Gomphrenoideae (Subfamily)

Overview

The Gomphrenoideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.

The stamens have anthers with only one lobe (locule) and two pollen sacs. Many species show C₄-photosynthesis pathway.^1]

The center of diversity lies in Central America, Mexico and the dry forests and thorn bush savannas of South America^[2].

Systematics

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The subfamily Gomphrenoideae was first published in 1893 by Hans Schinz (in: Engler und Prantl (Eds.): Die Nat?rlichen Pflanzenfamilien vol. 3, 1a, p. 97).

According to phylogenetic research by Sanchez Del-Pino (2009), the subfamily Gomphrenoideae Schinz is regarded als a monophyletic taxon with 19 genera and about 300-400 species. The traditional classification with two tribes (Gomphreneae and Pseudoplantageae) does not reflect the phylogenetic relationship in this group. Three clades can be recognized. ^[1]:

Cladus Iresinoids (sister clade of the two other clades):
- Irenella Suess., with only one species:
  - Irenella chrysotricha Suess., in rain forests of Ecuador. Phylogenetically, it falls within Iresine.
- Iresine P.Browne (Syn.: Dicraurus Hook. f.): with about 45 species in North and South America.
- Woehleria Griseb.: with only one species
  - Woehleria serpyllifolia Griseb., on mountain coasts of Cuba. Phylogenetically, it falls within Iresine.
Cladus Alternantheroids:
- Alternanthera Forssk. (Syn.: Brandesia Mart.): with about 100-200 species, mainly in America, also in Africa and Australia.
- Pedersenia Holub: with about 10 species in tropical America.
- Tidestromia Standl.: with about 6 species in deserts of southern North America.
Cladus Gomphrenoids:
- Blutaparon Raf. (Syn.: Philoxerus R.Br.): with about 5 species at shores of North and Middle America, West Africa, Micronesia and Japan, for example:
  - Blutaparon rigidum
- Froelichia Moench: with about 12 species in America.
- Froelichiella R.E.Fr., with only one species:
  - Froelichiella grisea R.E.Fr. in Brasilia.
- Gomphrena L. (Syn.: Bragantia Vand.): with about 90 species in America and about 30 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic, so taxonomical changes have to be expected^[1].
  - Gomphrena pulchella
  - Gomphrena decumbens
  - Gomphrena globosa
- Gossypianthus Hook.: with 2 species in southern North America.
- Guilleminea Kunth (Syn.: Brayulinea Small)
- Hebanthe Mart.: with about 7 species in tropical America.
- Hebanthodes Pedersen, with only one species:
  - Hebanthodes peruviana Pedersen in Peru.
- Lithophila Sw., with 2 species on Galapagos and the Caribic
- Pfaffia Mart.: with about 35 species in tropical America.
- Pseudogomphrena R.E.Fr.,with only one species:
  - Pseudogomphrena scandens R.E.Fr. in Brasilia.
- Pseudoplantago Suess.: with one species in Venezuela and one in Argentinia.
- Quaternella Pedersen: with 3 species in Brasilia.
- Xerosiphon Turcz.: with about 2 species in Brasilia.

Photographs

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Iresinoids:
Iresine lindenii
Alternantheroids: Alternanthera caracasana
Alternantheroids:
Tidestromia lanuginosa
Gomphrenoids: Gomphrena serrata
Gomphrenoids:
Pfaffia glomerata

he Gomphrenoideae is a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.

The stamens have anthers with only one lobe (locule) and two pollen sacs. Many species show C₄-photosynthesis pathway.^1]

The center of diversity lies in Central America, Mexico and the dry forests and thorn bush savannas of South America^[2].

Systematics

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The subfamily Gomphrenoideae was first published in 1893 by Hans Schinz (in: Engler und Prantl (Eds.): Die Na t?rlichen Pflanzenfamilien vol. 3, 1a, p. 97).

Cladus Iresinoids (sister clade of the two other clades):
- Irenella Suess., with only one species:
  - Irenella chrysotricha Suess., in rain forests of Ecuador. Phylogenetically, it falls within Iresine.
- Iresine P.Browne (Syn.: Dicraurus Hook. f.): with about 45 species in North and South America.
- Woehleria Griseb.: with only one species
  - Woehleria serpyllifolia Griseb., on mountain coasts of Cuba. Phylogenetically, it falls within Iresine.
Cladus Alternantheroids:
- Alternanthera Forssk. (Syn.: Brandesia Mart.): with about 100-200 species, mainly in America, also in Africa and Australia.
- Pedersenia Holub: with about 10 species in tropical America.
- Tidestromia Standl.: with about 6 species in deserts of southern North America.
Cladus Gomphrenoids:
- Blutaparon Raf. (Syn.: Philoxerus R.Br.): with about 5 species at shores of North and Middle America, West Africa, Micronesia and Japan, for example:
  - Blutaparon rigidum
- Froelichia Moench: with about 12 species in America.
- Froelichiella R.E.Fr., with only one species:
  - Froelichiella grisea R.E.Fr. in Brasilia.
- Gomphrena L. (Syn.: Bragantia Vand.): with about 90 species in America and about 30 species in Australia. This genus is polyphyletic, so taxonomical changes have to be expected^[1].
  - Gomphrena pulchella
  - Gomphrena decumbens
  - Gomphrena globosa
- Gossypianthus Hook.: with 2 species in southern North America.
- Guilleminea Kunth (Syn.: Brayulinea Small)
- Hebanthe Mart.: with about 7 species in tropical America.
- Hebanthodes Pedersen, with only one species:
  - Hebanthodes peruviana Pedersen in Peru.
- Lithophila Sw., with 2 species on Galapagos and the Caribic
- Pfaffia Mart.: with about 35 species in tropical America.
- Pseudogomphrena R.E.Fr.,with only one species:
  - Pseudogomphrena scandens R.E.Fr. in Brasilia.
- Pseudoplantago Suess.: with one species in Venezuela and one in Argentinia.
- Quaternella Pedersen: with 3 species in Brasilia.
- Xerosiphon Turcz.: with about 2 species in Brasilia.

