa

[more]

Thelepogon

Thellungia

Thinopyrum

[more]

Thonandia

[more]

Thoreochloa

[more]

Thrasya

[more]

Thrasyopsis

[more]

Thrixgyne

[more]

Thynopyrum

Thyridachne

Thyridachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Thyridolepis

[more]

Thyrsia

[more]

Thyrsostachys

Thyrsostachys is a genus of moderate size bamboo, comprising 2 species found in the dry lowlands from Thailand to Vietnam. [more]

Thysanachne

[more]

Timouria

[more]

Torresia

Tosagris

[more]

Tovarochloa

Tovarochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Trachynia

[more]

Trachynotia

[more]

Trachyozus

[more]

Trachypoa

[more]

Trachys

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[25] [more]

Triachyrum

[more]

Triaena

Triarrhena

[more]

Triathera

[more]

Triavenopsis

[more]

Trichachne

[more]

Trichaeta

[more]

Trichloris

Trichochloa

Trichodium

[more]

Tricholaena

[more]

Trichoneura

[more]

Trichoon

[more]

Trichopteryx

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Trichopyrum

[more]

Tricuspis

[more]

Tridens

A genus in the Kingdom Fungi. [more]

Triglossum

[more]

Trikeraia

Perennial. Leaf blades usually rolled; ligule short, erose, ciliolate. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle; pedicels short. Spikelets with 1 floret, bisexual, slightly dorsally compressed; rachilla extension absent; glumes subequal or slightly unequal, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, herbaceous, scabrid or smooth, 3-5-veined, apex acuminate; callus short, obtuse, bearded; lemma slightly shorter than glumes, lanceolate, covering only flanks of palea, membranous, 3-5-veined, villous, apex 2-lobed, lobes acuminate to setiform, awned from between lobes; awn persistent, scabrid, weakly 1-geniculate, column loosely twisted, sometimes only slightly so; palea hyaline, back exposed, pubescent between veins. Lodicules 2 or 3, lanceolate. Stamens 3, anthers glabrous at apex. Stigmas 2.[26] [more]

Trilobachne

Trilobachne is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Triniochloa

[more]

Triniusa

[more]

Triphlebia

[more]

Triplachne

Triplopogon

Triplopogon is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Triraphis

[more]

Triscenia

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Trisetaria

[more]

Trisiola

[more]

Tristachya

[more]

Tristegis

[more]

Triticoaegilops

Trochera

[more]

Tylothrasya

[more]

Tzvelevia

[more]

Urachne

[more]

Uralepis

Uralepsis

[more]

Uranthoecium

Uranthoecium is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Urelytrum

[more]

Urochlaena

Urochondra

[more]

Vacoparis

[more]

Vahlodea

[more]

Valiha

The valiha is a tube zither from Madagascar made from a species of local bamboo. It is played by plucking the strings, which may be made of metal or (originally) the bamboo skin which is pried up in long strands and propped up by small bridges made of pieces of dried gourd. The valiha is considered the national instrument of Madagascar. [more]

Vaseya

[more]

Veseyochloa

[more]

Vietnamocalamus

[more]

Vietnamochloa

Vietnamochloa is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Vietnamosasa

Vietnamosasa is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Viguierella

Viguierella is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Vilfa

[more]

Vossia

[more]

Vulpiella

[more]

Wasatchia

Weingaertneria

[more]

Whiteochloa

Wilibalda

[more]

Willbleibia

[more]

Windsoria

[more]

Woodrowia

[more]

Xanthonanthos

[more]

Xenochloa

[more]

Xerochloa

[more]

Xerodanthia

[more]

Xiphagrostis

[more]

Xyochlaena

[more]

Xystidium

[more]

Yakirra

Yakirra is a genus of grass in the Poaceae family. [more]

Ystia

[more]

Yushania

Yushania is a genus with 6 species of spreading thornless bamboos. They are found in the Himalaya at moderate to high altitudes, up to 3000 m but usually lower, and in Taiwan and Africa. They are evergreen and reach 2 to 10 m tall. [more]

Zeia

Zeocriton

Zerna

[more]

Zingeria

Zingeriopsis

[more]

