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Heliantheae

(Tribe)

Overview

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Heliantheae is the third largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America and South America, particularly in Mexico. A few genera are pantropical.

Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but there are some that grow to the size of small trees. Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually blackened.

The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century. Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes.

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Commercially important plants in the Heliantheae include sunflower and jerusalem artichoke. Many ga rden flowers are also in this group, such as Coreopsis, Cosmos, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, and Zinnia.

In addition to the benefits brought by the group, there are also problematic weeds. Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated. It is highly allergenic, as the greatest pollen allergen of all pollens, and the prime cause of hayfever.

Subtribes and representative genera

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The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th century classification of the Asteraceae. This broad Heliantheae has been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae sensu stricto, Madieae, Millereae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae. Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes.[1][2] Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae.[3]

In his 1981 revision of the Heliantheae, Harold Ernest Robinson divided the group into 35 subtribes:

See also: List of Asteraceae genera

problematic weeds. Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated. It is highly allergenic, as the greatest pollen allergen of all pollens, and the prime cause of hayfever.

Subtribes and representative genera

[ Back to top ]

The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th century classification of the Asteraceae. This broad Heliantheae has been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae sensu stricto, Madieae, Millereae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae. Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes.[1][2] Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae.[3]

In his 1981 revision of the Heliantheae, Harold Ernest Robinson divided the group into 35 subtribes:

See also: List of Asteraceae genera

References

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  1. ^ "187n. Asteraceae tribe Eupatorieae". Flora of North America (Vol. 21 Page 456, 459). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20539. Retrieved 2007-10-06. 
  2. ^ "187. Asteraceae". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  3. ^ Helianthodae H. Rob., Tree of Life Web Project

External links

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Media related to Heliantheae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Heliantheae at Wikispecies The Wiktionary entry for heliantheae

Taxonomy

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The Tribe Heliantheae is a member of the Subfamily Asteroideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Heliantheae:

The Tribe Heliantheae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acmella

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Ambrosia

In ancient Greek mythology, ambrosia (Greek: ) is sometimes the food or drink of the Greek gods (or demigods), often depicted as conferring ageless immortality upon whomever consumes it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves, so it may have been thought of in the Homeric tradition as a kind of divine exhalation of the Earth. [more]

Amyema

Amyema is a genus of semi-parasitic shrubs (mistletoes) which occur in Malesia and Australia. [more]

Balsamorhiza

Balsamorhiza is a genus of plants in the sunflower family known commonly as balsamroots. These are perennials with fleshy taproots and caudices bearing erect stems and large, basal leaves. Atop the tall stems are showy yellow sunflower-like blooms. Balsamroots are native to western North America. There are about twelve species plus many common hybrids. [more]

Bidens

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It contains about 200 species. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the achene burrs on the seeds of this genus, most of which are barbed. The generic name refers to the same fact; it means "two-tooth", from Latin bis "two" + dens "tooth". [more]

Calea

CALEA may refer to: [more]

Chrysanthellum

[more]

Chrysogonum

Perennials, 2-30(-50) cm (aerial stems from fibrous-rooted rhizomes to 5 cm). Stems erect to erect-ascending (flowering) or prostrate (vegetative stolons), branched from bases or ± throughout (villous). Leaves basal and cauline; opposite; petiolate; blades elliptic-ovate to deltate-ovate, bases cordate or truncate to cuneate, margins crenate, faces hairy. Heads radiate, borne singly or in pairs. Involucres cupulate-hemispheric, 7-10 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent (outer), 8-10 in 2 series (outer spreading, oblong-oblanceolate, foliaceous, inner erect, greenish, smaller, ± scarious). Receptacles flat to shallowly convex, paleate (paleae oblanceolate, scarious). Ray florets 5(-6), pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow. Disc florets 25-50, functionally staminate; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae (blackish brown) strongly obflattened, obovoid to obovate (each basally adnate to 1 inner phyllary, 3 paleae, and 3 disc florets, the "cypsela-complexes" falling as units) ; pappi persistent, coroniform (asymmetric). x = 16.[1] [more]

