Hibisceae

• Overview
• Photos
• Taxonomy
• Genera
• Bibliography
• Footnotes
• Sources

Overview

Photos

Taxonomy

The Tribe Hibisceae is further organized into finer groupings including:

• Genus (21): Abelmoschus · Abies · Caryopteris · Chamaecyparis · Decaschistia · Fagus · Galanthus · Gossypium · Hibiscadelphus · Hibiscus · Hieracium · Hypericum · Ilex · Kosteletzkya · Lithocarpus · Malachra · Malvaviscus · Pavonia · Pieris · Quercus · Urena
• Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 7,965 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Tribe Hibisceae.

Genera

Abelmoschus

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, often hispid or tomentose, hairs often mostly simple. Leaves entire or palmately lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow or red. Epicalyx lobes 5-15, filiform, very rarely lanceolate, persistent. Calyx spathaceous, splitting along 1 side at anthesis, apex 5-toothed, caducous with corolla. Corolla with a dark red center, funnel-shaped; petals 5. Staminal column shorter than corolla, 5-toothed at apex, with anthers at base. Ovary 5-loculed; ovule many per locule; style single with 5 sessile capitate stigmas. Capsule elongate, loculicidal, pubescent or hispid. Seeds reniform or globose, many, glabrous, smooth.^[1] [more]

Abies

Trees evergreen, crown usually spirelike to conic, sometimes flat to round topped in age. Bark initially thin, smooth, bearing resin blisters, in age furrowed and/or flaking in plates. Branches whorled, irregular internodal branches occasionally produced by epicormic sprouting (growing from a dormant bud) ; short (spur) shoots absent; leaf scars prominent, ± circular to broadly elliptic, flush with twig surface, slightly depressed, or slightly raised evenly all around. Buds ovate or oblong, resinous or not, apex rounded or pointed. Leaves borne singly, persisting 5 or more years, spirally arranged but often proximally twisted so as to appear either 1-ranked (pointing up like toothbrush bristles) or 2-ranked, sessile, typically constricted and often twisted above the somewhat broadened base, sheath absent; leaves on vegetative branches flattened, frequently grooved adaxially, usually notched to rounded at apex; leaves on fertile branches sometimes appearing 4-sided, upright, sharp-pointed to rounded at apex; resin canals 2. Cones borne on year-old twigs. Pollen cones grouped, ovate or oblong-cylindric, leaving gall-like protuberances after falling, yellow to red, green, blue, or purple. Seed cones maturing in 1 season, erect, ovoid to oblong-cylindric or cylindric, not falling whole but scale by scale, cone axis persisting as an erect "spike" on branch; scales shed individually, fan-shaped, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included to exserted. Seeds winged, the wing-seed juncture bearing resin sac; cotyledons 4--10. x =12.^[2] [more]

Caryopteris

Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or dentate, usually with glistening glands. Flowers in lax or dense cymes often aggregate into thyrses, rarely solitary. Calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6) -dentate or -lobed. Corolla short tubed, slightly 2-lipped, margin entire or dentate; lobes 5, spreading; lower lobe larger, concave, fringed. Stamens 4, often strongly exserted, inserted on apical part of corolla tube. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit dry, usually dividing into four nutlets.^[3] [more]

Chamaecyparis

Trees (rarely shrubs). Branchlets terete or rhombic in cross section, in fan-shaped or pinnately flattened sprays. Leaves opposite in 4 ranks. Adult leaves usually appressed, lateral and facial pairs similar, closely overlapping, scalelike, free portion of long-shoot leaves to ca. 7 mm; abaxial glands present or absent, circular to linear. Pollen cones with 2--3 pairs of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--4 pollen sacs. Seed cones maturing and opening in 1--2 years, nearly globose, glaucous, 4--12 mm; scales persistent, 2--5(--6) pairs, valvate, peltate or basifixed, thick and woody, terminal pair often fused. Seeds 1--4 per cone scale, lenticular, equally 2-winged; cotyledons 2--3. x = 11.^[4] [more]

