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Maleae

(Tribe)

Overview

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The Maleae (incorrectly Pyreae) are the apple tribe in the rose family, Rosaceae. The group includes a number of plants bearing commercially important fruits, such as apples and pears, while others are cultivated as ornamentals. Older taxonomies separated some of this group as tribe Crataegeae,1][2] as the Cydonia Group (a tentative placement),[2] or some genera were placed in family Quillajaceae.[2]

The tribe consists exclusively of shrubs and small trees. Most have pomes, a type of accessory fruit that does not occur in other Rosaceae. All except Vauquelinia (with 15 chromosomes) have a basal haploid chromosome count of 17, instead of 7, 8, or 9 as in the other Rosaceae.[3]

There are approximately 28 genera with approximately 1100 species worldwide, with most species occurring in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

Nomenclature

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The name Maleae is required by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (article 19), for any group at the tribal level that includes the genus Malus, but not either of the genera Rosa or Amygdalus.

Taxonomy

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A traditional circumscription of Maleae includes the following genera:[1][2][4][5]

intergeneric hybrids:[6]

and graft hybrids:
+Pyrocydonia (Pirocydonia)

Tribe Crataegeae

A recent taxonomic treatment includes the genera that were earlier separated as tribe Crataegeae (or as inter-tribe hybrids):[7]

intergeneric (including inter-tribal) hybrids:[6]

and the graft hybrid:

Former members of family Quillajaceae

The following genera were previously placed in tribe Quillajaceae in Rosaceae, or in family Quillajaceae. Their fruit are dry capsules, not pomes.

The Cydonia Group

The Cydonia Group within the Maloid Rosaceae was a tentative grouping of pome-fruited genera with many ovules (rather than just two) per carpel.[2] The genera involved were:

It is not yet clear whether this group is monophyletic. Molecular data indicate a close relationship between Cydonia and Pseudocydonia.[5] Multiple ovules per carpel also occur in Kageneckia, a non-pome-bearing genus.[5] Chloroplast DNA analysis, but not nuclear DNA, shows a tight relationship between Cydonia and Dichotomanthes, a non-pome-bearing genus.[5]

i>Pyrus - pear
  • Rhaphiolepis - hawthorn
  • Sorbus - rowan, whitebeam, service tree
  • Stranvaesia
  • Torminalis (see Sorbus torminalis)

    • intergeneric hybrids:[6]

    and graft hybrids:
    +Pyrocydonia (Pirocydonia)

    Tribe Crataegeae

    A recent taxonomic treatment includes the genera that were earlier separated as tribe Crataegeae (or as inter-tribe hybrids):[7]

    intergeneric (including inter-tribal) hybrids:[6]

    and the graft hybrid:

    Former members of family Quillajaceae

    The following genera were previously placed in tribe Quillajaceae in Rosaceae, or in family Quillajaceae. Their fruit are dry capsules, not pomes.

    The Cydonia Group

    The Cydonia Group within the Maloid Rosaceae was a tentative grouping of pome-fruited genera with many ovules (rather than just two) per carpel.[2] The genera involved were:

    It is not yet clear whether this group is monophyletic. Molecular data indicate a close relationship between Cydonia and Pseudocydonia.[5] Multiple ovules per carpel also occur in Kageneckia, a non-pome-bearing genus.[5] Chloroplast DNA analysis, but not nuclear DNA, shows a tight relationship between Cydonia and Dichotomanthes, a non-pome-bearing genus.[5]

    References

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    1. ^ a b G. K. Schulze-Menz 1964. Reihe Rosales. in A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien mit besonderer Ber?cksichtigung der Nutzpflanzen nebst einer ?bersicht ?ber die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde, Gebr?der Borntraeger, Berlin
    2. ^ a b c d e Kalkman, C. (2004). "Rosaceae". In K. Kubitzki. Flowering plants, dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. 6. Berlin: Springer. pp. 343?386. 
    3. ^ Goldblatt, P. (1976). "Cytotaxonomic studies in the tribe Quillajeae (Rosaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63 (1): 200?206. 
    4. ^ Sterling, C. (1965). "Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Rosaceae. V. Pomoideae: Amelanchier, Aronia, Malacomeles, Malus, Peraphyllum, Pyrus, Sorbus". American Journal of Botany 52 (4): 418?426. 
    5. ^ a b c d Campbell, C.S.; Evans, R.C.; Morgan, D.R.; Dickinson, T.A.; Arsenault, M.P. (2007). "Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history". Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1?2): 119?145. 
    6. ^ a b Stace, C.A. 1975. Hybridization and the flora of the British Isles. Academic Press, London.
    7. ^ Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.H.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.P.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1?2): 5?43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9