Coreopsis

Tickseed is the common name for the plant Coreopsis, a group of 35 species of flowering plants in the Family Asteraceae and Genus Coreopsis. Twenty-eight species are native to the North America and the others come from Central and South America. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip. The name is derived from the Greek word koris, meaning Bedbug. The plants are also popularly called "Calliopsis." [more]

Cornus

[more]

Cosmos

Annuals [perennials or subshrubs], 30-250 cm. Stems usually 1, erect or ascending, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 1-3-pinnately lobed [undivided], ultimate margins usually entire, faces usually glabrous, sometimes glabrate, hispid, puberulent, or scabridulous. Heads radiate, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of [5-]8 basally connate, ± linear to subulate, herbaceous (striate) bractlets. Involucres hemispheric or subhemispheric [cylindric], 3-15 mm diam. Phylla­ries persistent, [5-]8 in ± 2 series, distinct, lanceolate, lance-oblong, lance-ovate, or oblong, ± equal, membranous or herbaceous, margins ± scarious. Receptacles flat, paleate; paleae falling, linear, flat or slightly concave-convex, scarious (entire). Ray florets [0, 5] 8 (more in "double" cultivars), neuter; corollas white to pink or purple, or yellow to red-orange. Disc florets 10-20[-80+], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow [orange] (at least distally), tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments hairy near anthers; style branches linear, flattened, thicker distally, hirtellous, appendages relatively slender). Cypselae (dark brown or black) relatively slender, quadrangular-cylindric or -fusiform [outer somewhat obcompressed], sometimes slightly arcuate, attenuate-beaked, not winged [winged], faces glabrous or hispid to scabridulous or ± setose, sometimes papillate, usually with 1 groove; pappi persistent [falling], of 2-4[-8] retrorsely [antrorsely] barbed awns, sometimes 0. x = 12.[2] [more]

Dahlia

Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. A member of the Asteraceae or Compositae, dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum and zinnia. There are at least 36 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 2 in (5.1 cm) in diameter or up to 1 ft (30 cm) ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids?that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity. [more]

Echinacea

Echinacea () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. The nine species it contains are commonly called purple coneflowers. They are endemic to eastern and central North America, where they are found growing in moist to dry prairies and open wooded areas. They have large, showy heads of composite flowers, blooming from early to late summer. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ?????? (echino), meaning "sea urchin," due to the spiny central disk. Some species are used in herbal medicines and some are cultivated in gardens for their showy flowers. A few species are of conservation concern.[citation needed] [more]

Eclipta

Annuals or perennials, 10-50(-70+) cm. Stems erect or decumbent, branched from bases and/or distally (sometimes rooting at proximal nodes). Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades (1- or 3-nerved) lanceolate to lance-linear, bases cuneate, margins serrate to subentire, faces sparsely scabrellous. Heads radiate, in loose, corymbiform arrays or borne singly. Involucres hemispheric, 3-5 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 8-12+ in 2-3 series (lanceolate to linear, subequal, thin-herbaceous, spreading in fruit). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae linear to filiform, not conduplicate, falling with fruits). Ray florets 20-40 (in 2-3+ series), pistillate, fertile; corollas white or whitish. Disc florets 15-30+, bisexual, fertile; corollas white or whitish, tubes much shorter than ampliate, cylindric throats, lobes 4-5, ± deltate. Cypselae obcompressed, weakly 3-4-angled (not winged, epidermes usually corky and rugose to tuberculate) ; pappi persistent, coroniform (sometimes with 2 teeth). x = 11.[3] [more]

Encelia

Encelia is a genus of the plant family Asteraceae. It consists of shrubs (and one geophyte) of arid environments in southwestern North America and western South America. All have n = 18 chromosomes. With the exception of the South American species, all are obligate outcrossers. In cultivation, the species readily form fertile F1 hybrids, F2s, and backcrosses, but in natural areas of sympatry, F2s and backcrosses are absent or rare. [more]

Escholtzia

Espeletia

Espeletia, commonly known as Frailej?n or Fraylej?n is a genus of perennial subshrubs, in the family Asteraceae. The genus, which is endemic mainly to Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, was first formally described by botanist Alexander Von Humboldt in 1801. The genus was named after the New Granada viceroy Jos? Manuel de Ezpeleta. [more]

