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Gratioleae

(Tribe)

Overview

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A Tribe in the Kingdom Plantae.

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Tribe Gratioleae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acaena

Acaena is a genus of about one hundred species of herbs and subshrubs in the Rosaceae, native mainly to the Southern Hemisphere, notably New Zealand, Australia and South America, but with a few species extending into the Northern Hemisphere, north to Hawaii (A. exigua) and California (A. pinnatifida). [more]

Acer

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Adiantum

Plants terrestrial or on rock. Stems short- to long-creeping or suberect, branched; scales deep tawny yellow to dark reddish brown [black], concolored or bicolored, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, margins entire, erose-ciliate, or minutely dentate. Leaves monomorphic to somewhat dimorphic, densely clustered to closely spaced [distant], 15--110 cm. Petiole chestnut brown to dark purple or blackish, with single groove adaxially, glabrous, hispid, or strigose, with 1 or 2 vascular bundles. Blade lanceolate, ovate, trowel-shaped, or fan-shaped, 1--4(--9) -pinnate proximally, membranaceous to papery, both surfaces commonly glabrous (2 species with scattered hairs), adaxially dull or shiny, not striate; rachis straight or flexuous. Ultimate segments subsessile to short-stalked (stalks terminating in cupulelike swelling at base of pinna in A. tenerum ), round, fan-shaped, rhombic, or oblong, 3--29 mm wide; base truncate to cuneate, free from costa; stalk dark, often lustrous; fertile segments with marginal lobes recurved to form false indusia. Veins of ultimate segments conspicuous, free, ± dichotomously forking near base and well above segment base [anastomosing in a few tropical species], parallel distally. False indusia light gray-green or brown to dark brown, narrow, 0.6--1 mm wide, marginal, concealing sporangia until sporangia dehisce. Sporangia submarginal, borne along or sometimes also between veins on abaxial surface of false indusium, paraphyses and glands absent. Spores yellow or yellowish brown, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, rugulate to rugose or tuberculate, equatorial ridge absent. x = 29, 30.[1] [more]

Agave

Plants short-stemmed pachycauls, perennial, often flowering after 8-20+ years, monocarpic or polycarpic, acaulescent or caulescent, scapose, forming succulent rosettes on thick, fibrous-rooted crowns, often rhizomatous. Stems aboveground, unbranched or, less often, branched. Leaves evergreen in rosette; blade light green to green and occasionally with lighter patterns of white (cross-zoned) or imprinted with white (bud-prints), linear-lanceolate to ovate, firm to rigid, often thick and fleshy, margins entire, filiferous, or armed with marginal teeth and short to long, sharp-pointed apical spine. Scapes, with inflorescences, much exceeding foliage. Inflorescences terminal atop a semiwoody stalk, spicate, racemose, or paniculate, open to dense, bracteate, occasionally bulbiferous, with flowers borne singly, in pairs, or in umbellike clusters of 2-40+ on peduncles or the lateral branches borne by the peduncle. Flowers protandrous, erect or recurved, showy; perianth mostly yellow, infrequently whitish or reddish, funnelform to tubular; tepals 6, connate basally into tube atop a typically constricted neck; limb lobes erect or curved, equal to unequal in length and/or width, linear to oblong or deltate, often papillate at recurved or hooded apex; stamens 6, exserted, attached atop or within perianth tube; filaments mostly filiform; anthers versatile, linear; ovary inferior, greenish at anthesis, 3-locular, succulent, thick-walled, ovules numerous; style subulate; stigma 3-lobed, glandular, capitate, papillate. Fruits capsular, oblong to ovoid, mostly thick walled and fleshy, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, flattened, obovoid, becoming globose distally. x = 30 (5 large, 25 small) .[2] [more]

Amphianthus

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Anisodontea

[more]

Athamanta

[more]

Bacopa

Herbs, erect or creeping. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary or in terminal racemes. Bracteoles 1 or 2 or absent. Sepals (4 or) 5, entirely free, imbricate, upper 1 largest, lower 2 next large, lateral 2 innermost and narrowest. Corolla tube tubular; limb patent, conspicuously or obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous or equal in length, very rarely 5; anther locules parallel, free. Stigma dilated, capitate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globose, 2-grooved, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, minute.[3] [more]

