Overview
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, aromatic. Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; stipules early or tardily dec iduous, at first surrounding stem, adnate on adaxial side of petiole (free in Magnolia grandiflora ), often ochreate, leaving persistent annular scar around node. Leaf blade pinnately veined, unlobed (or evenly 2-10-lobed in Liriodendron ), margins entire. Inflorescences terminal, solitary flowers (often paired in Magnolia ashei ), pedunculate; spathaceous bracts 2 (Magnolia ) or 1 (Liriodendron ) . Flowers: perianth hypogynous, segments imbricate; tepals deciduous, 6-18, in 3 or more whorls of 3, ± similar or outer tepals sepaloid, inner tepals petaloid; stamens numerous, hypogynous, free, spirally arranged; filaments very short to 1/2 length of anthers; anthers introrse, latrorse, or extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; connective with distal appendage; pistils numerous, superior, spirally arranged on elongate receptacle (torus), stalked or sessile, free or ±concrescent, 1-locular; placentation marginal, placenta 1; ovules 1-2; style 1, short and recurved (Magnolia ) or large and winglike (Liriodendron ) ; stigma 1, terminal or terminal decurrent (Magnolia ) or recurved (Liriodendron ) . Fruits conelike syncarps consisting of aggregates of coalescent, woody follicles (follicetums, as in Magnolia ) or apocarps consi sting of aggregates of indehiscent samaras (samaracetums, as in Liriodendron ) . Seeds 1-2 per pistil, arillate, endosperm oily (Magnolia ), or without aril, adherent to dry endocarp ( Liriodendron ) .
Genera ca. 6(-12), species ca. 220 (2 genera, 9 species in the flora) : mostly in Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Western Hemisphere.
Magnoliaceae are pollinated by beetles.
Herbarium material of Magnolia is usually incomplete and inadequate for critical study. Collections should include material of the stipules, spathaceous bracts, a full complement of stamens, and all of the perianth segments to facilitate identification of Magnolia species.[1]
Photos
Taxonomy
The Family Magnoliaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (5): Cleomoideae · Liriodendroideae · Magnolioideae · Polemonioideae · Rhododendroideae
- Tribe (8): Calluneae · Cleomeae · Delphinieae · Magnolieae · Malaxideae · Michelieae · Polemonieae · Rhododendreae
- Genus (29): Aethionema · Aromadendron · Badianifera · Champaca · Cosbaea · Cymbostemon · Drymys · Dugandiodendron · Elmerrillia · Gnolia · Gymnanthus · Liriodendrites · Liriodendron · Liriodendropsis · Liriophyllum · Magnolia · Manglietia · Michelia · Pachylarnax · Rehmannia · Sampacca · Sarcocarpon · Schizandra · Sphaerostema · Talauma · Wattakaka · Yulania · Zauschneria · Zygogynum
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1,429 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Magnoliaceae.
Genera
Aethionema
Perennial or annual herbs, often woody below, branched, erect or suberect, leafy, glabrous or rarely papillose. Leaves simple, usually sessile or subsessile, oblong or linear, glaucous. Racemes corymbose, usually many flowered, ebracteate. Flowers mediocre, rose, lilac or white, rarely yellowish; pedicls filiform, usually spreading in fruit. Sepals oblong, obtuse, rounded at apex; inner ±saccate at base; outer often somewhat hooded at apex. Petals obovate, cuneate or clawed, rarely oblong; claw 1-3-nerved. Stamens 6; filaments of longer stamens append-aged, dilated or linear; anthers often apiculate, ovate-orbicular. Lateral nectar glands in pairs, minute, semiglobose; middle usually absent. Ovary ± ellipsoid with narrowly flattened margin, 1-2-locular with 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules in each locule; stigma capitate, sub-sessile or on distinct short style. Siliculae ovate, elliptic or suborbicular, laterally flattened, usually winged, dehiscent, (rarely heterocarpic with dehiscent and indehiscent fruits), 1-4-seeded; apex generally deeply notched or emarginate; wing entire or variously dentate; seed ovate, brown, often minutely papillose; radicle incumbent, oblique or accumbent.[2] [more]
Aromadendron
Badianifera
Champaca
Michelia is a of flowering plants belonging to the Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). The genus includes about 50 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, native to tropical and subtropical south and southeast Asia (Indomalaya), including southern China. [more]
Cosbaea
Cymbostemon
Drymys
Dugandiodendron
Elmerrillia
Elmerrillia is a of flowering plants belonging to the Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). The genus includes five species of evergreen trees, which range across the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, and Malesia. [more]
Gnolia
Gymnanthus
Liriodendrites
Liriodendron
Trees, deciduous. Pith diaphragmed. Leaves distinctly alternate, not in false terminal whorl; stipules tardily deciduous on summer shoots, free. Leaf blade evenly (2-) 4-6(-10) -lobed, base rounded to shallowly cordate or truncate, apex broadly truncate or notched; surfaces abaxially glaucous, adaxially lustrous, smooth. Flowers protogynous, appearing with the leaves; tepals (7-) 9, petaloid, tip recurved, greenish yellow with feathered orange band or blotch near base, outermost tepals sepaloid, reflexed, green; stamens on short torus, tardily deciduous, whorled; filaments 1/3-1/2 length of extrorse anthers. Samaras deciduous, indehiscent, in elongate, spindle-shaped, dry cone. Seeds adherent to dry endocarp. x =19.[3] [more]
Liriodendropsis
Liriophyllum
Magnolia