Fitchia

Fitchia is a genus of in the Asteraceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Flourensia

Subshrubs or shrubs [trees], to 100(-200) [-500+] cm. Stems erect, branched from bases or ± throughout. Leaves cauline; alternate; petiolate [nearly sessile]; blades pinnately nerved, mostly elliptic to lance-oblong or ovate, bases rounded to cuneate, margins entire [toothed], faces glabrous or ± scabrellous, usually gland-dotted and vernicose. Heads discoid or radiate, borne ± singly or in ± spiciform arrays. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 4-20 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 12-40 in 2-4+ series (subequal or unequal, outer longer). Receptacles flat to conic-ovoid, paleate (paleae conduplicate, cartilaginous to scarious). Ray florets 0 or [5-]13-21, either neuter, or styliferous and sterile; corollas yellow. Disc florets 10-50[-150], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes much shorter than cylindric-funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate. Cypselae ± compressed or flattened [subterete], oblong to oblanceolate (not winged, ± sericeous) ; pappi persistent or tardily falling, of 2 subulate scales. x = 9.[4] [more]

Galinsoga

Galinsoga is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members include Galinsoga parviflora, , and Galinsoga quadriradiata. [more]

Guizotia

Guizotia is a genus of six species of native African herbs. They are often known as sunflecks. The species G. abyssinica is occasionally found outside of cultivation in North America and Asia. [more]

Helianthus

The Helianthus L. genus comprises 67 species and several subspecies in the Asteraceae family, all of which are native to North America, with some species (particularly Helianthus annuus (sunflower) and Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)) cultivated in Europe and other parts of the world as food crops and ornamental plants. [more]

Hemipogon

[more]

Heptanthus

[more]

Heuchera

The genus Heuchera () includes at least 50 species of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Saxifragaceae, all native to North America. Common names include alumroot and coral bells. They have palmately lobed leaves on long petioles, and a thick, woody rootstock. The genus was named after Johann Heinrich von Heucher (1677?1746), an 18th century German physician. [more]

Hosta

Hosta (, syn.: Funkia) is a genus of about 23?45 species of lily-like plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, native to northeast Asia. They have been placed in their own family, Hostaceae (or Funkiaceae); like many 'lilioid monocots', they were once classified in the Liliaceae. The scientific name is also used as the common name; in the past they were also sometimes called the Corfu Lily, the Day Lily, or the Plantain lily, but these terms are now obsolete. The name Hosta is in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host. The Japanese name Giboshi is also used in English to a small extent. The rejected generic name Funkia, also used as a common name, can be found in some older literature. [more]

Hypseocharis

[more]

Iva

Iva can mean: [more]

Melampodium

Melampodium a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. [more]

Microula

Herbs biennial, usually hispid or bristly, rarely pubescent. Roots terete. Stems erect to ascending, frequently branched from base, sometimes very short. Leaves alternate, margin entire, rarely with obscure teeth; lateral veins few, not conspicuous. Cymes short, crowded, rarely elongated, becoming spiciform or racemelike, sometimes 1-flowered at a branching point opposite a leaf; bracts obscure. Calyx 5-parted, slightly enlarged in fruit, subtending nutlets. Corolla blue or white, low salverform; throat 5-appendaged; appendages opposite lobes; limb 5-lobed, spreading horizontally. Stamens included. Ovary 4-parted. Style included; stigma compressed globose. Gynobase nearly flat or low fastigiate. Nutlets ovoid or long turbinate, slightly dorsiventrally, rarely slightly bilaterally compressed, or abaxial and adaxial surfaces extended and becoming long turbinate, usually tuberculate, glabrous or short pubescent, rarely with glochids, abaxially usually with an aperture, aperture margin 1- (or 2) -layered; attachment scar extending from base to apex adaxially.[5] [more]

Milleria

[more]

Monactis

Monactis is a genus of in the Asteraceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Montanoa

[more]

Pappobolus

Pappobolus is a genus of in the Asteraceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Parthenium