Decaschistia

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves stipulate, petiolate; leaf blade entire or lobed. Flowers axillary or aggregated on twig tips, shortly pedicellate. Epicalyx lobes 10. Calyx 5-lobed, connate at base, coherent with staminal column at base. Staminal column with many anthers, apically 5-lobed. Ovary 6-10-loculed; ovules 1 per locule; style branches 6-10, connate at base; stigma capitate. Capsule loculicidally and septicidally dehiscent, breaking up into separate valves. Seeds reniform.^[5] [more]

Fagus

Trees, winter-deciduous. Terminal buds present, long, tapered in maturity, all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules prominent on new growth, soon deciduous. Leaf blade thin, secondary veins unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin, each vein ending in acute or obscure tooth. Inflorescences unisexual, axillary in new growth leaves; staminate inflorescence lax, loosely capitate cluster of flowers; pistillate inflorescence short, stiff, cupule 1, terminal. Staminate flowers: sepals connate; stamens 6-16; pistillode typically absent. Pistillate flowers 2 per cupule; sepals distinct; carpels and styles 3. Fruits: maturation in 1st year following pollination; cupule 4-valved, valves distinct, ±completely enclosing nuts until maturity, prickly, prickles stout, unbranched, short, not obscuring surface of cupule, internal valves absent; nuts 2 per cupule, sharply 3-angled, slightly winged. x = 12.^[6] [more]

Galanthus

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from brown, tunicate, ovoid to globose bulbs; offset bulbs often present. Leaves 2(-3), basal, opposite, with sheathing blade, vernation flat and parallel, or convolute; nonsheathing blade erect to recurving at maturity, grayish green, linear-oblanceolate, glaucous; sheathing blade white, tubular, membranous, enclosing leaf bases and scape. Scape erect in flower, prostrate in fruit, green, solid. Inflorescences pendulous, 1-flowered, spathaceous; spathe bracteate, membranous; bracts 2, connate, split on 1 side. Flowers nodding, fragrant; perianath 2.5 cm or shorter; tepals 6, distinct, unequal; outer tepals spreading, white, narrowly obovate to almost orbicular, larger than inner; inner tepals overlapping, appearing tubular, green-spotted at apex only or apex and base, straight to semiorbicular, apex notched; stamens 6, inserted at bases of tepals, distinct; anthers basifixed, longer than filaments, bases lobed, apices tapered, dehiscense introrse, via terminal slits; ovary inferior, green, 3-locular, globose, septal nectaries present; style, white, unbranched, filiform; stigma indistinct to minutely capitate; pedicel wiry, short, slender. Fruits capsular, green, globose, fleshy, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 18-36, light brown, 3.5 mm, oblong to obtuse, elaiosomes fleshy. x = 12.^[7] [more]

Gossypium

Herbs annual or perennial, sometimes shrubs; all parts irregularly dotted with dark oil glands. Leaf blades usually palmately 3-9-lobed, rarely entire. Flowers solitary, subterminal. Pedicel not articulated, usually with glands below insertion of epicalyx lobes. Epicalyx lobes 3(-7), foliaceous, glandular, free or connate at base, entire or toothed to deeply laciniate. Calyx cup-shaped, nearly truncate to 5-lobed. Corolla white or yellow, sometimes with purple center, large; petals 5, apex rounded. Staminal column with many anthers along entire length, apex truncate. Ovary 3-5-loculed; ovules 2 to many per locule; style short, rod-shaped, stigma clavate, 5-grooved. Capsule globose or ellipsoid, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds globose, densely white long woolly, mixed with short hairs or without short hairs.^[8] [more]

Hibiscadelphus

Hibiscadelphus is a genus of from the subfamily Malvoideae endemic to Hawaii. It was known by the Native Hawaiians as hau kuahiwi which means "mountain Hibiscus". The Latin name means "brother of Hibiscus". It is distinctive for its peculiar flowers, which do not fully open. [more]

