Overview
Ceanothus L. ()[2] is a genus of about 50?60 species of shrubs or small trees in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The genus is confined to North America, with the center of its distribution in California. Some species (e.g. C. americanus) are found in the eastern United States and southeast Canada, and others (e.g. C. coeruleus) extend as far south as Guatemala. Most are shrubs 0.5?3 m tall, but C. arboreus and C. thyrsiflorus, both from California, can be small trees up to 6?7 m tall. The name is derived from the Greek word ?ea????? (keanothos), which was applied by Theophrastus (371-287 BC) to a spiny Old World plant believed to be Cirsium arvense.[3][4]
Description
The majority of the species are evergreen, but the handful of species adapted to cold winters are deciduous. The leaves are opposite or alternate (depending on species), small (typically 1?5 cm long), simple, and mostly with serrated margins.
Ceanothus species are easily identified by their unique leaf-vein structure shared by all plants within this genus. The leaves have three very prominent parallel veins extending from the leaf base to the outer margins of the leaf tips and the leaves are ovate in shape. The leaves have a shiny upper surface that feels "gummy" when pinched between the thumb and forefinger, and the roots of most species have red inner root bark.[5]
The flowers are white, greenish?white, blue, dark purple-blue, pale purple or pink, maturing into a dry, three-lobed seed capsule.
The flowers are tiny and produced in large, dense clusters. A few species are reported to be intensely fragrant almost to the point of being nauseating, and are said to resemble the odor of "boiling honey in an enclosed area." Many species have virtually no fragrance, beyond a general, woodsy freshness. The seeds of this plant can lie dormant for hundreds of years, and Ceanothus species are typically dependent on forest fires to trigger germination of its seeds.[5]
Ecology
Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer on the west coast. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.
Distribution
Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings up to 9,000 feet. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.
Ceanothus velutinus is the most common member of this genus and is widespread throughout North America.[5]
Uses
Many species are popular garden ornamental plants, and dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as Flexible Ceanothus, Ceanothus ? flexilis Greene ex McMinn (C. cuneatus ? C. prostratus).
Ceanothus velutinus was known as "red root" by many Native American tribes due to the color of the inner root bark, and was used as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, and tonsillitis. Clinical studies of the alkaloid compounds in Ceanothus velutinus has verified its effectiveness in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages. [5]
Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as a herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California made baskets from Ceanothus branches. C. integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth. Ceanothus velutinus has been demonstrated to be very effective in relieving inflammation and irritation from infections of the mouth and throat.
Propagation
Propagation of Ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 ?C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in duff in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seed are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimat ed, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus only germinate in response to range fires and forest fires.
Names
The Californian species are sometimes known as California Lilac, but species found elsewhere have other common names, such as New Jersey Tea for C. americanus (as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during colonial times).[6] In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as Maritime Ceanothus for C. maritimus.
Selected species
Formerly placed here
- Adolphia infesta (Kunth) Meisn. (as C. infesta Kunth)
- Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. (as C. arborescens Mill.)
- Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. (as C. asiaticus L.)
- Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & W.L.Stern (as C. reclinata L?H?r.)
- Nama aretioides var. multiflora (A. Heller) Jeps. (as C. multiflorus A.Heller)
- Noltea africana (L.) Endl. (as C. africanus L.)[8]
See also
- California chaparral and woodlands
Ecology
Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer on the west coast. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.
Distribution
Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings up to 9,000 feet. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.
Ceanothus velutinus is the most common member of this genus and is widespread throughout North America.[5]
Uses
Many species are popular garden ornamental plants, and dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as Flexible Ceanothus, Ceanothus ? flexilis Greene ex McMinn (C. cuneatus ? C. prostratus).
Ceanothus velutinus was known as "red root" by many Native American tribes due to the color of the inner root bark, and was used as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, and tonsillitis. Clinical studies of the alkaloid compounds in Ceanothus velutinus has verified its effectiveness in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages. [5]
Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as a herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California made baskets from Ceanothus branches. C. integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth. Ceanothus velutinus has been demonstrated to be very effective in relieving inflammation and irritation from infections of the mouth and throat.