Baldellia

Begonia

Perennial succulent herbs, rarely subshrubs. Stem erect, frequently rhizomatous, or plants tuberous and either acaulescent or shortly stemmed, rarely lianoid or climbing with adventitious roots, or stoloniferous. Leaves simple, rarely palmately compound, alternate or all basal; blade often oblique and asymmetric, rarely symmetric, margin often irregularly serrate and divided, occasionally entire, venation usually palmate; petiole long, weak; stipules membranous, usually deciduous. Flowers unisexual, plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, (1 or) 2-4 to several, rarely numerous, in dichotomous cymes, sometimes in panicle, with pedicels and bracts. Staminate flower: tepals 2 or 4 and decussate, usually outer ones larger, inner ones smaller; stamens usually numerous; filaments free or connate at base; anthers 2-celled, apical or lateral; connectives extended at apex, sometimes apiculate. Pistillate flower: tepals 2-5(-10) ; pistil composed of 2-5(-7) carpels; ovary inferior, 1-3(-7) -loculed; placentae axile or parietal; styles 2 or 3(or more), free or fused at base, forked once or more; stigma turgid, spirally twisted-tortuous or U-shaped, capitate or reniform, setose-papillose. Capsule dry, sometimes berrylike, unequally or subequally 3-winged, rarely wingless and 3- or 4-horned; seeds very numerous, pale brown, oblong, minute, testa reticulate.[4] [more]

Berberis

Shrubs or subshrubs, evergreen or deciduous, 0.1-4.5(-8) m, glabrous or with tomentose stems. Rhizomes present or absent, short or long, not nodose. Stems branched or unbranched, monomorphic or dimorphic, i.e., all elongate or with elongate primary stems and short axillary spur shoots. Leaves alternate, sometimes leaves of elongate shoots reduced to spines and foliage leaves borne only on short shoots; foliage leaves simple or 1-odd-pinnately compound; petioles usually present. Simple leaves: blade narrowly elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 1.2-7.5 cm. Compound leaves: rachis, when present, with or without swollen articulations; leaflet blades lanceolate to orbiculate, margins entire, toothed, spinose, or spinose-lobed; venation pinnate or leaflets 3-6-veined from base. Inflorescences terminal, usually racemes, rarely umbels or flowers solitary. Flowers 3-merous, 3-8 mm; bracteoles caducous, 3, scalelike; sepals falling immediately after anthesis, 6, yellow; petals 6, yellow, nectariferous; stamens 6; anthers dehiscing by valves; pollen exine punctate; ovary symmetrically club-shaped; placentation subbasal; style central. Fruits berries, spheric to cylindric-ovoid or ellipsoid, usually juicy, sometimes dry, at maturity. Seeds 1-10, tan to red-brown or black; aril absent. x = 14.[5] [more]

Briza

Briza is a of annual grasses in the family Poaceae, native to north temperate regions. The group is generally referred to as the quaking grasses because the flower and seedheads shake on their stalks in the slightest breeze. Some of its members are grown as ornamental plants. [more]

Capraria

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Carex

Herbs, perennial, cespitose or not, rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous. Culms usually trigonous, sometimes round. Leaves basal and cauline, sometimes all basal; ligules present; blades flat, V-shaped, or M-shaped in cross section, rarely filiform, involute, or rounded, commonly less than 20 mm wide, if flat then with distinct midvein. Inflorescences terminal, consisting of spikelets borne in spikes arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles; bracts subtending spikes leaflike or scalelike; bracts subtending spikelets scalelike, very rarely leaflike. Spikelets 1-flowered; scales 0-1. Flowers unisexual; staminate flowers without scales; pistillate flowers with 1 scale with fused margins (perigynium) enclosing flower, open only at apex; perianth absent; stamens 1-3; styles deciduous or variously persistent, linear, 2-3(-4) -fid. Achenes biconvex, plano-convex, or trigonous, rarely 4-angled. x = 10.[6] [more]

Dopatrium

Herbs, annual, slender and weak, erect or sometimes decumbent, succulent. Leaves opposite, succulent, sometimes scalelike. Flowers axillary, solitary. Bracteoles absent. Corolla tube much longer than calyx, distally inflated; limbs 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip 2-lobed, conspicuously shorter than lower lip. Stamens 2, inserted on upper side of corolla tube; filaments filiform; anther locules distinct, equal, parallel; staminodes 2, small, inserted on anterior side, margin entire. Style short; stigma 2-lamellate, clavate, or capitate. Ovary 2-loculed; ovules numerous in each locule. Capsule loculicidal; valves entire or apex shallowly 2-lobed. Seeds small, numerous.[7] [more]