Hibiscus

Shrubs, subshrubs, trees, or herbs. Leaf blade palmately lobed or entire, basal veins 3 or more. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, sometimes subterminal and ± congested into a terminal raceme, 5-merous, bisexual. Epicalyx lobes 5 to many, free or connate at base, rarely very short (H. schizopetalus) or absent (H. lobatus) . Calyx campanulate, rarely shallowly cup-shaped or tubular, 5-lobed or 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla usually large and showy, variously colored, often with dark center; petals adnate at base to staminal tube. Filament tube well developed, apex truncate or 5-dentate; anthers throughout or only on upper half of tube. Ovary 5-loculed or, as a result of false partitions, 10-loculed; ovules 3 to many per locule; style branches 5; stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical to globose, valves 5, dehiscence loculicidal and sometimes partially septicidal or indehiscent (H. vitifolius Linnaeus) . Seeds reniform, hairy or glandular verrucose.^[9] [more]

Hieracium

Perennials, (5 ) 20 150+ cm; taprooted (rootstocks sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some taxa) . Stems usually 1, usually erect, usually branched distally, sometimes throughout, sometimes scapiform, glabrous or hairy (induments often complex, see discussion) . Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong, or spatulate, margins entire, denticulate, or dentate [laciniate to pinnatifid] (faces glabrous or hairy, induments often complex, see discussion) . Heads borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, thyrsiform, umbelliform, or nearly racemiform arrays. Peduncles (terminal and axillary) not inflated, often bracteate. Calyculi 0 or of 3 13( 16+), deltate to lanceolate or linear bractlets (in 1 2+ series; sometimes intergrading with phyllaries) . Involucres hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric, 3 9[ 12+] mm diam. Phyllaries 5 21( 40+) in 2+ series, lanceolate to linear, subequal to unequal (reflexed in fruit), margins usually little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6 150+; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with cyan or red, rarely orange (then often drying scarlet or purplish) . Cypselae usually red-brown or black (tan in H. horridum), usually ± columnar or prismatic, sometimes ± urceolate (slightly bulbous proximally and narrower distally) or nearly fusiform, not distinctly beaked, ribs (or grooves) usually 10, faces glabrous; pappi persistent (fragile), of 20 80+, distinct, white, sordid, stramineous, or rufous, ± equal or unequal, barbellulate bristles in 1 2+ series. x = 9.^[10] [more]

Hypericum

[Trees or] shrubs, subshrubs, or perennial herbs, glabrous or with simple hairs, with translucent ("pale") and often opaque, black or reddish ("dark") glands, laminar (immersed and sometimes abaxial) and marginal or intramarginal. Leaves opposite [or whorled], sessile or short petiolate, venation pinnate to palmate [or rarely dichotomous], margin entire or gland-fringed. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers bisexual, homostylous [or heterostylous], stellate or cupped. Sepals 5 and quincuncial or rarely 4 and decussate, unequal or equal, free or partly united. Petals (4 or) 5, contorted, golden to lemon yellow [or rarely white], abaxially sometimes tinged or veined red, persistent or deciduous after anthesis, usually asymmetric. Stamens in [4 or]5 fascicles, free and antipetalous, or some united to form apparently 4 or 3 fascicles with compound fascicle(s) antisepalous, or irregular and apparently not fasciculate, persistent or deciduous, each single fascicle with up to 70[-120] stamens; filaments slender, free from nearly base [or to 2/3 united] or apparently completely free; anthers small, dorsifixed or ± basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally, with gland on connective; sterile fascicles (fasciclodes) absent [very rare]. Ovary 3-5-loculed with axile placentae or ± completely 1-loculed with (2 or) 3[-5] parietal placentae, each placenta with [2 or] few to many ovules; styles (2 or) 3-5, free or partly to completely united, ± slender; stigmas small or ± capitate. Fruit a septicidal capsule or rarely ± indehiscent, valves often with oil-containing vittae or vesicles. Seeds small, often carinate or narrowly unilaterally winged; testa variously sculptured, not arillate [very rarely carunculate]; embryo slender, straight, with distinct slender cotyledons.^[11] [more]

Ilex

Usually dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves coriaceous, often spinose and shiny above; stipules caducous. Flowers 4-5-merous, bisexual or unisexual with vestigial remains of either sex. Corolla rotate. Style absent or obsolete, stigma lobed. Drupe fleshy, pyrenes 2-5, rarely more.^[12] [more]