Propagation
Propagation of Ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 ?C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in duff in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seed are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimated, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus only germinate in response to range fires and forest fires.
Names
The Californian species are sometimes known as California Lilac, but species found elsewhere have other common names, such as New Jersey Tea for C. americanus (as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during colonial times).[6] In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as Maritime Ceanothus for C. maritimus.
Selected species
Formerly placed here
- Adolphia infesta (Kunth) Meisn. (as C. infesta Kunth)
- Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. (as C. arborescens Mill.)
- Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. (as C. asiaticus L.)
- Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & W.L.Stern (as C. reclinata L?H?r.)
- Nama aretioides var. multiflora (A. Heller) Jeps. (as C. multiflorus A.Heller)
- Noltea africana (L.) Endl. (as C. africanus L.)[8]
See also
- California chaparral and woodlands
Notes
- ^ "Genus: Ceanothus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-10. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606?607
- ^ Elmore, Francis H. (1976). Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands. Western National Parks Association. pp. 195. ISBN 0-911408-41-X.
- ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4. http://books.google.com/?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC.
- ^ a b c d Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ Coladonato, Milo (1993). "Ceanothus americanus". Fire Effects Information System (online). Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer): U.S.D.A; Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceaame/all.html. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ "Ceanothus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28453. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Ceanothus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
Description
The majority of the species are evergreen, but the handful of species adapted to cold winters are deciduous. The leaves are opposite or alternate (depending on species), small (typically 1?5 cm long), simple, and mostly with serrated margins.
Ceanothus species are easily identified by their unique leaf-vein structure shared by all plants within this genus. The leaves have three very prominent parallel veins extending from the leaf base to the outer margins of the leaf tips and the leaves are ovate in shape. The leaves have a shiny upper surface that feels "gummy" when pinched between the thumb and forefinger, and the roots of most species have red inner root bark.[5]
The flowers are white, greenish?white, blue, dark purple-blue, pale purple or pink, maturing into a dry, three-lobed seed capsule.
The flowers are tiny and produced in large, dense clusters. A few species are reported to be intensely fragrant almost to the point of being nauseating, and are said to resemble the odor of "boiling honey in an enclosed area." Many species have virtually no fragrance, beyond a general, woodsy freshness. The seeds of this plant can lie dormant for hundreds of years, and Ceanothus species are typically dependent on forest fires to trigger germination of its seeds.[5]
Ecology
Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer on the west coast. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.
Distribution
Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings up to 9,000 feet. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.
Ceanothus velutinus is the most common member of this genus and is widespread throughout North America.[5]
Uses
Many species are popular garden ornamental plants, and dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as Flexible Ceanothus, Ceanothus ? flexilis Greene ex McMinn (C. cuneatus ? C. prostratus).
Ceanothus velutinus was known as "red root" by many Native American tribes due to the color of the inner root bark, and was used as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, and tonsillitis. Clinical studies of the alkaloid compounds in Ceanothus velutinus has verified its effectiveness in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages. [5]
Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as a herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California made baskets from Ceanothus branches. C. integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth. Ceanothus velutinus has been demonstrated to be very effective in relieving inflammation and irritation from infections of the mouth and throat.
Propagation
Propagation of Ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 ?C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in duff in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seed are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimated, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus only germinate in response to range fires and forest fires.
Names
The Californian species are sometimes known as California Lilac, but species found elsewhere have other common names, such as New Jersey Tea for C. americanus (as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during colonial times).[6] In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as Maritime Ceanothus for C. maritimus.
Selected species
Formerly placed here
- Adolphia infesta (Kunth) Meisn. (as C. infesta Kunth)
- Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. (as C. arborescens Mill.)
- Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. (as C. asiaticus L.)
- Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & W.L.Stern (as C. reclinata L?H?r.)
- Nama aretioides var. multiflora (A. Heller) Jeps. (as C. multiflorus A.Heller)
- Noltea africana (L.) Endl. (as C. africanus L.)[8]
See also
- California chaparral and woodlands
Ecology
Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer on the west coast. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.
Distribution
Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings up to 9,000 feet. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.