Parthenium is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The name is derived from either the Greek word pa?????? (parthenos), meaning "virgin," or pa??????? (parthenion), an ancient name for a plant. Members of the genus are commonly known as feverfew. Notable species include Guayule (P. argentatum) and P. hysterophorus, a serious invasive species in the Old World. [more]

Perymenium

[more]

Polymnia

Annuals or perennials, 50-150+ cm (often rhizomatous). Stems erect, branched distally. Leaves all or mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate (petioles often ± winged, often with connate-perfoliate basal appendages) ; blades (pinnately nerved) deltate or rounded-rhombic to cordate or ovate, often raggedly pinnately lobed (lobes 3-11), ultimate margins coarsely toothed to denticulate or entire, faces pilose or pilosulous to hirtellous, or glabrate, or glabrous, gland-dotted and/or stipitate-glandular. Heads usually radiate, rarely ± disciform, (2-5+) in loose to congested, corymbiform clusters. Calyculi 0. Involucres hemispheric, 4-15+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 6-21+ in 2 series (distinct, outer 2-6 ovate to linear, ± herbaceous, inner ovate to lanceolate, subequal to or shorter than outer, more scarious, similar to paleae). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, herbaceous to scarious). Ray florets 2-6, pistillate, fertile; corollas pale yellowish to whitish (tubes pilosulous, laminae ± cuneate to linear, 3-lobed, sometimes absent or nearly so). Disc florets 12-30+, functionally staminate; corollas pale yellow, tubes shorter than abruptly dilated throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-ovate. Cypselae plumply pyriform, ± obcompressed, 3-6-angled or -ribbed, finely striate between ribs (narrowed at bases, patently inserted on receptacles, often minutely beaked), sparsely hirtellous or glabrate; pappi 0. x = 15.[6] [more]

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia is one of at least four genera within the flowering plant family Asteraceae whose members are commonly known as coneflowers; the others are Echinacea, Dracopis and Ratibida. [more]

Ruschia

Ruschia is a genus of in family Aizoaceae. [more]

Ruscus

Ruscus is a genus of six species of flowering plants, native to western and southern Europe (north to southern England), Macaronesia, northwest Africa, and southwestern Asia east to the Caucasus. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). Like many lilioid monocots, it was formerly classified in the family Liliaceae. [more]

Ruttya

[more]

Saintpaulia

Saintpaulia, commonly known as African violet, is a genus of 6?20 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa, with a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. The genus is most closely related to Streptocarpus, with recent phylogenetic studies suggesting it has evolved directly from subgenus Streptocarpella. The common name was given due to a superficial resemblance to true violets (Viola, family Violaceae). Typically the African violet is a common household indoor plant but can also be an outdoor plant. [more]

Sanvitalia

The creeping zinnias (genus Sanvitalia) are flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. They are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, and there are numerous cultivars. [more]

Scalesia

Scalesia is a genus in the family endemic to the Galapagos Islands. It contains fifteen species displaying shrub or arborescent habit. It is unusual because tree species are rare in Asteraceae. [more]

Sigesbeckia

[more]

Silphium

Silphium (also known as silphion or laser) was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a rich seasoning and as a medicine. It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene, and was so critical to the Cyrenian economy that most of their coins bore a picture of the plant (illustration, right). The valuable product was the plant's resin (laser, laserpicium, or lasarpicium). [more]

