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Moreae

(Tribe)

Overview

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Moreae is a tribe within the plant family Moraceae. It includes 6?10 genera and 70?80 species including Morus, the genus the includes the mulberries, and Maclura, the genus that includes the Osage orange.

Recent work suggests that the tribe is polyphyletic.1]

Description

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Female inflorescence of Morus nigra

The Moreae are a tribe of trees, shrubs, climbers and herbs that are usually dioecious. Their inflorescences are simpler than most other Moraceae. Their flowers are adapted for wind pollination . [2]

Members of the tribe are characterised by having inflexed or "urticaceous" stamens. The way in which the anther filaments elongate in the developing flower bud causes the anthers to "spring back explosively" when the flower opens. This releases pollen into the air, facilitating wind-pollination. These characters are considered plesiomorphic?traits that were present in the ancestors of the Moraceae which have been retained in the Moreae.[3]

Taxonomy

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The tribe is based on Morus, the genus that includes the mulberries. The name Morus was first published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum.[4]

Cornelis Berg included eight genera in the tribe Moreae?Bleekrodea, < i>Broussonetia, Fatoua, Maclura, Milicia, Morus, Streblus and Trophis?which included 73 species.[2]

About 40 generic names have been coined for these species, resulting in a situation with many genera and few species. In 1962 British botanist E. J. H. Corner reworked this arrangement, merging many genera. This resulting in an expansion of several genera, most notably Maclura, Streblus and Trophis. These were further reorganised by Berg in the 1980s. He found that while it was easy to define the tribe (based on the presence of urticaceous stamens), the definitions of the genera were more challenging.[2]

In an attempt to sort out the evolutionary history of the Moraceae Shannon Datwyler and George Weiblen use the chloroplast ndhF gene to build a phylogeny of the family. They determined that the tribe Moreae was polyphyletic and consisted of two groups?a core "Moreae sensu stricto" (Moreae s.s.), which formed a monophyletic group within the tribe, and a broader "Moreae sensu lato (Moreae s.l.). Streblus and Trophis were found to be polyphyletic, with some species in each genus being placed in Moreae s.s while others were only included in Moreae s.l. They also transferred Bagassa and Sorocea from the Artocarpeae to the Moreae.[3]

Based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences, Moreae s.s. is a sister taxon to the Artocarpeae if Bagassa and Sorocea are included in the Moreae. So defined, Moreae s.s. includes Bagassa, Morus, Milicia and Sorocea, together with some (but not all) of the species currently placed in Streblus and Trophis. Moreae s.l. included all of these genera, together with Bleekrodea, Broussonetia, Fatoua, Maclura and the remaining species in Streblus and Trophis. The latter group was found to be a sister to the tribe Dorstenieae.[3]

Evolutionary history

Few fossils can be definitively assigned to the Moreae. Fruits from the upper Eocene, Miocene and Tertiary have been assigned to Broussonetia, and fruit matching modern Morus have been found in the early Eocene. Based on rates of molecular evolution in chloroplast and nuclear genes, the Moreae s.s. is estimated to be about 59?79 million years old. Nyree Zerega and colleagues proposed a Laurasian origin for the Moreae s.s., with three separate colonisations of South America (by Sorocea, Bagassa and Trophis) and a later colonisation of Africa by Milicia.[1]

Distribution

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Most genera in the tribe are predominantly tropical, sometimes with a few temperate species (like Maclura). Two genera, Broussonetia and Morus, are predominantly temperate.[2]

Genera

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r and George Weiblen use the chloroplast ndhF gene to build a phylogeny of the family. They determined that the tribe Moreae was polyphyletic and consisted of two groups?a core "Moreae sensu stricto" (Moreae s.s.), which formed a monophyletic group within the tribe, and a broader "Moreae sensu lato (Moreae s.l.). Streblus and Trophis were found to be polyphyletic, with some species in each genus being placed in Moreae s.s while others were only included in Moreae s.l. They also transferred Bagassa and Sorocea from the Artocarpeae to the Moreae.[3]

Based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences, Moreae s.s. is a sister taxon to the Artocarpeae if Bagassa and Sorocea are included in the Moreae. So defined, Moreae s.s. includes Bagassa, Morus, Milicia and Sorocea, together with some (but not all) of the species currently placed in Streblus and Trophis. Moreae s.l. included all of these genera, together with Bleekrodea, Broussonetia, Fatoua, Maclura and the remaining species in Streblus and Trophis. The latter group was found to be a sister to the tribe Dorstenieae.[3]

Evolutionary history

Few fossils can be definitively assigned to the Moreae. Fruits from the upper Eocene, Miocene and Tertiary have been assigned to Broussonetia, and fruit matching modern Morus have been found in the early Eocene. Based on rates of molecular evolution in chloroplast and nuclear genes, the Moreae s.s. is estimated to be about 59?79 million years old. Nyree Zerega and colleagues proposed a Laurasian origin for the Moreae s.s., with three separate colonisations of South America (by Sorocea, Bagassa and Trophis) and a later colonisation of Africa by Milicia.[1]