Ceanothus velutinus is the most common member of this genus and is widespread throughout North America.[5]
Uses
Many species are popular garden ornamental plants, and dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as Flexible Ceanothus, Ceanothus ? flexilis Greene ex McMinn (C. cuneatus ? C. prostratus).
Ceanothus velutinus was known as " red root" by many Native American tribes due to the color of the inner root bark, and was used as a medicine for treating lymphatic disorders, ovarian cysts, fibroid tumors, and tonsillitis. Clinical studies of the alkaloid compounds in Ceanothus velutinus has verified its effectiveness in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages. [5]
Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as a herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California made baskets from Ceanothus branches. C. integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth. Ceanothus velutinus has been demonstrated to be very effective in relieving inflammation and irritation from infections of the mouth and throat.
Propagation
Propagation of Ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 ?C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in duff in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seed are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimated, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus only germinate in response to range fires and forest fires.
Names
The Californian species are sometimes known as California Lilac, bu t species found elsewhere have other common names, such as New Jersey Tea for C. americanus (as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during colonial times).[6] In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as Maritime Ceanothus for C. maritimus.
Selected species
Formerly placed here
- Adolphia infesta (Kunth) Meisn. (as C. infesta Kunth)
- Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg. (as C. arborescens Mill.)
- Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. (as C. asiaticus L.)
- Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Brizicky & W.L.Stern (as C. reclinata L?H?r.)
- Nama aretioides var. multiflora (A. Heller) Jeps. (as C. multiflorus A.Heller)
- Noltea africana (L.) Endl. (as C. africanus L.)[8]
See also
- California chaparral and woodlands
Notes
- ^ "Genus: Ceanothus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-10. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606?607
- ^ Elmore, Francis H. (1976). Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands. Western National Parks Association. pp. 195. ISBN 0-911408-41-X.
- ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4. http://books.google.com/?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC.
- ^ a b c d Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ Coladonato, Milo (1993). "Ceanothus americanus". Fire Effects Information System (online). Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer): U.S.D.A; Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceaame/all.html. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ "Ceanothus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28453. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Ceanothus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
References
- University of Wisconsin?Stevens Point Plant Database: Ceanothus americanus
- Moerman, D. (1988). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon.
Taxonomy