Zonotriche

Zotovia

[more]

Zuloagaea

[more]

Zygochloa

Zygochloa is a monotypic genus of grass endemic to Australia. Its only species is Zygochloa paradoxa. It occurs in extremely arid areas such as the Simpson Desert. [more]

More info about the Genus Zygochloa may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ a b Piperno, D. R.; Sues, H.D. (2005). "Dinosaurs Dined on Grass". Science 310 (5751): 1126hor = Piperno, D.R.. doi:10.1126/science.1121020. PMID 16293745
  2. ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html#Famlarge. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  3. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 113?4. ISBN 0-563-20207-6. 
  4. ^ [1][dead link]
  5. ^ a b George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 20. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  6. ^ Dav id Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 137. 
  7. ^ Prasad, V.; Stroemberg, C.A.E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. (2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers". Science(Washington) 310 (5751): 1177?1180. doi:10.1126/science.1118806. PMID 16293759
  8. ^ Prasad V, Str?mberg CA, Leach? AD, Samant B, Patnaik R, Tang L, Mohabey DM, Ge S, Sahni A. (2011). Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae. Nat Commun. 2:480. doi:10.1038/ncomms1482 PMID 21934664
  9. ^ Wu ZQ, Ge S (2011) The phylogeny of the BEP clade in grasses revisited: Evidence from the whole-genome sequences of chloroplasts. Mol Phylogenet Evol
  10. ^ Barnhart, J.H. (1895) Poaceae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22: 7.
  11. ^ Peter H. Raven & George B. Johnson (1995). Carol J. Mills (ed). ed. Understanding Biology (3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 536. ISBN 0-697-22213-6. 
  12. ^ George Constable (ed), ed. (1985). Grasslands and Tundra. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. 19. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  13. ^ Olmert, Michael (1996). Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p. 208. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.

Footnotes

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  1. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Capillipedium". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 572, 605, 607. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. "Chikusichloa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 182, 185. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. Sheng-lian Lu & Sylvia M. Phillips "Cyathopus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 316, 363. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Glossary/Glossary.html
  5. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Desmostachya". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 458, 480. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Elytrophorus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 6, 450. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Germainia". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 572, 599. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. "Hygroryza". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 182, 186. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. "Kengyilia". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 387, 431. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Littledalea". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 370. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. "Lophatherum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 445. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  12. Bi-xing Sun & Sylvia M. Phillips "Mnesithea". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 573, 640, 642, 647. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  13. Bi-xing Sun & Sylvia M. Phillips "Ophiuros". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 573, 647. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  14. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Orinus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 457, 464. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  15. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Ottochloa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 500, 512. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  16. Bi-xing Sun & Sylvia M. Phillips "Phacelurus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 573, 639. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  17. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Pogonatherum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 591. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  18. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Polytoca". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 650. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  19. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Pseudechinolaena". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 500. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  20. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Pseudoraphis". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 499, 547. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  21. Bi-xing Sun & Sylvia M. Phillips "Sehima". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 572, 609. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  22. "Sphaerocaryum". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 6, 554, 560. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  23. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Spodiopogon". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 573. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  24. "Stephanachne". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 188, 189, 190, 191. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  25. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Trachys&search=Search
  26. "Trikeraia". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 188, 190, 191. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  1. ^ David Attenborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation, 113–4. ISBN 0-563-20207-6. 
  2. ^ Dolores R. Piperno and Hans-Dieter Sues (18 November 2005). Dinosaurs Dined on Grass. Science Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
  3. ^ Peter H. Raven & George B. Johnson (1995). in Carol J. Mills (ed): Understanding Biology, 3rd, WM C. Brown, 536. ISBN 0-697-22213-6. 
  4. ^ (1985) in George Constable (ed): Grasslands and Tundra, Planet Earth. Time Life Books, 19. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  5. ^ a b (1985) in George Constable (ed): Grasslands and Tundra, Planet Earth. Time Life Books, 20. ISBN 0-8094-4520-4. 
  6. ^ Angiosperm phylogeny website. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
  7. ^ David Att enborough (1984). The Living Planet. British Broadcasting Corporation, 137. 

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:40:12