Echinopsis

Echinopsis is a large of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cacti, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. One small species, E. chamaecereus, is known as the peanut cactus. The 128 species range from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines. [more]

Epilobium

Herbs perennial [or annual, sometimes suffrutescent], with leafy rosettes, stolons, soboles (shoots), or turions (subterranean globose buds with fleshy scales) . Stems glabrous to pubescent, often with lines of hairs decurrent from margins of petioles. Leaves opposite, becoming alternate and bractlike in inflorescence; petiolate or sessile; stipules absent; bracteoles absent. Inflorescences simple or branched racemes, panicles, spikes, or corymbs. Flowers 4-merous, often protandrous, with floral tube, producing nectar at base of style. Petals pink to rose-purple or white [or rarely cream-colored or orange-red], obcordate or obtrullate, notched at apex. Stamens 8, in two unequal whorls; pollen yellow, shed in tetrads. Style erect; stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit an elongate, slender capsule, 4-loculed, loculidical. Seeds many [or rarely only 4], generally with terminal coma of silky hairs [or coma rarely lacking]. 2n = [18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32,] 36, [38, 60].[8] [more]

Genista

Genista is a genus of which includes many species of broom. Many of these brooms are notorious as noxious weeds. [more]

Gentiana

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Rootstock with a fibrous primary root and secondary rootlets, with a stout ± fleshy or woody taproot, or with several linear-cylindric roots from a collar. Stems ascending to erect, striate or angled, in perennial species sometimes both flowering and vegetative. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, sometimes forming a basal rosette. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1 to few-flowered cymes, sometimes in terminal clusters and/or axillary whorls. Flowers (4 or) 5- (or 6-8) -merous. Calyx lobes filiform to ovate, with a prominent midvein. Corolla tubular, salverform, funnelform, obconic, or urceolate, very rarely rotate; tube usually much longer than lobes; plicae between lobes. Stamens inserted on corolla tube; filaments basally ± winged; anthers free or rarely contiguous. Glands 5-10 at ovary base. Pistil sessile or on a long gynophore. Style usually short, linear, less often long and filiform; stigma lobes free or connate, recurved, usually oblong to linear, rarely expanded and rounded. Capsule cylindric to ellipsoid and wingless or narrowly obovoid to obovoid (narrowly ellipsoid in G. winchuanensis) and winged, many seeded. Seeds wingless or winged; seed coat minutely reticulate, rugose, simply areolate, or with complex spongy areolation.[9] [more]

Glyceria

Glyceria is a genus of known commonly as mannagrass or (in the UK) sweet-grass. These are perennial rhizomatous grasses found in wet areas in temperate regions worldwide. The base of the grass grows along the ground and may root at several places. Then it grows erect and bears leaf blades which may be flat or folded. The panicle inflorescences nod when heavy. Some mannagrasses are considered weeds while others are endangered in their native habitats. [more]

Gratiola

Gratiola is a genus of plants in the family. Most species are known generally as hedgehyssops. [more]

Hemerocallis

Herbs, perennial, scapose, clump-forming, rhizomatous, from fibrous or fleshy contractile roots often enlarged at ends; rhizomes spreading. Leaves many, basal, sessile, 2-ranked, bases sheathing; blade long-linear, keeled, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 2, in terminal helicoid cyme, or solitary. Flowers mostly diurnal and ephemeral, slightly irregular, showy; tepals 6, connate basally into short, funnelform to campanulate tube, distinct parts imbricate, spreading, inner broader than outer; stamens 6, adnate to throat of perianth tube; filaments curved upward, distinct, unequal; anthers dorsifixed, 2-locular, linear-oblong, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, conic, septal nectaries present; style curved upwards; stigma indistinctly 3-lobed or capitate. Fruits capsular, leathery, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds rarely produced (sterile) or many. x = 11.[10] [more]