The Genus Ceanothus is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 583 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Genus Ceanothus: C. × delilianus 'Aérostat' · C. × delilianus 'Aramis' · C. × delilianus 'Astéroide' · C. × delilianus 'Biela' · C. × delilianus 'Bijou' · C. × delilianus 'Bleu Céleste' · C. × delilianus 'Boule Bleue' · C. × delilianus 'Centiano' · C. × delilianus 'Ciel de Provence' · C. × delilianus 'Crépuscule' · C. × delilianus 'Croix du Sud' · C. × delilianus 'Diamant' · C. × delilianus 'Distinction' · C. × delilianus 'Elegans' · C. × delilianus 'Eleusis' · C. × delilianus 'Félibre' · C. × delilianus 'Fincham' · C. × delilianus 'Gladiateur' · C. × delilianus 'Gloire d'Orléans' · C. × delilianus 'Henri Defosse' · C. × delilianus 'Léon Simon' · C. × delilianus 'Leviathan' · C. × delilianus 'Lucie Simon' · C. × delilianus 'Madame Émile Bertin' · C. × delilianus 'Manzoni' · C. × delilianus 'Marguerite Aubusson' · C. × delilianus 'Melusine' · C. × delilianus 'Météore' · C. × delilianus 'Monsieur Verlot' · C. × delilianus 'Monument' · C. × delilianus 'Multiflore' · C. × delilianus 'Othello' · C. × delilianus 'Panthéon' · C. × delilianus 'Rosamonde' · C. × delilianus 'Saphir' · C. × delilianus 'Sceptre d'Azur' · C. × delilianus 'Sirius' · C. × delilianus 'Victor Jouin' · C. × palidus 'Albert Pittet' · C. × pallidus 'Albidus' · C. × pallidus 'Attraction' · C. × pallidus 'Caprice' · C. × pallidus 'Carmen' · C. × pallidus 'Cigale' · C. × pallidus 'Coquetterie' · C. × pallidus 'Esperanto' · C. × pallidus 'Fleur d'Été' · C. × pallidus 'Gaulois' · C. × pallidus 'Georges Simon' · C. × pallidus 'Gladiateur' · C. × pallidus 'Gracieux' · C. × pallidus 'Ibis Rosé' · C. × pallidus 'Jocelyn' · C. × pallidus 'La Géant' · C. × pallidus 'Lucie Moser' · C. × pallidus 'Lustre' · C. × pallidus 'Madame Furtado' · C. × pallidus 'Mérimée' · C. × pallidus 'Mina' · C. × pallidus 'Névé' · C. × pallidus 'Palmyre' · C. × pallidus 'Pénombre' · C. × pallidus 'Pole Nord' · C. × pallidus 'Président Réveil' · C. × pallidus 'Richesse' · C. × pallidus 'Rose Carmin' · C. × pallidus 'Spicatus' · C. × pallidus 'Uranus' · C. × pallidus 'Vesta' · C. × pallidus 'Virginal' · C. 'A. T. Johnson' (California Lilac) · C. 'A.T. Johnson' · C. 'Albert Moser' · C. 'Appleblossom' · C. 'Autumnal Blue' (California Lilac) · C. 'Bamico' · C. 'Basil Fox' · C. 'Berkeley Skies' · C. 'Berryhill' · C. 'Blue Boy' · C. 'Blue Buttons' · C. 'Blue Carpet' · C. 'Blue Cascade' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Cloud' · C. 'Blue Cushion' · C. 'Blue Diamond' · C. 'Blue Dreams' · C. 'Blue Jeans' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Lolita' · C. 'Blue Mist' · C. 'Blue Moon' · C. 'Blue Mound' (California Lilac) · C. 'Blue Sapphire' · C. 'Blue Spring' · C. 'Blue Star' · C. 'Blue Whisp' · C. 'Bright Eyes' · C. 'Burkwoodii' (California Lilac) · C. 'Burtonensis' · C. 'Cascade' (California Lilac) · C. 'Celestial Blue' · C. 'Centennial' · C. 'Chelsea Blue' · C. 'Cielito Lindo' · C. 'Comtesse de Paris' · C. 'Concha' (California Lilac) · C. 'Conseula' · C. 'Coronado' · C. 'Cuesta' · C. 'Cynthia Postan' (California Lilac) · C. 'Dark Star' (California Lilac) · C. 'Delight' (California Lilac) · C. 'Diamond Heights' · C. 'Dignity' · C. 'Ebbets Field' · C. 'Edinburgh' (California Lilac) · C. 'Edward Stevens' · C. 'El Dorado' (California Lilac) · C. 'Elan' · C. 'Eleanor Taylor' · C. 'Ernie Bryant' · C. 'Esther' · C. 'Everett's Choice' · C. 'Fallen Skies' · C. 'Fantaisie' · C. 'Far Horizons' · C. 'Frosty Blue' (California Lilac) · C. 'Gentian Plume' (California Lilac) · C. 'Gerda Isenberg' · C. 'Geroge Simon' · C. 'Graffiti' · C. 'Heart's Desire' (California Lilac) · C. 'Henri Desfosse' (California Lilac) · C. 'Italian Skies' (California Lilac) · C. 'James Roof' · C. 'Joan Mirov' (California Lilac) · C. 'John Phelps' · C. 'Johnsonii' · C. 'Joyce Coulter' (California Lilac) · C. 'Julia Phelps' · C. 'Ken Taylor' · C. 'Knowles Reyerson' · C. 'Kurt Zadnik' · C. 'L.T. Blue' · C. 'La Conadmine' · C. 'La Primavera' · C. 'La Purisima' · C. 'Lemon and Lime' (Californian Lilac 'lemon and Lime') · C. 'Lemon Ice' · C. 'Lester Rowntree' · C. 'Longstock' · C. 