Simsia

Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs [shrubs], 20-400 cm. Stems erect or ascending [decumbent], sparingly to freely branched. Leaves cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate [whorled]; petiolate (petioles often ± winged, often with expanded bases, those bases sometimes fused to form nodal "discs") [sessile]; blades 3-nerved from bases, mostly deltate to ovate [linear], sometimes 3- [5-]lobed[pinnatifid], bases cordate to cuneate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces hirsute, hispid, pilose, puberulent, scabrous, or scabro-hispid [sericeous], often gland-dotted or ± stipitate-glandular to glandular-puberulent. Heads radiate [discoid], borne singly or in 2s or 3s, or in tight to loose, corymbiform [paniculiform] arrays. Involucres campanulate [ovoid-campanulate to urceolate], 5-16[-22] mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, [11-]13-43[-66] in 2-4 series (tightly appressed to broadly reflexed, unequal to subequal). Receptacles low-convex, paleate (paleae conduplicate, ± enclosing cypselae). Ray florets [0-]5-21[-45], styliferous and sterile; corollas orange-yellow [lemon-yellow, pink, purple, or white]. Disc florets [12-]13-154[-172], bisexual, fertile; corollas concolorous with rays (usually turning purple apically), tubes (often glandular-hairy) shorter than throats, lobes 5, ± triangular (anthers black, yellow, or yellow proximally and bronze or purple distally; style branches relatively slender, apices sometimes attenuate). Cypselae flattened, thin-margined [thickened, biconvex] (shoulders minute to conspicuous, faces glabrous or hairy) ; pappi 0, or fragile or readily falling, of 2 ± subulate scales [plus 4-12 shorter scales]. x = 17.[7] [more]

Stichodactyla

[more]

Tetragonotheca

Perennials, mostly 30-120 cm. Stems erect. Leaves basal and/or cauline; mostly opposite; petiolate, subpetiolate, or sessile (bases sometimes connate-perfoliate) ; blades lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, or rounded-deltate, sometimes pinnatifid, ultimate margins usually toothed, faces glabrate, sparsely hispidulous, or puberulent, gland-dotted. Heads radiate, borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays. Involucres obpyramidal to hemispheric, 12-25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 10-25+ in ± 2 series (outer 4 broadly lanceolate, foliaceous, the inner ovate to lanceolate, smaller, more scarious, each subtending a ray floret). Receptacles conic, paleate (paleae persistent, lanceolate to lance-ovate, flat or weakly conduplicate, apices acute). Ray florets 6-21+, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow (often with reddish nerves). Disc florets 25-150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes (basally dilated) much shorter than ampliate, cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae ± ovoid or plumply 4- or 5-angled, finely 32-40-ribbed, sparsely strigose or glabrous; pappi 0, or of 1-10+ subulate to acerose scales (to 0.5 mm), or of 16-30, ± spatulate scales (0.5-2 mm). x = 17.[8] [more]

Tithonia

Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], 70-500[-700] cm. Stems erect, branched. Leaves all or mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) or mostly alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades often (1-), 3-, or 5-nerved, mostly deltate or pentagonal [lanceolate, linear], sometimes 3- or 5-lobed, bases ± truncate or auriculate [attenuate] (sometimes decurrent onto petioles), ultimate margins serrate to crenate, faces glabrate, ± hirsute, pilose, soft-pubescent, or villous, often gland-dotted. Heads borne singly (peduncles usually distally dilated, fistulose). Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 10-20+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 12-28+ in 2-5 series (linear to broadly rounded, unequal to subequal, apices acute to rounded). Receptacles hemispheric to convex, paleate (paleae persistent, embracing cypselae, striate, ± 3-toothed, middle teeth larger, stiff, acute or acuminate to aristate). Ray florets 8-30, neuter; corollas yellow or orange. Disc florets 40-120[-200+], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than throats (bases of throats bulbous and hairy), lobes 5, ± triangular (anthers black, brown, or tan, bases cordate-sagittate, appendages ovate; style branches relatively slender, appendages penicillate or lanceolate to attenuate). Cypselae (black or brown) ± compressed or flattened, often 3- or 4-angled or biconvex, ± cuneiform in silhouette (sometimes with basal elaiosomes) ; pappi 0, or ± coroniform (of ± connate scales, 1-2 scales sometimes subulate to aristate). x = 17.[9] [more]