    Taxonomy

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    The Tribe Maleae is a member of the Subfamily Pyroideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Maleae:

    The Tribe Maleae is further organized into finer groupings including:

    Genera

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    Anemopsis

    Yerba mansa or lizard tail (Anemopsis californica) is a perennial flowering plant within the family Saururaceae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Anemopsis. It is native to southwestern North America. The conic white 'flowers' (actually reduced inflorescences, or pseudanthia) are borne in early spring, and are surrounded by 4-9 large white bracts. As it matures, the visible part of the plant develops red stains, eventually turning bright red in the fall. [more]

    Asparagus

    Asparagus officinalis is a spring vegetable, a flowering perennial plant species in the genus Asparagus. It was once classified in the lily family, like its Allium cousins, onions and garlic, but the Liliaceae have been split and the onion-like plants are now in the family Amaryllidaceae and asparagus in the Asparagaceae. Asparagus officinalis is native to most of Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, and is widely cultivated as a vegetable crop. [more]

    Bergenia

    Bergenia is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae, native to central Asia, from Afghanistan to China and the Himalaya. They are evergreen perennial plants with a spirally arranged rosette of leaves 6-35 cm long and 4-15 cm broad, and pink flowers produced in a cyme. [more]

    Calytrix

    Calytrix is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae. They are commonly known as Starflowers. [more]

    Cnidium

    Cnidium is a genus of flowering plant in the Apiaceae, native to Eurasia, Africa and North America. It has 4 or 5 species. [more]

    Conophytum

    [more]

    Cornus

    [more]

    Cyrtanthus

    A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

    Dianella

    Dianella refers to [more]

    Diplarrena

    Diplarrena is a genus of 2 species in the family Iridaceae and native to south-eastern Australia. The name is from Greek diploos (double) and arren (male), as Diplarrena has only two functional stamens; all other Iridaceae have three. This name is often misspelled "Diplarrhena", an error that began with George Bentham's Flora Australiensis in 1873. The genus name is derived from the Greek words diploos, meaning "double", and arren, meaning "male". [more]

    Echinops

    Echinops is a genus of about 120 species of thistles in the daisy family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They are native to Europe east to central Asia and south to the mountains of tropical Africa. [more]

    Eremurus

    Herbs perennial, with vertical, short, stout rhizome, surrounded at neck by leaf bases and sometimes also fibers from old, disintegrated leaf bases. Roots numerous, long, thickened, fleshy. Leaves several, all basal, tufted, linear. Scape simple, erect, exceeding leaves, with sterile bracts distally and a terminal raceme. Raceme usually densely many flowered, usually elongate in fruit; bracts membranous, margin often minutely serrulate, fimbriate, or ciliate, apex often long filiform acuminate. Flowers bisexual, 1 per bract axil, pedicellate; pedicel articulate or not. Perianth campanulate, tubular, or cupular; segments 6, free or connate at base, with 1, 3, or 5 veins. Stamens 6, often exserted; filaments filiform or dilated toward base; anthers dorsifixed near base, base with 2 lobes to 0.5 mm. Ovary 3-loculed; seeds several per locule. Style filiform, long, often conspicuously persistent in fruit; stigma very small. Fruit a capsule, globose or subglobose, loculicidal. Seeds irregularly 3-angled, sometimes winged along angles.[1] [more]

    Exacum

    Exacum is a genus of plant in family Gentianaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

    Frerea

    [more]

    Gasteria

    Gasteria is a of succulent plants native to South Africa. Closely-related genera include Aloe and Haworthia. The genus is named for its stomach-shaped flowers and is part of an expanded Asphodelaceae family. [more]

    Gyalecta

    [more]

    Gymnopteris

    [more]

    Hakonechloa

    Hakonechloa is a genus of grasses of the Arundinoideae. [more]