'Madagascar' · C. 'Mary Lake' · C. 'Mary Simpson' · C. 'Minmarose' · C. 'Mountain Haze' · C. 'Olympic Lake' · C. 'Owlswood Blue' (California Lilac) · C. 'Pacific Blue' · C. 'Pansy Canham' · C. 'Perado' · C. 'Percy Picton' · C. 'Pershore Zanzibar' · C. 'Picnic Day' · C. 'Pin Cushion' (California Lilac) · C. 'Pinguet Guindon' · C. 'Point Millerton' · C. 'Popcorn' · C. 'Puget Blue' · C. 'Puget Blue' × C. thyrsiflorus var. repens · C. 'R.F. Hoover' · C. 'Ray Hartman' (California Lilac) · C. 'Remote Blue' · C. 'Royal Blue' · C. 'Rubin's Blue' · C. 'Sierra Blue' · C. 'Sierra Snow' · C. 'Skylark' (California Lilac) · C. 'Snow Flurries' · C. 'Snow Showers' · C. 'Southmead' (California Lilac) · C. 'Tassajara Blue' · C. 'Theodore Payne' · C. 'Tilden Park' · C. 'Treasure Island' · C. 'Tuxedo' · C. 'Underway' · C. 'Wheeler Canyon' · C. 'White Cascade' · C. 'Zanzibar' · C. africanus · C. alamani · C. americanus (Jersey-Tea Ceanothus) · C. americanus 'Fincham' · C. americanus intermedius · C. andersonii · C. arborescens · C. arboreus (Catalina Mountain-Lilac) · C. arboreus 'Mist' · C. arboreus 'Owlswood Blue' · C. arboreus 'Thundercloud' · C. arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' (Island Mountain Lilac) · C. arboreus hybrid · C. arboreus var. glaber · C. arcuatus (Arching Ceanothus) · C. asiaticus · C. atropurpureus · C. australis · C. austro-mantanus · C. austro-montanus · C. austromontanus · C. axillaris · C. azurea · C. azureus · C. azureus 'Concha' · C. azureus parvifolius · C. azureus var. parvifolius · C. bakeri (Baker's Ceanothus) · C. baumannianus · C. bertini · C. bicolor · C. bolensis · C. burfordiensis · C. burkwoodii · C. burmannianus · C. burtonensis · C. buxifolius · C. caeruleus · C. californicus · C. candolleanus · C. capensis · C. capsularis · C. celtidifolius · C. chloroxylon · C. circumscissus · C. coeruleus (Azure Ceanothus) · C. collinus · C. colubrinus · C. confusus (Rincon Ridge Ceanothus) · C. connivens (Trailing Whitethorn) · C. cordulatus (Whitethorn Ceanothus) · C. cordulatus 'Maleza' · C. crassifolius (Hoary-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. crassifolius 'Plenus' · C. cubensis · C. cuneatus (Sedge-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. cuneatus 'Lavender Coast' · C. cuneatus 'Mount Madonna' · C. cuneatus 'Nipomo Mesa' · C. cuneatus 'Rodea Lagoon' · C. cuneatus 'Rodeo Marin' · C. cuneatus 'Snowball' · C. cuneatus var. cuneatus (Coast Whitethorn) · C. cuneatus var. dubius · C. cuneatus var. fascicularis (Buck Brush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. macrocarpus · C. cuneatus var. ramulosus (Buckbrush Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. rigidus (Monterey Ceanothus) · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Albus' · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Pallens' · C. cuneatus var. rigidus 'Snowball' · C. cyaneus (San Diego Mountain Lilac) · C. cyaneus 'YBN Blue' · C. decumbens · C. delilianus · C. dentatus (Sandscrub Ceanothus) · C. dentatus 'Microphyllus' · C. dentatus 'Prostratus' · C. dentatus var. dentatus · C. dentatus var. floribundus · C. dentatus var. papillosus · C. depressus · C. dillenianus · C. discolor · C. divaricatus · C. divaricatus var. laetiflorus · C. divergens (Calistoga Ceanothus) · C. divergens 'Burtonensis' (Crop-Leaf Ceanothus) · C. divergens confusus · C. diversifolius (Trailing Whitethorn) · C. durangoina · C. durangoinus · C. eglandulosus · C. elegans · C. ellipticus · C. elongatus · C. endlichii · C. exaltatus · C. excelsus · C. fendleri (Fendler's Whitethorn) · C. fendleri venosus · C. ferox · C. ferreus · C. ferrisae (Coyote Ceanothus) · C. ferrisiae (Coyote Valley California-Lilac) · C. ferrugineus · C. flexilis (Flexible Ceanothus) · C. floribundus · C. foliosus (Wavy-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. foliosus