Tridax

Perennials [annuals], 10-40[-80+] cm. Stems procumbent to ascending. Leaves basal and/or cauline; opposite; petiolate [sessile]; blades deltate, lanceolate, lance-ovate, or ovate, often pinnately or palmately lobed, ultimate margins coarsely toothed to subentire, faces glabrate, hirsute, scabrellous, or strigillose. Heads radiate [discoid], borne singly [in ± cymiform arrays]. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric, 4-8 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 11-15+ in 2-3+ series (outer usually shorter, more herbaceous, the inner often scarious). Receptacles convex to conic, paleate (paleae ± persistent, lance-linear, scarious, weakly conduplicate, often apically toothed). Ray florets [0-]3-8[-13], pistillate, fertile; corollas pale yellow [white or purplish]. Disc florets [20-]40-80+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellowish [whitish or purplish], tubes shorter than cylindric or funnelform throats, lobes 5, usually deltate [sometimes rays 0 and corollas of peripheral florets ± bilabiate]. Cypselae obconic to obpyramidal, 3-, 4-, or 5-angled, densely piloso-sericeous [glabrous, villous]; pappi [sometimes wanting in rays] persistent, of [10-]20[-40], plumose [ciliate], setiform scales. x = 10.[10] [more]

Tritonia

Tritonia refers to a genus. The name derives from the god Triton. It may refer to: [more]

Verbesina

Crownbeard is the common name of Verbesina, a genus of flowering plants, in the daisy family (Asteraceae). They bear yellow flowers similar to small sunflowers. The name Verbesina refers to the similarity of the foliage to that of the (unrelated) verbena. [more]

Viguiera

Viguiera is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. A plant in this genus may be known as a goldeneye. These are herbs to bushy shrubs and they bear yellow or orange daisylike flowers. There are about 150 species native to the New World. [more]

Wedelia

Wedelia is a genus of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Wyethia

Perennials, 15-60(-100) cm (taproots relatively massive; caudices seldom branched). Stems erect (or bending erect from bases), branched mostly from bases. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; usually petiolate (basal), sometimes sessile; blades (usually pinnately nerved, basal larger than cauline) ± deltate, elliptic-ovate, lanceolate, lance-elliptic, lance-linear, or oblong-ovate, bases truncate to cuneate, margins usually entire, rarely dentate to serrate (sometimes ciliate), faces glabrous or hairy (sometimes gland-dotted or finely stipitate-glandular). Heads radiate, borne singly or 2-5(-8+) in ± corymbiform to racemiform arrays. Involucres hemispheric to campanulate or turbinate, 12-60+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 12-36(-48) in 2-3+ series (subequal to unequal, outer sometimes foliaceous, much larger than inner). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae conduplicate, at least bases, papery). Ray florets 5-25+, pistillate, fertile; corollas mostly yellow (cream to white in W. helianthoides). Disc florets 35-150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes much shorter than cylindric throats; lobes 5, ± deltate to lanceolate (style branches stigmatic in 2 barely distinct lines, appendages ± filiform). Cypselae ± prismatic, weakly 3-4-angled (faces glabrous or hairy) ; pappi 0, or persistent, coroniform (usually lacerate) or of 1-4+ ovate to subulate, erose to lacerate (often basally connate) scales. x = 19.[11] [more]

Xanthium

Cockleburs (Xanthium) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas and eastern Asia. [more]

Zinnia

Zinnia is a genus of 20 species of annual and perennial plants of family Asteraceae, originally from scrub and dry grassland in an area stretching from the American Southwest to South America, but primarily Mexico, and notable for their solitary long-stemmed flowers that come in a variety of bright colors. [more]

At least 269 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zinnia.

More info about the Genus Zinnia may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ "187n. Asteraceae tribe Eupatorieae". Flora of North America (Vol. 21 Page 456, 459). http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20539. Retrieved 2007-10-06. 
  2. ^ "187. Asteraceae". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
  3. ^ Helianthodae H. Rob., Tree of Life Web Project

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. Guy L. Nesom "Chrysogonum". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 65, 74. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Robert W. Kiger "Cosmos". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 184, 203. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. John L. Strother "Eclipta". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 64, 67, 128. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. John L. Strother "Flourensia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 65, 66, 117, 119. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. "Microula". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 391. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. John L. Strother "Polymnia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 38, 39. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. David M. Spooner "Simsia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 135, 140. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. John L. Strother "Tetragonotheca". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 176, 178. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. John C. La Duke "Tithonia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 135, 138. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. John L. Strother "Tridax". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 176, 177, 179. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. William A. Weber "Wyethia". in Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 65, 66, 100. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:50:14