Distribution

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Most genera in the tribe are predominantly tropical, sometimes with a few temperate species (like Maclura). Two genera, Broussonetia and Morus, are predominantly temperate.[2]

Genera

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References

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  1. ^ a b Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Wendy L. Clement; Shannon L. Datwyler; George D. Weiblen (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2): 402?16. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884. 
  2. ^ a b c d Berg, Cornelis C. (2001). "Moreae, Artocarpeae, and Dorstenia (Moraceae), with Introductions to the Family and Ficus and with Additions and Corrections to Flora Neotropica Monograph 7". Flora Neotropica 83: 1?346. ISBN 0893274399. 
  3. ^ a b c Datwyler, Shannon L.; George D. Weiblen (2004). "On the origin of the fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany 91 (5): 767?77. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/5/767. 
  4. ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=40896-1. Retrieved 2007-06-26. 
  5. ^ "Genera of Moraceae tribe Castilleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409. Retrieved 2009-03-11. 

Taxonomy

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The Tribe Moreae is a member of the Subfamily Orchidoideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Moreae:

The Tribe Moreae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Bleekrodea

[more]

Broussonetia

Broussonetia is a genus of four species of trees in the family Moraceae, native to eastern Asia. [more]

Fatoua

Herbs, annual, caulescent, taprooted; sap not milky. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous, free. Leaf blade broadly ovate, margins toothed; venation nearly palmate. Inflorescences axillary, capitate cymes, short-pedunculate, bracteate. Flowers: staminate and pistillate on same plants. Staminate flowers: calyx 4-lobed; stamens 4, inflexed. Pistillate flowers: calyx green, 4-lobed, pubescent; ovary superior, oblique, 1-locular; style unbranched, nearly lateral. Syncarps globose; each achene surrounded by its enlarged, persistent calyx.[1] [more]

Maclura

Maclura is a genus of flowering plants in the mulberry family, Moraceae. It includes the inedible Osage-orange, which is used as mosquito repellent and grown throughout the United States as a hedging plant. [more]

Milicia

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Morus

Trees or shrubs, deciduous, with latex; monoecious or dioecious. Winter buds with 3-6 bud scales; scales imbricate. Stipules free, sublateral, caducous. Leaves alternate; leaf blade simple to deeply palmately lobed, margin toothed; primary veins 3-5 from base, secondary veins pinnate. Male inflorescences axillary, spicate, many-flowered, shortly pedunculate. Female inflorescences shortly spicate to capitate. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, imbricate; stamens inflexed in bud; pistillode top-shaped. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 4, imbricate, fleshy in fruit; ovary 1-loculed; style present or not; stigma 2-branched, abaxially pubescent or papillose. Fruit with enlarged, succulent calyx usually aggregated into juicy syncarp. Syncarp with achenes enclosed by enlarged and succulent calyx; endocarp shell-like; exocarp fleshy. Seed globose; endosperm fleshy; embryo incurved; cotyledon elliptic.[2] [more]

Nasturtium

Nasturtium (literally "nose-twister" or "nose-tweaker"), as a common name, refers to a genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants Tropaeolum ("Trophy"), one of three genera in the family Tropaeolaceae. It should not be confused with the Watercresses of the genus Nasturtium, of the Mustard family. This genus, native to South and Central America, includes several very popular garden plants, the most commonly grown being T. majus, T. peregrinum and T. speciosum. The hardiest species is T. polyphyllum from Chile, the perennial roots of which can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as -15°C (5°F). [more]

Paulownia

Paulownia is a genus of between 6–17 species (depending on taxonomic authority) of plants in the monogeneric family Paulowniaceae, related to and sometimes included in the Scrophulariaceae. They are native to much of China (its name in Chinese is 泡桐/pao1tong2), south to northern Laos and Vietnam, and long cultivated elsewhere in eastern Asia, notably in Japan and Korea. They are deciduous trees 10–25 m tall, with large leaves 15–40 cm across, arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. The flowers are produced in early spring on panicles 10–30 cm long, with a tubular purple corolla resembling a foxglove flower. The fruit is a dry capsule, containing thousands of minute seeds. [more]

Pyrocydonia

[more]

Streblus

Streblus is a genus of plant in family Moraceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Trophis

At least 38 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Trophis.

More info about the Genus Trophis may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ a b Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Wendy L. Clement; Shannon L. Datwyler; George D. Weiblen (2005). "Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2): 402?16. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.004. PMID 16112884. 
  2. ^ a b c d Berg, Cornelis C. (2001). "Moreae, Artocarpeae, and Dorstenia (Moraceae), with Introductions to the Family and Ficus and with Additions and Corrections to Flora Neotropica Monograph 7". Flora Neotropica 83: 1?346. ISBN 0893274399. 
  3. ^ a b c Datwyler, Shannon L.; George D. Weiblen (2004). "On the origin of the fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences". American Journal of Botany 91 (5): 767?77. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.767. PMID 21653431. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/5/767. 
  4. ^ International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=40896-1. Retrieved 2007-06-26. 
  5. ^ "Genera of Moraceae tribe Castilleae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?2409. Retrieved 2009-03-11. 

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. "Fatoua". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Morus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:50:44