var. austromontanus · C. foliosus var. foliosus (Wavyleaf Ceanothus) · C. foliosus var. medius (Wavyleaf Buckbrush) · C. foliosus var. vineatus (Vine Hill Ceanothus) · C. fontanesianus · C. fresnensis (Fresno Mat Ceanothus) · C. glaber · C. glandulosus · C. globulosus · C. glomeratus · C. gloriosus (Point Reyes Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus 'Alba' · C. gloriosus 'Anchor Bay' (Point Reyes Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus 'Emily Brown' · C. gloriosus 'Heart's Desire' · C. gloriosus 'Hearts Desire' · C. gloriosus 'Tuttle' · C. gloriosus var. exaltatus (Glory Brush Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. exaltatus 'Emily Brown' (Emily Brown Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. gloriosus (Point Reyes Ceanothus) · C. gloriosus var. porrectus (Mount Vision Ceanothus) · C. goldmanii · C. grandiflorus · C. grandis · C. granulosus · C. greggi · C. greggi var. franklinii · C. greggii (Mohave Desert Whitethorn) · C. greggii greggii (Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii greggii var. greggii (Mohave Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. franklinii · C. greggii var. greggii (Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. lanuginosa (Mohave Desert Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. perplexans (Cupleaf Ceanothus) · C. greggii var. vestitus (Mohave Ceanothus) · C. greggii vestitus · C. griseus (Carmel Creeper California Lilac) · C. griseus 'Kurt Zadnik' · C. griseus 'Louis Edmunds' · C. griseus var. griseus · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Carmel Creeper' (California Lilac) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Diamond Heights' (Ceanothus) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Hurricane Point' · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Louis Edmonds' · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Louis Edmunds' · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Santa Ana' (California Lilac) · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Silver Surprise' · C. griseus var. horizontalis 'Yankee Point' (Ceanothus) · C. guadalupae · C. guineensis · C. hartwegii · C. hearstiorum (Hearst Ranch Buckbrush) · C. herbaceus (Smaller Red Root) · C. hirsutus · C. huichagorare · C. humboldtensis · C. hybrid · C. hybridus · C. hypericoides · C. impressus (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus 'Mesa Lilac' · C. impressus 'Puget Blue' (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus 'Vandenberg' · C. impressus 'Victoria' · C. impressus var. impressus (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. impressus var. nipomensis (Santa Barbara Ceanothus) · C. incanus (Coast Whitethorn Ceanothus) · C. incanus 'Owen Pearce' · C. infesta · C. infestus (Junco) · C. insularis · C. integerrimus (Deerbrush Ceanothus) · C. integerrimus var. parryi · C. integerrimus var. parvifolius (Deerbrush Ceanothus) · C. integerrimus var. peduncularis · C. intergerrimus · C. intermedius · C. intricatus · C. jepsonii (Musk Brush Ceanothus) · C. jepsonii albiflorus var. albiflorus · C. jepsonii var. albiflorus (Jepson Ceanothus) · C. jepsonii var. jepsonii (Jepson Ceanothus) · C. laevigatus · C. lanceolatus · C. laniger · C. lanuginosus · C. latifolius · C. lemmoni (Lemmon's Ceanothus) · C. lemmonii (Lemmon's Whitethorn) · C. leucodermis (Chaparral Whitethorn Ceanothus) · C. lobbianus (Lobbian Ceanothus) · C. lorenzenii (Lorenzen's Ceanothus) · C. macrocarpus · C. macrophyllus · C. macrothyrsus · C. Marie-Rose = 'Minmarose' · C. maritimus (Maritime Ceanothus) · C. maritimus 'Arroyo Azul' · C. maritimus 'Claremont' · C. maritimus 'Doctor Leiser Dark Blue' · C. maritimus 'Frosty Dawn' · C. maritimus 'Point Sierra' (Maratime Ceanothus) · C. maritimus 