Hieracium

Perennials, (5 ) 20 150+ cm; taprooted (rootstocks sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some taxa) . Stems usually 1, usually erect, usually branched distally, sometimes throughout, sometimes scapiform, glabrous or hairy (induments often complex, see discussion) . Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong, or spatulate, margins entire, denticulate, or dentate [laciniate to pinnatifid] (faces glabrous or hairy, induments often complex, see discussion) . Heads borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, thyrsiform, umbelliform, or nearly racemiform arrays. Peduncles (terminal and axillary) not inflated, often bracteate. Calyculi 0 or of 3 13( 16+), deltate to lanceolate or linear bractlets (in 1 2+ series; sometimes intergrading with phyllaries) . Involucres hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric, 3 9[ 12+] mm diam. Phyllaries 5 21( 40+) in 2+ series, lanceolate to linear, subequal to unequal (reflexed in fruit), margins usually little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6 150+; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with cyan or red, rarely orange (then often drying scarlet or purplish) . Cypselae usually red-brown or black (tan in H. horridum), usually ± columnar or prismatic, sometimes ± urceolate (slightly bulbous proximally and narrower distally) or nearly fusiform, not distinctly beaked, ribs (or grooves) usually 10, faces glabrous; pappi persistent (fragile), of 20 80+, distinct, white, sordid, stramineous, or rufous, ± equal or unequal, barbellulate bristles in 1 2+ series. x = 9.[11] [more]

Limonium

Perennial or rarely annual herbs or shrubs. Caudex usually short, more or less woody, branched, rarely long and strongly branched with ligneous branches. Leaves usually in basal rosettes, sometimes in fascicular rosettes on the scape branches, very rarely present in numerous dense facsicles along the ligneous branches. Spikelets aggregated into spikes of varying length and compactness, terminating the branches of the inflorescence. Calyx funnel-shaped, obconical to nearly tubular, more or less scarious, straight or oblique in the lower region; limb 5-lobed; nerves thick usually terminating below the margin, very rarely excurrent. Corolla 1.5 times as long as the calyx; petals distinct, slightly connate at the base. Stamens free, adnate at the very bases to the petals. Ovary subovoid, style distinct from ovary; styles five, quite free at the base; stigmas cylindrically filiform.[12] [more]

Limosella

Herbs, dwarf, aquatic or terrestrial, cespitose, creeping, or floating. Stolons rooting from nodes or acaulescent. Leaves fascicled, opposite, or alternate on elongated branches, long petiolate. Flowers axillary, minute, short pedicellate. Bracteoles absent. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla radiate-campanulate, regular; tube short; lobes 5, subequal. Stamens 4, equal, inserted near middle of corolla tube; filaments filiform; anthers confluent, 1-loculed. Ovary basally 2-loculed. Style short; stigma capitate. Capsule indistinctly dehiscent. Seeds numerous, ovoid, small; seed coat rugose.[13] [more]

Lithospermum

Herbs annual or perennial, short strigose. Leaves alternate. Cymes terminal or flowers solitary, bracteate. Calyx 5-parted nearly to base, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet, actinomorphic, funnelform or salverform; throat with appendages or bands of hairs, or longitudinally crispate; limb usually campanulate, 5-parted; lobes spreading. Stamens included; filament very short; anthers oblong-linear, apex obtuse, mucronulate. Style filiform, not exserted; stigma entire or indistinctly 2-cleft, capitate. Gynobase flat. Nutlets white or gray, ovoid, smooth, shiny or tuberculate; attachment scar at base adaxially.[14] [more]

Mecardonia

[more]