    Haworthia

    Haworthia is a genus of flowering plants within the family . They are small (typically 20 cm high) solitary or clump-forming and endemic to South Africa. Some species have firm, tough leaves, usually dark green in color, whereas other are soft and semi-translucent. Their flowers are small, white and very similar between species. But their leaves show wide variations even within one species. [more]

    Hemsleya

    [more]

    Hosta

    Hosta (, syn.: Funkia) is a genus of about 23?45 species of lily-like plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, native to northeast Asia. They have been placed in their own family, Hostaceae (or Funkiaceae); like many 'lilioid monocots', they were once classified in the Liliaceae. The scientific name is also used as the common name; in the past they were also sometimes called the Corfu Lily, the Day Lily, or the Plantain lily, but these terms are now obsolete. The name Hosta is in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host. The Japanese name Giboshi is also used in English to a small extent. The rejected generic name Funkia, also used as a common name, can be found in some older literature. [more]

    Ida

    Impatiens

    Impatiens () is a genus of about 850?1,000 species of flowering plants, widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and tropics. Together with the puzzling Hydrocera triflora, this genus makes up the family Balsaminaceae. Such a situation is highly unusual, and phylogenetic studies might reveal that Impatiens needs to be split up; some of its species might be closer to Hydrocera than to their presumed congeners. [more]

    Juniperus

    Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus () of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the mountains of Central America. [more]

    Kniphofia

    Kniphofia (), also called Tritoma, Red hot poker, Torch lily or Poker plant, is a genus of plants in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae, that includes 70 or more species native to Africa. Some species have been commercially used horticulturally and are commonly known for their bright, rocket-shaped flowers. [more]

    Ligusticopsis

    [more]

    Nemesia

    Nemesia can be: [more]

    Nothofagus

    Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 36 species of trees and shrubs native to the temperate oceanic to tropical Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia). Fossils have recently been found in Antarctica. [more]

    Opithandra

    Herbs, perennial, epipetric or terrestrial, rhizomatous, stemless. Leaves few to many, basal; leaf blade puberulent to woolly or velutinous, base cuneate to cordate. Inflorescences often umbel-like, lax, axillary, 1- to many-flowered cymes; bracts 2, opposite. Calyx actinomorphic, 5-sect from base to deeply 5-lobed; segments equal. Corolla pink to purple, zygomorphic, inside glabrous to sparsely puberulent or glandular puberulent; tube tubular to funnelform, rarely nearly salverform or cylindric, not swollen, sometimes slightly gibbous abaxially, 1.5-4 X longer than limb, 3.5-17 mm in diam.; limb distinctly or indistinctly 2-lipped; adaxial lip 2-lobed, usually distinctly shorter than, rarely nearly as long as abaxial lip; abaxial lip 3-lobed, lobes equal or subequal, apex rounded to acute. Stamens 2, adnate to adaxial side of corolla tube near middle, rarely near corolla base, included; anthers basifixed, free or coherent at apex, thecae parallel, not confluent, dehiscing longitudinally from straight or arcuate slits; connective not projecting; staminodes (1-) 3 or absent, adnate to adaxial, lower, or adaxial and abaxial sides of corolla tube. Disc ringlike or cupular. Ovary linear, 1-loculed; placentas 2, parietal, projecting inward, 2-cleft. Stigmas 2, equal, oblate, undivided, or 1, terminal, capitate, undivided or 2-lipped. Capsule straight in relation to pedicel, linear, much longer than calyx, dehiscing loculicidally to base; valves 2, straight, not twisted. Seeds unappendaged.[2] [more]

    Oreocome

    [more]

    Pachysandra

    Pachysandra () is a genus of four or five species of evergreen groundcovers or subshrubs, belonging to the Boxwood Family, Buxaceae. The species are native to eastern Asia and southeast North America, some reaching a height of 20-45 cm, with only weakly woody stems. The leaves are alternate, leathery, with an entire to coarsely toothed margin, and range from 5-10 cm long. The name is derived from Pachys (thick) + andros (male) which is a reference to the thick stamens, the male portion of the flower. [more]

    Photinia

    Photinia () is a genus of about 40?60 species of small trees and large shrubs in the Rosaceae family. As interpreted here, the natural range of these species is restricted to warm temperate Asia, from the Himalaya east to Japan and south to India and Thailand. They have, however, been widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals for their white flowers and red fruits. [more]