'Spring Skies' · C. maritimus 'Y.B.' · C. martini (Martin Ceanothus) · C. martinii (Martin's Ceanothus) · C. masonii (Bolinas Ceanothus) · C. megacarpus (Big-Pod Whitethorn) · C. megacarpus insularis · C. megacarpus var. insularis (Island Ceanothus) · C. megacarpus var. megacarpus (Bigpod Ceanothus) · C. mendocinensis (Mendocino Ceanothus) · C. microphyllus (Little-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. microphyllus var. serpyllifolius · C. mixed · C. mogollonicus · C. myrianthus · C. napalensis · C. nevadensis · C. oblanceolatus · C. ochracea · C. ochraceus · C. officinalis · C. oliganthus (Hairy Whitethorn) · C. oliganthus var. oliganthus · C. oliganthus var. sorediatus · C. ophiochilus (Vail Lake Ceanothus) · C. orcuttii · C. oreganus · C. otayensis (Otay Mountain Ceanothus) · C. ovalis · C. ovatus · C. ovatus pubescens · C. pallidus · C. palmeri (Palmer's Whitethorn) · C. paniculatus · C. papillosus (Wart-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. papillosus roweanus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. papillosus var. papillosus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. papillosus var. roweanus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. papillosus var. roweanus 'Julia Phelps' (Small Leaf Mountain Lilac) · C. papillosus var. roweanus 'Supressus' · C. papillosus × thyrsiflorus · C. parryi (Parry's Whitethorn) · C. parvifolius (Little-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. pauciflorus · C. peduncularis · C. perennis · C. perplexans · C. pinetorum (Coville Ceanothus) · C. pitcheri · C. polymorphus · C. precuneatus · C. prostatus · C. prostratus (Mahala Mats Ceanothus) · C. prostratus var. divergens · C. prostratus var. grandifolius · C. prostratus var. profugus · C. puberulus · C. pubescens · C. pueblensis · C. pumilus (Siskiyou Mat Ceanothus) · C. pumilus 'French Hill' · C. purpureus (Hollyleaf Ceanothus) · C. purpureus subsp. divergens · C. purpureus 'Mill's Glory' · C. purpureus 'Mount George' · C. racemosus · C. radicans · C. ramulosus · C. ramulosus var. fasicularis · C. reclinata · C. reclinatus · C. reclinatus l'Herit · C. regius · C. repens · C. rigidus · C. rigidus 'Snowball' (Monterey Ceanothus) · C. rigidus var. fresnensis · C. rigidus var. grandifolius · C. rigidus var. rigidus · C. rodericki (Buckthorn) · C. roderickii (Pine Hill Ceanothus) · C. rodrickii · C. roweanus (Wartleaf Ceanothus) · C. rugosus (Rugose Ceanothus) · C. sanguineus (Redstem Ceanothus) · C. serpyllifolius (Coastal-Plain Whitethorn) · C. serrulatus (Cascade Lake Ceanothus) · C. sonomensis (Sonoma Ceanothus) · C. sorediatus (Jim-Brush) · C. sorediatus glabra · C. sorediatus var. glabra · C. spathulatus · C. spatulatus · C. sphaerocarpus · C. spinosus (Red-Heart Mountain Lilac) · C. subsericeus · C. tardiflorus · C. thrysiflorus · C. thrysiflorus 'San Andreas' · C. thyrsiflorus (Blue Blossom Ceanothus) · C. thyrsiflorus 'All Gold' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Arroyo de la Cruz' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Blue and Gold' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Borne Again' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Castleford Variety' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Compacta' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Compactus' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Fort Ross' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Millerton Point' (Blueblossom Ceanothus) · C. thyrsiflorus 'Mystery Blue' (Californian Lilac 'mystery Blue') · C. thyrsiflorus 'Point Reyes' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Silver Surprise' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Skylark' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Snow Flurry' (California Lilac) · C. thyrsiflorus 