Mertensia

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Minuartia

Herbs, annual, winter annual, or perennial, sometimes mat-forming. Taproots filiform to stout and woody, perennial plants often with branched caudex or with rhizomes or trailing stems. Stems ascending to erect or prostrate, simple or branched, ± terete. Leaves mostly connate proximally, petiolate (M. cumberlandensis, M. godfreyi proximal leaves) or sessile; blade 1-3-veined, sometimes obscurely so, filiform-linear to subulate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely to ovate, herbaceous to succulent, apex blunt, rounded, or obtuse to acute, acuminate, or spinescent. Inflorescences terminal, open or seldom congested cymes or flowers solitary and terminal or axillary, rarely absent; bracts paired, herbaceous or scarious, rarely absent (M. pusilla, M. rossii). Pedicels erect to arcuate-spreading, rarely reflexed (M. drummondii) in fruit. Flowers: perianth and androecium perigynous; hypanthium usually disc-, occasionally dish- or cup-shaped; sepals 5, distinct, green (herbaceous portion purple in M. arctica, M. macrocarpa, and M. rossii), linear, lanceolate, or oblong to elliptic, ovate, or broadly ovate, 1.5-6(-9) mm, margins herbaceous or silvery and scarious, apex rounded or obtuse to acute, acuminate, or spinescent, sometimes hooded; petals 5 or rarely absent, white, rarely pink (M. biflora) or lilac (M. marcescens), clawed (M. glabra, M. groenlandica) or not, blade apex entire, emarginate, or notched; nectaries 5, at base of filaments opposite sepals, sometimes prominent and 2-lobed; stamens 10 (8-10 in M. godfreyi), arising from hypanthium; filaments distinct; staminodes absent; styles 3 (to 4 in M. cumberlandensis, M. godfreyi), filiform, 0.6-2.5 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 3 (to 4 in M. cumberlandensis, M. godfreyi), linear along adaxial surface of styles, minutely papillate (30×). Capsules ovoid to broadly ellipsoid or rarely globose, opening by 3 incurved or erect to recurved valves; carpophore absent or sometimes present. Seeds 1-25, reddish brown to brown or black (or rarely yellowish or purplish brown), spherical or suborbiculate to reniform or obliquely triangular, plump or variously compressed, smooth, reticulate, tuberculate, muriculate-papillate, or rarely with long marginal papillae (M. macrocarpa), marginal wing absent (present in M. douglasii), appendage absent. x = 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23.[15] [more]

Minuria

[more]

Miscanthus

Perennial, tufted or rhizomatous. Culms slender to robust, erect, solid. Leaves basal or cauline; leaf blades large, linear, flat, broad or narrow; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a panicle, often large and plumose, of racemes arranged on a long or short axis; raceme axis tough, internodes slender, spikelets paired, both spikelets pedicelled, pedicels slender, flattened, slightly clavate. Spikelets similar, lanceolate, dorsally compressed; callus bearded with hairs shorter than, as long as, or longer than the spikelet; glumes papery or membranous; lower floret usually represented by a hyaline sterile lemma; upper floret bisexual, lemma hyaline, awned or awnless. Stamens 2-3. Caryopsis oblong or ellipsoid.[16] [more]

Mitchella

Mitchella is a small genus from the family , native to the Americas and eastern Asia. [more]

Mitella

Herbs perennial. Rhizomes creeping, short. Leaves mainly basal, long petiolate, cauline ones few or absent; stipules scarious; leaf blade simple, cordate or ovate- to reniform-cordate, margin lobed or incised. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, bracteate. Flowers small. Sepals 5. Petals sometimes absent, margin usually pinnately cleft, rarely entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Carpels 2, connate; ovary appearing subsuperior to inferior, 1-loculed; placentas 2, parietal; styles 2. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing between styles. Seeds numerous, ovoid or narrowly ellipsoid, usually tuberculate.[17] [more]

Mitraria

Mitraria is a genus of in the family Gesneriaceae, comprising the sole species M. coccinea (Chilean Mitre Flower). [more]

Mitriostigma

[more]

Mitrophyllum

[more]

Molinia

Molinia is a of two species of grasses. The genus is named after Juan Ignacio Molina, a 19th century naturalist and scientist from Chile. [more]

Moltkia

[more]

Morina

Morina is a of the angiosperm family Morinaceae. It is the provincial flower of the North-West Frontier Province [more]

Nemesia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Neoporteria

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Nolina

Plants perennial, cespitose or arborescent, acaulescent to short-caulescent, scapose, from branched, woody caudices or bulblike structures; usually forming colonies with few to many rosettes. Stems to 25 dm. Leaves forming rosettes; blade linear, not rigid or fibrous, bases broadly expanding, margins serrulate or entire. Scape 0.5-25 dm. Inflorescences paniculate, rarely racemose, 3-18 dm; bracts caducous or occasionally persistent. Flowers 2-5 per node, functionally unisexual, pistillate flowers with staminodes, staminate flowers with reduced pistils; tepals white to cream or tan, 1.3-5 mm, apex glandular; ovary superior; pedicel jointed near middle. Fruits capsular, 3-locular, 3-lobed, thin-walled or sometimes firm-walled, often inflated, mostly notched at base and apex or rounded distally; dehiscent, often splitting irregularly. Seeds closely or loosely invested in capsules, globose, turgid. x = 19.[18] [more]