Kosteletzkya

Kosteletzkya (pronuncied Kost-el-lets-kee-uh ) is a of the plant family Malvaceae that includes the seashore mallow (K. virginica). It includes about 30 species found worldwide. [more]

Lithocarpus

Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Terminal buds present, ovate, all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules prominent on new growth, persistent around buds. Leaf blade leathery, margins entire or obscurely toothed to serrate, secondary veins unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin. Inflorescences staminate and androgynous, axillary, often appearing terminal and branched by reduction of leaves, spicate, erect or ascending, rigid or flexible; androgynous inflorescences with pistillate cupules/flowers toward base and staminate flowers distally. Staminate flowers: sepals distinct; stamens 12(-18 or more) typically surrounding indurated pistillode covered with silky hairs. Pistillate flower 1 per cupule; sepals distinct; carpels and styles 3. Fruits: maturation in 2d year following pollination; cupule cup-shaped, without any indication of valves, covering proximal portion of nut, scaly, spines absent, scales strongly reflexed, hooked at tip; nut 1 per cupule, round in cross section, not winged. x = 12.^[13] [more]

Malachra

[more]

Malvaviscus

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes scandent, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves simple; stipules subulate, caducous; leaf blade elliptic or ovate, entire or 3-5-lobed, base truncate or cordate, margin crenate to dentate; foliar nectaries lacking. Flowers solitary, axillary, or sometimes in terminal cymelike clusters. Epicalyx lobes 5-10(-12), linear, lanceolate, or spatulate. Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla tubular; petals 5, red or crimson-red, bases auriculate, remaining adpressed to staminal column. Filament tube longer than corolla, apex 5-toothed; anthers below teeth, on outside of staminal column only. Ovary 5-loculed; ovules 1 per locule; style branches 10; stigmas capitate. Fruit a fleshy schizocarp, usually red (sometimes white), broader than long, ultimately drying and separating into mericarps; mericarps 5, indehiscent. Seeds 1 per carpel.^[14] [more]

Pavonia

Annual or perennial herbs, undershrubs or shrubs, pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, stipulate, with or without lobes. Flowers usually axillary, solitary, or in fascicles or occasionally in racemes or panicles by the reduction of leaves, pedicellate. Epicalyx segments 5-16, free or fused. Calyx 5-lobed or toothed. Corolla of various colour, commonly red, pink or yellow, rarely white or purple. Staminal column with many filaments. Carpels 5; styles 10; stigmas capitate. Fruit discoid to globose, schizocarp; mericarps 5, indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent, with or without wings, carinate, reticulately veined, echinate, horny or smooth. Seed 1 in each mericarps, glabrous or hairy, reniform.^[15] [more]

Pieris

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.^[16] [more]

Quercus

Trees or shrubs, evergreen or winter-deciduous, sometimes rhizomatous. Terminal buds spheric to ovoid, terete or angled, all scales imbricate. Leaves: stipules deciduous and inconspicuous (except in Quercus sadleriana ) . Leaf blade lobed or unlobed, thin or leathery, margins entire, toothed, or awned-toothed, secondary veins either unbranched, ± parallel, extending to margin, or branching and anastomosing before reaching margin. Inflorescences unisexual, in axils of leaves or bud scales, usually clustered at base of new growth; staminate inflorescences lax, spicate; pistillate inflorescences usually stiff, with terminal cupule and sometimes 1-several sessile, lateral cupules. Staminate flowers: sepals connate; stamens (2-) 6(-12), surrounding tuft of silky hairs (apparently a reduced pistillode) . Pistillate flower 1 per cupule; sepals connate; carpels and styles 3(-6) . Fruits: maturation annual or biennial; cup variously shaped (saucer- to cup- or bowl- to goblet-shaped), without indication of valves, covering base of nut (rarely whole nut), scaly, scales imbricate or reduced to tubercles, not or weakly reflexed, never hooked; nut 1 per cup, round in cross section, not winged. x = 12.^[17] [more]