'Spring Valley' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Taylor's Blue' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Variegata' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Victoria' (Victoria California Lilac) · C. thyrsiflorus 'Wisley Blue' · C. thyrsiflorus 'Zanzibar' (Blueblossom Ceanothus) · C. thyrsiflorus var. chandleri · C. thyrsiflorus var. griseus (California-Lilac) · C. thyrsiflorus var. repens · C. thyrsiflorus var. repens 'Ken Taylor' · C. thyrsiflorus var. thyrsiflorus · C. tomentosa (Ramona Ceanothus) · C. tomentosus (Woolly-Leaf Whitethorn) · C. tomentosus 'Cielo' · C. tomentosus olivaceus · C. tomentosus var. olivaceus · C. tomentosus var. tomentosus · C. turlockensis · C. utahensis · C. vanrensselaeri (Vanrensselaer Ceanothus) · C. veitchianus (Veitch Ceanothus) · C. velutinus (Tobacco Brush Ceanothus) · C. velutinus hookeri var. hookeri (Snowbrush Ceanothus) · C. velutinus laevigatus · C. velutinus var. arboreus · C. velutinus var. hookeri (Varnishleaf Ceanothus) · C. velutinus var. Lorenzonii (Snowbrush Ceanothus) · C. velutinus var. velutinus (Snowbrush Ceanothus) · C. velutinus velutinus var. velutinus (Snowbrush Ceanothus) · C. verrucosus (White Coast Ceanothus) · C. verrucosus var. greggii · C. vestitus · C. virgatus · C. x 'Blue Sapphire' (Blue Sapphire Ceanothus) · C. x 'Dark Star' (Dark Star California Lilac) · C. x arcuatus (Arching Ceanothus) · C. x bakeri (Baker's Ceanothus) · C. × burkwoodii · C. × delileanus · C. × delileanus 'Charles Detriche' · C. × delileanus 'Comtesse de Paris' · C. × delileanus 'Gloire de Versailles' · C. × delileanus 'Indigo' · C. × delileanus 'Topaze' · C. x delilianus (Gloire De Versailles New Jersey Tea) · C. x delilianus 'Gloire De Versailles' · C. x delilianus 'Topaze' (New Jersey Tea) · C. × flexilis (Flexible Ceanothus) · C. × humboldtensis · C. × lobbianus 'Russellianus' · C. × lorenzenii (Lorenzen's Ceanothus) · C. × mendocinensis (Mendocino Ceanothus) · C. × otayensis (Otay Ceanothus) · C. × pallidus · C. × pallidus 'Ceres' · C. × pallidus 'Golden Elan' · C. x pallidus 'Marie Bleu' · C. × pallidus 'Marie Simon Variegated' · C. x pallidus 'Marie Simon' (Wild Lilac) · C. x pallidus 'Pearle Rose' (Ceanothus) · C. × pallidus 'Perle Rose' · C. × pallidus 'Plenus' · C. x pallidus 'Roseus' (Ceanothus) · C. × regius · C. × rugosus (Rugose Ceanothus) · C. x serrulatus (Cascade Lake Ceanothus) · C. × vanrensselaeri (Vanrensselaer Ceanothus) · C. x veitchiana
References
- University of Wisconsin?Stevens Point Plant Database: Ceanothus americanus
- Moerman, D. (1988). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon.
Footnotes
- ^ "Genus: Ceanothus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-10. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606?607
- ^ Elmore, Francis H. (1976). Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Uplands. Western National Parks Association. pp. 195. ISBN 0-911408-41-X.
- ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4. < a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC">http://books.google.com/?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC.
- ^ a b c d Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ Coladonato, Milo (1993). "Ceanothus americanus". Fire Effects Information System (online). Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer): U.S.D.A; Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceaame/all.html. Retrieved Au gust 22, 2010.
- ^ "Ceanothus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28453. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Ceanothus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2 210. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
Sources
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
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