Photographs

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Iresinoids:
Iresine lindenii
Alternantheroids: Alternanthera caracasana
Alternantheroids:
Tidestromia lanuginosa
Gomphrenoids: Gomphrena serrata
Gomphrenoids:
Pfaffia glomerata

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c Ivonne S?nchez del-Pino, Thomas Borsch & Timothy J. Motle (2009): trnL-F and rpl16 Sequence Data and Dense Taxon Sampling Reveal Monophyly of Unilocular Anthered Gomphrenoideae (Amaranthaceae) and an Improved Picture of Their Internal Relationships, In: Systematic Botany, Volume 34 (1), p. 57-67. doi:10.1600/036364409787602401
^ Kai M?ller & Thomas Borsch (2005): Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK/trnK sequence data ? evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches, In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, p. 66-102.

Taxonomy

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The Subfamily Gomphrenoideae is a member of the Family Amaranthaceae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Gomphrenoideae:

Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
  - Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
    - Phylum: Tracheophyta Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
      - Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
        Infraphylum: Radiatopses Kenrick & Crane, 1997
        Class: Magnoliopsida Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
        Subclass: Caryophyllidae Takhtajan, 1967
        Superorder: Caryophyllanae Takhtajan, 1967
        Order: Caryophyllales Perleb, 1826
        Suborder: Chenopodiineae
        Family: Amaranthaceae (se-LO-see-uh) Adanson, 1763 ex A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons.
        Subfamily: Gomphrenoideae

The Subfamily Gomphrenoideae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Tribe (2): Gomphreneae · Pseudoplantageae
Genus (9): Alternanthera · Brayulinea · Froelichia · Gomphrena · Guilleminea · Iresine · Pfaffia · Pseudoplantago · Tidestromia
Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1,379 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Subfamily Gomphrenoideae.

Genera

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Alternanthera

Alternanthera is a genus of approximately 80 herbaceous plant species in Amaranthaceae, the amaranth family. It is a widespread genus with a cosmopolitan distribution. [more]

Brayulinea

[more]

Froelichia

Froelichia is a genus of plant in family Amaranthaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Gomphrena

Gomphrena (Globe amaranth) is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae. [more]

Guilleminea

Herbs, perennial. Stems prostrate [or ascending], much-branched, indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves opposite, petiolate; blade linear to lanceolate, spatulate, or ovate, margins entire; basal leaves withering. Inflorescences axillary, sessile, few-flowered glomerules; bracts and bracteoles membranous. Flowers bisexual; tepals 5, connate proximally ± 1/2 its length, 1-veined; stamens 5; filaments connate basally into tube, tube adnate to calyx distally; anthers 2-locular; pseudostaminodes absent; ovule 1; style 1, ca. 0.2 mm; stigmas 2-lobed, capitate. Utricles broadly ovoid, membranous, indehiscent. Seeds 1, red-brown, lenticular-orbicular.^[1] [more]

Iresine

Iresine is a genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family, Amaranthaceae. It contains 20 to 25 species, all of which are native to the American tropics. The generic name is derived from the Greek word e???? (erios), meaning "wooly", referring to the trichome-covered flowers. Bloodleaf is a common name for those species that have colored foliage, and these are often cultivated as ornamental plants. Some species are additives to versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca. [more]

Pfaffia

Pfaffia ( Hebantha Mart., Hebanthe Mart. ) is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae. This genus is sometimes placed in Chenopodiaceae family. [more]

Pseudoplantago

[more]

Tidestromia

Tidestromia is a genus with about seven species of annual or subshrub perennial plants native to desert and semi-arid regions of the western United States, Mexico and tropical America in the family Amaranthaceae. A common name of some species is Honeysweet. The stems are reddish and contrast conspicuously with the silvery leaves. This genus is named for the botanist . [more]

At least 14 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Tidestromia.

More info about the Genus Tidestromia may be found here.

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c Ivonne S?nchez del-Pino, Thomas Borsch & Timothy J. Motle (2009): trnL-F and rpl16 Sequence Data and Dense Taxon Sampling Reveal Monophyly of Unilocular Anthered Gomphrenoideae (Amaranthaceae) and an Improved Picture of Their Internal Relationships, In: Systematic Botany, Volume 34 (1), p. 57-67. doi:10.1600/036364409787602401
^ Kai M?ller & Thomas Borsch (2005): Phylogenetics of Amaranthaceae using matK/trnK sequence data ? evidence from parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches, In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, p. 66-102.

Bibliography

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Henrickson, J. 1987. A taxonomic reevaluation of Gossypianthus and Guilleminea (Amaranthaceae). Sida 12: 307-337.
Mears, J. A. 1967. Revision of Guilleminea (Brayulinea) including Gossypianthus (Amaranthaceae). Sida 3: 137-152.

Footnotes

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Steven E. Clemants "Guilleminea". in Flora of North America Vol. 4 Page 406, 437. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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