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed. Leaves distinctly alternate or sometimes crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters; stipules early deciduous, free or adnate to and proximal on petiole. Leaf blade: base deeply cordate or auriculate or cuneate to abruptly narrowed or rounded, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially chalky white or green to glaucous, pubescent or glabrous. Flowers protogynous, appearing with or before leaves; tepals 9-15, petaloid, usually spreading, creamy white, rarely greenish, yellow, or orange-yellow, outermost tepals sepaloid, sometimes strongly reflexed, greenish; stamens on elongate torus, early deciduous; filaments white or purple, very short; anthers introrse or latrorse. Follicles persistent, coalescent, forming conelike aggregate, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds with red, pink, or orange oily aril, extruded from follicles and suspended by funiculi. x =19.[4] [more]
Manglietia
Manglietia is a genus of in family Magnoliaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Michelia
Michelia is a of flowering plants belonging to the Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). The genus includes about 50 species of evergreen trees and shrubs, native to tropical and subtropical south and southeast Asia (Indomalaya), including southern China. [more]
Pachylarnax
Pachylarnax is a genus of in family Magnoliaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Rehmannia
Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes present. Stems erect, simple or branched from base. Basal leaves rosulate, stem leaves alternate and petiolate; leaf blade varying in shape, often hairy, margin toothed or lobed. Inflorescences sometimes scapose. Flowers axillary and solitary or in terminal racemes, pedicellate. Bracteoles present or absent. Calyx 5(-7) -lobed. Corolla purple-red or yellow, tubular; tube slightly curved or straight, dorsiventrally compressed, with 2 plaits from tube base to throat; limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely 5 and 1 smaller than other 4, included; anthers coherent in pairs, locules fertile. Ovary base with a disc, 2-loculed, rarely 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule with persistent calyx, loculicidal. Seeds minute; seed coat reticulate.[5] [more]
Sampacca
Sarcocarpon
Schizandra
Sphaerostema
Talauma
Talauma is a genus of in family Magnoliaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Wattakaka
Yulania
Zauschneria
Zauschneria (Epilobium canum) is a of willowherb, native to dry slopes and in chaparral of western North America. It is a perennial plant, notable for the profusion of bright scarlet flowers in late summer and autumn. [more]
Zygogynum
Zygogynum is a genus of in family Winteraceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
At least 57 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zygogynum.
More info about the Genus Zygogynum may be found here.
Bibliography
- Berry, E. W. 1901. The origin of stipules in Liriodendron. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 493-498.
- Callaway, D.J. 1994. The World of Magnolias. Portland.
- Canright, J. E. 1960. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. III. Carpels. Amer. J. Bot. 47(2): 145-155.
- Coker, W.C. 1943. Magnolia cordata Michaux. J.Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 59: 81-88.
- Dandy, J.E. Notes on Magnolia and related genera. Unpublished manuscript. Botany Department, The Natural History Museum. London.
- Demuth, P. and F. S. Santamour Jr. 1978. Carotenoid flower pigments in Liriodendron and Magnolia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105(1): 65-66.
- Hardin, J. W. and K. A. Jones. 1989. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, X. Magnoliaceae of the United States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116(2): 164-173.
- Heiser, C.B. 1962. Some observations on pollination and compatibility in Magnolia. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 72: 259-266.
- Johnson, D.L. 1989. Species and Cultivars of the Genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Cultivated in the United States. M.S. thesis. Cornell University.
- Johnson, D.L. 1989b. Nomenclatural changes in Magnolia. Baileya 23(1): 55-56.
- McDaniel, J.C. 1966. Variations in the sweet bay magnolias.
- Millais, J.G. 1927. Magnolias. London. Rockwell, H.C. 1966. The Genus Magnolia in the United States. M.S. thesis. West Virginia University.
- Morris Arbor. Bull. 17(1): 7-12.
- Nooteboom, J. P. 1985. Notes on Magnoliaceae. Blumea 31: 65-121.
- Praglowski, J. 1974. Magnoliaceae Juss. Taxonomy by J. E. Dandy. World Pollen Spore Fl. 3: 1-48.
- Santamour, F. S. Jr. and F. G. Meyer. 1971. The two tuliptrees. Amer. Hort. Mag. 50(2): 87-89.
- Santamour, F.S.Jr. 1969b. Cytology of Magnolia hybrids. I. Morris Arbor. Bull. 20(4): 63-65.
- Sargent, C. S. 1890-1902. The Silva of North America.... 14 vols. Boston and New York. Vol. 1, pp. 1-20.
- Spongberg, S. A. 1976. Magnoliaceae hardy in temperate North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 57: 250-312.
- Thien, L.B. 1974. Floral biology of Magnolia. Amer. J. Bot. 61(10): 1037-1045.
- Thien, L.B., W.H. Heimermann, and R.T. Holman. 1975. Floral odors and quantitative taxonomy of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Taxon 24(5/6): 557-568.
- Tobe, J.D. 1993. A Molecular Systematic Study of Eastern North American Species of Magnolia L. Ph.D. thesis. Clemson University. Treseder, N.G. 1978. Magnolias. Boston.
- Vázquez-G., J.A. 1990. Taxonomy of the Genus Magnolia in Mexico and Central America. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin.
- Vázquez-G., J.A. 1994. Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: A synopsis. Brittonia 46(1): 1-23.
- Wood, C. E. Jr. 1958. The genera of the woody Ranales in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 39: 296-346.
Footnotes
- Frederick G. Meyer "Magnoliaceae". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Aethionema". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Liriodendron". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Magnolia". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Rehmannia". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 53. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
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