Oenothera

Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, caulescent or acaulescent, with a taproot or fibrous roots, occasionally with rhizomes or shoots arising from spreading lateral roots. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette that often is absent in mature plants, entire, toothed to pinnatifid; stipules absent. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, in axils of upper leaves, when numerous forming terminal leafy spikes, racemes, or corymbs, opening near sunset or near sunrise. Floral tube usually well developed, cylindric and somewhat flared near mouth, deciduous soon after anthesis. Sepals 4, green or yellowish, often tinged or striped red or purple. Petals 4, yellow, purple, pink, or white. Stamens 8; anthers versatile; pollen shed singly. Ovary with 4 locules; ovules numerous; stigma divided into 4 linear lobes, receptive all around, and subtended by a ± conspicuous ringlike indusium in early development, but often obscured when receptive. Fruit a dehiscent capsule [rarely indehiscent outside of China], straight or curved, terete to 4-angled or winged, sessile, occasionally pedicellate, or basal portion sterile and stipelike. Seeds numerous, in 1 or 2(or 3) rows or in clusters in each of 4 locules. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56.[19] [more]

Oreobolus

[more]

Oxalis

Mostly bulbous herbs with acidic juice. Aerial stem reduced, creeping or rhizomatous. Leaves digitately compound, showing sleep movements. Flowers regular. Stamens monadelphous at the base; filaments 5 long and 5 short, alternating with one another. Ovary 5 locular with one or more ovules in each locule. Often heterostylous (in some European species) . Fruit capsular. Seeds with an elastic testa.[20] [more]

Paronychia

Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, sometimes with woody base. Taproots filiform to stout. Stems prostrate, ascending, or erect, simple or branched, terete to angular. Leaves opposite, connate by stipules from adjacent leaves, petiolate (basal) or sessile (cauline) ; stipules 2 per node, often conspicuous, white or silvery, subulate to lanceolate or ovate, margins entire or fimbriate, apex subobtuse or acute to acuminate, unlobed or sometimes deeply 2-fid; blade 1-veined, linear to elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, sometimes thickened and succulent, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate or spinose. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axillary, frequently much-branched or congested cymes, or flowers solitary; bracts paired, dimorphic (resembling leaf blades and stipules), often concealing flowers. Pedicels erect in fruit. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, some plants also having staminate unisexual flowers, others also having pistillate unisexual flowers, not woolly, with hairs ± straight or tips coiled, 0.1-0.3 mm; hypanthium cup-shaped, tapering or expanded distally; sepals (3-) 5, connate proximally, white or yellowish to green or reddish or purplish brown, subulate to linear-oblong, lanceolate, spatulate, or ovate, 0.4-4.5 mm, margins translucent to white, scarious or papery, apex defined by a usually prominent adaxial hood, ascending to slightly descending, rounded to triangular, sometimes absent (P. americana, P. erecta), apex obtuse or rounded, usually with terminal or subterminal cusp, crest, mucro, or prominent awn (often thickened-conic proximally, spinose distally) ; nectar secreted from within hypanthium; stamens usually 5; filaments distinct or connate proximally with alternating staminodes; staminodes absent or 5, arising from hypanthium rim, subulate to narrowly triangular, filiform, or oblong; styles 1-2(-3), distinct or often connate proximally 10- 10 of length, subcapitate to filiform, 0.07-3.2 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 2(-3), subterminal or linear along adaxial surface of style branches, obscurely papillate (50Ã). Utricles ovoid to globose or rarely 4-angular, membranous, indehiscent. Seeds brown, subglobose to ellipsoid, laterally compressed, smooth, marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo peripheral, curved. x = 7, 8, 9.[21] [more]

