Dryopteridaceae, is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. They comprise about 1700 species and have a cosmopolitan distribution. They may be terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants.1] The largest genera are Elaphoglossum (600), Polystichum (260), Dryopteris (225), and Ctenitis (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species.[2] Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 Mya (million years ago).[3]
Rhizomes often stout; creeping,
ascending or erect, sometimes scandent or
climbing, with non-clathrate scales at apices. Fronds usually monomorphic, less often dimorphic, sometimes scaly or glandular, less commonly hairy. Petioles with numerous round, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, or rarely as few as 3; the adaxial bundles largest. Veins pinnate or forking, free to variously anastomosing; the areoles with or without included veinlets; Sori usually round, acrostichoid (covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few lineages; usually indusiate, sometimes exindusiate. Indusia, when present, round-reniform or peltate. Sporangia with 3-rowed, short to long stalks; spores reniform, monolete, perine winged.[2]
In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors defined Dryopteridaceae broadly to include the present
family as well as Woodsiaceae sensu lato, Onocleaceae and most of Tectariaceae.[7] Molecular phylogenetic studies found Kramer's version of Dryopteridaceae to be polyphyletic and it was split up by Smith and others in 2006.[2] The inclusion of Didymochlaena, Hypodematium, and Leucostegia in Dryopteridaceae is doubtful. If these three are excluded, then the family is strongly supported as monophyletic in cladistic analyses.[8] Some authors have already treated these genera outside of Dryopteridaceae.[9]
Nothoperanema is now included in Dryopteris. In 2007, a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences showed that Pleocnemia should be transferred from Tectariaceae to Dryopteridaceae.[10] In 2010, in a paper on bolbitidoid ferns, Arthrobotrya was resurrected from Teratophyllum.[11] Later that year, Mickelia was described as a new genus.[12]
Some species have been removed from the genus Oenotrichia because they do not belong there or even in the family Dennstaedtiaceae where Oenotrichia sensu stricto is placed. These species probably belong in
Dryopteridaceae, but have not yet been given a generic name.[8]
f Garden Ferns Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA. ISBN 978-0-88192-819-8
^ abcd Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2006. "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3):705-731. doi:10.2307/25065646 (See External links below).
^ Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2009.
"Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(27):11200-11205. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811136106
^Dryopteridaceae Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Jan 2012
^Nothoperanema USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile. 25 Jan 2012
^ Karl U. Kramer
(with Richard E. Holttum, Robin C. Moran, and Alan R. Smith). 1990. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-0-387-51794-0
^ ab Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2008. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: "Fern Classification". pages 417-467. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87411-3
^ Maarten J.M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang, and Harald Schneider. 2011.
"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa19:7-54. (See External links below).
^ Hong-Mei Liu, Xian-Chun Zhang, Wei Wang, Yin-Long Qiu, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2007. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB genes". International Journal of Plant Sciences168(9):1311-1323. doi:10.1086/521710
^ Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and Michael Sundue. 2010. "Phylogeny and character evolution of the bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences171(5):547-559. doi:10.1086/652191
^
Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and Michael Sundue. 2010. "Synopsis of Mickelia, a newly recognized genus of bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)". Brittonia62(4):337-356.
Arthrobotrys is a genus of mitosporic fungi in the family Orbiliaceae. There are 71 species. They are a predatory fungus that captures and feeds on roundworms. Rings that form on the hyphae constrict and entrap the worms, then hyphae grow into the worm and digest it. [more]
Cyrtomium is a genus of about 15-20 species of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to Asia, Africa (including Madagascar), and the Pacific Ocean islands (Hawaii). The genus is very closely related to the genus Polystichum, with recent research suggesting it should be included within it (Little & Barrington). [more]
Dryopteris (), commonly called wood ferns, male ferns, and buckler ferns, is a genus of about 250 species of ferns with distribution in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in eastern Asia. Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of fronds. The sori are round, with a peltate indusium. The stipes have prominent scales. [more]
Plants hemiepiphytic.Stems long-creeping and climbingtrees, stolons absent. Leaves strongly dimorphic, fertile leaves greatly contracted, evergreen.Petiole ± equaling length of blade, base not swollen; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in crosssection. Blade deltate, 3--4-pinnate-pinnatifid, gradually reduced distally to pinnatifidapex, somewhat leathery. Pinnae not articulate to rachis, segmentmarginsdentate to lobed; proximal pinnae largest or nearly so, petiolulate, ± equilateral or inequilateral, basiscopicside with pinnuleslonger than on acroscopic side; costaeadaxially deeply grooved, groovescontinuous from
rachis to costae to costules; indument of transparent hairs along costae on both sides, also with a few linear scalesabaxially on costae.Veinsfree, simple or forked.Sori in 1 row between midrib and margin, round; indusia round-reniform with shallow sinus, persistent.Spores brownish, spiny to broadly rugose.x = 41.[1][more]
Plants terrestrial, less commonly on rock. Stems short-creeping to erect, stolons absent. Leaves monomorphic, evergreen.Petiole shorter than or ± equaling length of blade, base not swollen; vascular bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in crosssection. Blade ovate-lanceolate, 1-pinnate, with a ± similar apicalpinna, papery.Pinnae not articulate to rachis, segmentmarginsserrulate to spinulose; proximal pinnae largest or nearly so, short-petiolulate, ± equilateral or inequilateral with acroscopiclobe; costaeadaxiallygrooved, groovescontinuous from rachis to costae; indument of filiformscales on costae and veinsabaxially, ± glabrousadaxially. Veins free [anastomosing], forked.Sori in 2 or more rows between midrib and margin, round; indusiapersistent or caducous [absent]. Sporesbrown, with inflated folds or wings. x = 41.[2][more]
Phanerophlebiopsis
Phanerophlebiopsis is a genus of in family Dryopteridaceae. [more]
Polystichum is a genus of about 180 species of ferns with a cosmopolitan distribution. The highest diversity is in eastern Asia, with about 120 species in China alone; Africa (17 species), North America (15 species), and Europe (5 species) have much lower diversity. [more]
^ Sue Olsen. 2007. Encyclopedia of Garden Ferns Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA. ISBN 978-0-88192-819-8
^ abcd Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2006. "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3):705-731. doi:10.2307/25065646 (See External links below).
^ Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2009. "Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns
in an angiosperm-dominated canopy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(27):11200-11205. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811136106
^Dryopteridaceae Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Jan 2012
^Nothoperanema USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile. 25 Jan 2012
^ Karl U. Kramer (with Richard E. Holttum, Robin C. Moran, and Alan R. Smith). 199
0. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-0-387-51794-0
^ ab Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2008. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: "Fern Classification". pages 417-467. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87411-3
^ Maarten J.M. Christenhusz, Xian-Chun Zhang, and Harald Schneider. 2011. "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19:7-54. (See External links below).
^ Hong-Mei Liu, Xian-Chun Zhang, Wei Wang, Yin-Long Qiu, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2007. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB genes". International Journal of Plant Sciences168(9):1311-1323. doi:10.1086/521710
^ Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and Michael Sundue. 2010. "Phylogeny and character evolution of the bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences171(5):547-559. doi:10.1086/652191
^ Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and Michael Sundue. 2010. "Synopsis of Mickelia, a newly recognized ge
nus of bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)". Brittonia62(4):337-356.