Urena

Herbs perennial or shrubs, stellate. Leaves alternate; leaf blade orbicular or ovate, palmately lobed or sinuate, with 1 or more prominent foliar nectaries on abaxial surface. Flowers solitary or nearly fascicled, rarely racemelike, axillary or rarely aggregated on twig tips. Epicalyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, stellate puberulent abaxially. Staminal column truncate or slightly incised; anthers numerous, on outside of staminal column only, nearly sessile. Ovary 5-loculed; ovule 1 per locule; style branches 10, reflexed; stigma discoid, apically ciliate. Fruit a schizocarp, subglobose; mericarps 5, ovoid, usually with spines, these each with a cluster of short barbs at tips. Seed 1, obovoid-trigonous or reniform, glabrous.^[18] [more]

At least 76 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Urena.

More info about the Genus Urena may be found here.

Bibliography

• Beaman, J. H. 1990. Revision of Hieracium (Asteraceae) in Mexico and Central America. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 29: 177.
• Cooper, A. W. and E. P. Mercer. 1977. Morphological variation in Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. in North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 93: 136-149.
• Davis, A. P. 1999. The Genus Galanthus. Portland.
• Feng Kuo-mei. 1984. Malvaceae. In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 1-102.
• Fernald, M. L. 1943c. Notes on Hieracium. Rhodora 45: 317325.
• Hardin, J. W. and G. P. Johnson. 1985. Atlas of foliar surface features in woody plants, VIII. Fagus and Castanea (Fagaceae) of eastern North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 11-20.
• Hunt, D. M. 1989. A Systematic Review of Quercus Series Laurifoliae, Marilandicae and Nigrae. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia.
• Liu, T. S. 1971. A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Taipei.
• Matzenko, A.E. 1968. Conspectus generis Abies Mill. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 9--12.
• Muller, C. H. 1961. The live oaks of the series Virentes. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 65: 17-39.
• Muller, C. H. 1951. The oaks of Texas. Contr. Texas Res. Found., Bot. Stud. 1: 21-323.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993. Infrageneric classification of Quercus (Fagaceae) and typification of sectional names. Ann. Sci. Forest. 50(suppl.1): 25-34.
• Nixon, K. C. 1993b. The genus Quercus in Mexico. In: T. P. Ramamoorthy et al., eds. 1993. Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origin and Distribution. New York. Pp. 447-458.
• P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1-229.
• Palmer, E. J. 1948. Hybrid oaks of North America. J. Arnold Arbor. 29: 1-48.
• Rehder, A. J. 1907. Some new or little known forms of New England trees. Rhodora 9: 109-116.
• Sargent, C. S. 1918. Notes on North American trees. I. Quercus. Bot. Gaz. 65: 423-459.
• Stern, F. C. 1956. Snowdrops and Snowflakes -- A Study of the Genera Galanthus and Leucojum. London.
• Tillson, A. H. and C. H. Muller. 1942. Anatomical and taxonomic approaches to subgeneric segregation in American Quercus. Amer. J. Bot. 29: 523-529.
• Trelease, W. 1924. The American oaks. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20: 1-255.
• Yeo, P. F. 1975. The hybrid origin of some cultivated snowdrops (Galanthus-Amaryllidaceae). Baileya 19: 157-162.

Footnotes

1. "Abelmoschus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 283, 286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. Richard S. Hunt "Abies". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
3. Shou-liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert "Caryopteris". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 43. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
4. David C. Michener "Chamaecyparis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
5. "Decaschistia". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 286, 294. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
6. Haining Qin & Peter Fritsch "Fagus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
7. Gerald B. Straley  & Frederick H. Utech "Galanthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 280, 293. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
8. "Gossypium". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 296. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
9. "Hibiscus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 286,294. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
10. John L. Strother "Hieracium". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 219, 278, 279. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
11. Xi-wen Li & Norman K. B. Robson "Hypericum". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 1, 2. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
12. "Ilex". in Flora of Pakistan Page 1. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
13. "Lithocarpus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
14. "Malvaviscus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 265, 282,286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
15. "Pavonia". in Flora of Pakistan Page 93. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
16. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Pieris&search=Search
17. Kevin C. Nixon "Quercus". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
18. "Urena". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 265, 280,286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

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