Passiflora

Herbaceous or woody perennial vines, rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or rarely compound, alternate (subopposite in one species), entire or dissected, petiolate, usually with extra-floral nectaries on petiole and/or blade; stipules linear to leaflike, often glandular. Inflorescence axillary, cymose; peduncle often highly reduced or absent, central axis developed into a tendril, secondary axes often highly reduced to 1 or 2 flowers; bracts minute to foliaceous, sometimes glandular. Flowers bisexual (rarely plants dioecious) . Hypanthium broad to campanulate. Sepals 5, often petaloid, sometimes with a subapical projection. Petals 5 (rarely absent) . Corona present at base of perianth in one to several series of showy filaments; innermost series (operculum) membranous, partially to entirely fused, margin entire or fimbriate, often incurved over nectar chamber; extra-staminal nectariferous disk (limen) present around base of androgynophore, fused to base of hypanthium. Stamens (4 or) 5(-8) ; filaments free (rarely connate into a tube around ovary) ; anthers linear or oblong, dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary on androgynophore, stipitate or sessile, 3(-5) -carpellate; styles 3(-5), free; stigmas capitate. Fruit a berry (rarely a dehiscent capsule) . Seeds arillate, compressed, testa pitted; endosperm oily, abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons elliptic or oblong-elliptic; germination epigeal (rarely hypogeal) .[22] [more]

Petasites

Perennials, 10-25(-120) cm (plants rhizomatous, polygamodioecious). Stems erect, not branched (± scapiform; stems of "staminate" plants wither soon after flowering, stems of "pistillate" plants elongate after flowering). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; basal (usually appearing after heads) palmately or palmati-pinnately nerved, mostly deltate to ovate or orbiculate, margins entire, denticulate, or toothed to lobed, abaxial faces ± tomentose, adaxial tomentulose and glabrescent or glabrous; cauline (sessile) bractlike (essentially expanded petioles, proximal sometimes bearing blades). Heads radiate, discoid, or disciform, usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or racemiform arrays, rarely borne singly {"staminate" heads usually radiate, peripheral 1-20(-70) florets styliferous and sterile or neuter, inner 11-78 florets usually functionally staminate, rarely bisexual and fertile; "pistillate" heads usually radiate, peripheral (1-) 30-130+ florets pistillate and fertile, inner 1-12 florets functionally staminate}. Calyculi 0 or of 1-5+ bractlets. Involucres obconic to turbinate, 6-15+ mm diam. (expanding in fruit). Phyllaries persistent, mostly 12-15 in (1-) 2 series (often purplish-tinged), erect, distinct or connate, narrowly oblong to linear (1-5-nerved), subequal, margins ± scarious (apices not black). Receptacles flat to convex, foveolate, epaleate. Ray florets 0 or (1-) 30-130+, usually fertile (in pistillate heads), sometimes styliferous and sterile or neuter (in staminate heads) ; corollas whitish or pinkish to purplish [yellow] (tubes filiform, laminae linear to oblong; styles filiform to clavate, entire or shallowly 2-cleft, papillate). Peripheral (pistillate) florets usually 30-125 and fertile, sometimes 0; corollas whitish or pinkish to purplish [yellow] (filiform, usually 5-lobed, sometimes minutely bilabiate; styles filiform to clavate, entire or shallowly 2-cleft, papillate). Inner (functionally staminate or bisexual) florets 1-78, usually functionally staminate, rarely bisexual and fertile; corollas whitish [yellow] (tubes longer than ± campanulate throats, lobes 5, erect or recurved, lanceolate to linear; styles linear to clavate, branches usually 0 or short-conic and papillate, sometimes lanceolate to oblong and ± hispidulous). Cypselae narrowly cylindric to weakly fusiform or ± prismatic, 5- or 10-ribbed, faces glabrous [villous]; pappi (pistillate florets) readily falling or fragile, of 60-100+, white, smooth or barbellulate bristles (elongating in fruit). x = 30.[23] [more]

Picea

Trees evergreen; crown broadly conic to spirelike; leading shoot erect. Bark gray to reddish brown, thin and scaly (with thin plates), sometimes with resin blisters (especially in Picea engelmannii and P. glauca ), becoming relatively thick and furrowed with age. Branches whorled; short (spur) shoots absent; twigs roughened by persistent leaf bases. Buds ovoid, apex rounded to acute, sometimes resinous. Leaves borne singly, spreading in all directions from twigs, persisting to 10 years, mostly 4-angled and square in cross section (to triangular or ± flattened), mostly rigid, sessile on peglike base; base decurrent, persistent after leaves shed, sheath absent; apex usually sharp-pointed, sometimes bluntly acute; resin canals 1--2. Cones borne on year-old twigs. Pollen cones grouped, axillary, oblong, yellow to purple. Seed cones maturing in 1 season, usually shed at maturity (persisting for several years in Picea mariana ), borne mostly on upper branches, pendent, ovoid to cylindric, sessile or terminal on leafy branchlets and thus appearing ± stalked; scales persistent, elliptic to fan-shaped, thin, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included. Seeds winged; cotyledons 5--l5. x =12.[24] [more]