    Pleioblastus

    Pleioblastus is a genus of monopodial bamboo. Genetic research indicates that this genus may properly be part of the genus Arundinaria. [more]

    Punica

    Punica is a small genus of fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small trees. Its best known species is the pomegranate (Punica granatum). The only other species in the genus, the Socotra pomegranate (Punica protopunica), is endemic on the island of Socotra. It differs in having pink (not red) flowers and smaller, less sweet fruit. [more]

    Pyronia

    [more]

    Saintpaulia

    Saintpaulia, commonly known as African violet, is a genus of 6?20 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa, with a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. The genus is most closely related to Streptocarpus, with recent phylogenetic studies suggesting it has evolved directly from subgenus Streptocarpella. The common name was given due to a superficial resemblance to true violets (Viola, family Violaceae). Typically the African violet is a common household indoor plant but can also be an outdoor plant. [more]

    Selinum

    Herbs perennial. Roots stout, taproot elongate or cylindrical. Stems erect, base clothed with fibrous remnant sheaths. Basal leaves 23-pinnate or ternate-2-pinnate. Stem leaves gradually reduced upwards, becoming sessile on expanded sheaths. Umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts entire, 23-lobed at apex, or 12-pinnate, or absent; rays numerous; bracteoles usually similar to bracts. Calyx teeth evident, linear-lanceolate, equaling or exceeding the stylopodium, unequal. Petals white or pinkish, obovate, base cuneate, apex notched with small incurved lobule (except L. weberbaurianum). Stylopodium conic; styles ca. 2 × stylopodium, reflexed after flowering. Fruit oblong-ovoid, ovoid or suborbicular, compressed dorsally, glabrous; dorsal ribs thickened or narrowly winged; lateral ribs broad-winged (2 × dorsal wings) ; vittae 1(4) in dorsal furrows, 14 in lateral furrows, 28 on commissure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.[3] [more]

    Sorbaronia

    [more]

    Stranvaesia

    Stranvaesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Its morphology is so similar to Photinia that it has sometimes been included within that genus, but recent molecular data indicate that the two genera are not related. [more]

    Taverniera

    Taverniera is a genus of in the Fabaceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

    Thamnocalamus

    Thamnocalamus is a genus of clumping bamboo. These species are found from the mountains of East Asia and Africa. They are similar to the genus Fargesia, which is sometimes put in synonymy with Thamnocalamus. [more]

    At least 32 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Thamnocalamus.

    More info about the Genus Thamnocalamus may be found here.

    References

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    1. ^ a b G. K. Schulze-Menz 1964. Reihe Rosales. in A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien mit besonderer Ber?cksichtigung der Nutzpflanzen nebst einer ?bersicht ?ber die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde, Gebr?der Borntraeger, Berlin
    2. ^ a b c d e Kalkman, C. (2004). "Rosaceae". In K. Kubitzki. Flowering plants, dicotyledons : Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. 6. Berlin: Springe r. pp. 343?386. 
    3. ^ Goldblatt, P. (1976). "Cytotaxonomic studies in the tribe Quillajeae (Rosaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 63 (1): 200?206. 
    4. ^ Sterling, C. (1965). "Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Rosaceae. V. Pomoideae: Amelanchier, Aronia, Malacomeles, Malus, Peraphyllum, Pyrus, Sorbus". American Journal of Botany 52 (4): 418?426. 
    5. ^ a b c d Campbell, C.S.; Evans, R.C.; Morgan, D.R.; Dickinson, T.A.; Arsenault, M.P. (2007). "Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary his tory". Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1?2): 119?145. 
    6. ^ a b Stace, C.A. 1975. Hybridization and the flora of the British Isles. Academic Press, London.
    7. ^ Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.H.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.P.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1?2): 5?43. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9

    Footnotes

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    1. Chen Sing-chi, Nicholas J. Turland "Eremurus". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 159. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
    2. "Opithandra". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 289. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
    3. Pu Fa-ting, Mark F. Watson "Selinum". in Flora of China Vol. 14 Page 137. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

    Sources

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    Last Revised: August 24, 2012
    2012/08/24 13:50:37