Sasaella

Sasaella is a of bamboo. [more]

Sesleria

[more]

Stokesia

Perennials, 2-5+ dm; perhaps rhizomatous. Leaves basal and cauline; proximal petiolate, blades ovate to lanceolate or lance-linear; distal ± sessile, blades ovate or elliptic to lanceolate or lance-linear, bases ± clasping, margins entire or spinose-toothed; all with apices rounded to acute, faces glabrous or glabrate, resin-gland-dotted. Heads pseudo-radiant (see here at corollas), ± pedunculate, not individually bracteate; borne singly or in loose, ± corymbiform arrays 6-12 cm diam. Involucres ± hemispheric, 25-45 mm diam. Phyllaries 25-35+ in 5-7 series, the outer with appressed, ± chartaceous bases, distally ± foliaceous, margins pectinately spiny-toothed (at least at base), inner ± chartaceous throughout, mostly entire, faces ± tomentulose and resin-gland-dotted. Florets 12-35(-70+) ; corollas usually blue to purplish blue (rarely white or lilac), tubes longer than funnelform throats, lobes 5, lance-linear (in peripheral florets adaxial sinus much deeper than others and corollas zygomorphic, ± raylike or ligulelike, in central florets corollas ± actinomorphic). Cypselae ± columnar, 3-4-angled, glabrous; pappi caducous, of 4-5 scales. x = 7.[25] [more]

Wisteria

Climbing shrubs. Leaf imparipinnate, leaflets entire, often stipellate; stipules small. Inflorescence a terminal, pendulous raceme, flowers blue or white. Bract caducous, bracteoles absent. Upper 2 calyx teeth short and subconnate, lower generally longer. Vexillum with 2 appendages above the claw. Wing free from the keel. Keel incurved, obtuse. Stamens mono or diadelphous, vexillary stamen free or connate with others in the middle, anthers uniform. Ovary stipitate, style glabrous, stigma terminal, small, ovules numerous. Fruit torulose, continuous inside. Seed reniform, estrophiolate.[26] [more]

At least 150 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Wisteria.

More info about the Genus Wisteria may be found here.

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. Cathy A. Paris "Adiantum". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. James L. Reveal & Wendy C. Hodgson "Agave". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 413, 414, 442, 443, 444, 450, 463. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill "Bacopa". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 21. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. "Begonia". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 153. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. Alan T. Whittemore "Berberis". in Flora of North America Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. Peter W. Ball & A. A. Reznicek "Carex". in Flora of North America Vol. 23 Page 3, 5, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 333, 40. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. "Dopatrium". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch & Peter H. Raven "Epilobium". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 400, 409, 411. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. "Gentiana". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 15. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Hemerocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 51, 53, 57, 219. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. John L. Strother "Hieracium". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 219, 278, 279. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  12. "Limonium". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  13. "Limosella". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 49. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  14. "Lithospermum". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 342. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  15. Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman, Frederick H. Utech "Minuartia". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  16. Shou-liang Chen & Stephen A. Renvoize "Miscanthus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 572, 581. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  17. Pan Jintang, Douglas E. Soltis "Mitella". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 345. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  18. William J. Hess "Nolina". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 413, 414, 415, 416, 419. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  19. Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch & Warren L. Wagner "Oenothera". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 400, 423, 427. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  20. "Oxalis". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  21. Ronald L. Hartman, John W. Thieret, Richard K. Rabeler "Paronychia". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  22. Yinzheng Wang, Shawn E. Krosnick & Peter Mller Jrgensen "Passiflora". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 141. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  23. Randall J. Bayer, A. Linn Bogle, Donna M. Cherniawsky "Petasites". in Flora of North America Vol. 20 Page 541, 542, 543, 635, 636, 637. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  24. Ronald J. Taylor "Picea". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  25. John L. Strother "Stokesia". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 11, 67, 200, 201. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  26. "Wisteria". in Flora of Pakistan Page 54. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 15:15:52