Overview
The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade consisting of about 800 dicotyledonous flowering plants, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution; centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.
They are mostly shrubs and vines, rarely herbs, including some ornamental garden plants in temperate regions. The leaves are mostly opposite with no stipules (appendages at the base of a leafstalk or petiole), and may be either evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are tubular funnel-shaped or bell-like, usually with five outward spreading lobes or points, and are often fragrant. They usually form a small calyx with small bracts. The fruit is in most cases a berry or a drupe. The genera Diervilla and Weigela have capsular fruit.
Views of the family-level classification of the traditionally accepted Caprifoliaceae and othe r plants in the botanical order Dipsacales has been considerably revised in recent decades. Most botanists now accept the placement of two of the most familiar members of this group, the elderberry (Sambucus) and the viburnums Viburnum, in the family Adoxaceae instead, along with some other genera related to them, these were formerly classified in the Caprifoliaceae.
Several other families of the more broadly treated Caprifoliaceae are separated by some but not all authors; these are included in the listing below of an evolutionary classification of the Dipsacales[citation needed], along with estimated numbers of species for each genus.
Adoxaceae
- Adoxa: 1 species
- Sambucus (Elderberry): 5-30 species
- Viburnum (Viburnum): 150-175 species
Diervilleae
- Diervilla (Bush Honeysuckle): 3 species
- Weigela: 10 species.
Heptacodium [Family placement uncertain]
- Heptacodium (Seven-son Flower): 1 species
Caprifoliaceae [Viewed narrowly here]
- Leycesteria: 6 species
- Lonicera (Honeysuckle): 180 species
- Symphoricarpos (Snowberry): 17 species
- Triosteum (Horsegentian): 6 species
Linnaeaceae
- Abelia: 30 species
- Dipelta: 4 species
- Kolkwitzia (Beautybush): 1 species
- Linnaea (Twinflower): 1 species
Morinaceae
- Cryptothladia
- Morina
Dipsacaceae
- Acanthocalyx
- Pterocephalus
- Dipsacus
- Scabiosa
Triplostegia [Family placement uncertain]
- Triplostegia
Valerianaceae
- Patrina
- Nardostachys
- Centranthus
- Plectritis
- Valeriana
- Valerianella
- Fedia
The following genera are no longer included in the order Dipsacales in current classifications:
- Order Asterales (these genera regarded by some[citation needed] as belonging to a separate family Alseuosmiaceae)
- Alseuosmia: 8 species
- Memecylanthus: 1 species
- Periomphale: 2 species
- Order Lamiales (these genera regarded by some[citation needed] as belonging to a separate family Carlemanniaceae)
- Carlemannia: 3 species
- Silvianthus: 2 species
Uses
The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy ornamental shrubs or vines, many popular garden shrubs, especially Abelia, Lonicera, and Weigela. A few have become invasive weeds outside of their native ranges (such as Lonicera japonica).
he Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade consisting of about 800 dicotyledonous flowering plants, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution; centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and eastern Asia, while they are absent in tropical and southern Africa.They are mostly shrubs and vines, rarely herbs, including some ornamental garden plants in temperate regions. The leaves are mostly opposite with no stipules (appendages at the base of a leafstalk or petiole), and may be either evergreen or deciduous. The flowers are tubular funnel-shaped or bell-like, usually with five outward spreading lobes or points, and are often fragrant. They usually form a small calyx with small bracts. The fruit is in most cases a berry or a drupe. The genera Diervilla and Weigela have capsular fruit.
Views of the family-level classification of the traditionally accepted Caprifoliaceae and other plants in the botanical order Dipsacales has been considerably revised in recent decades. Most botanists now accept the placement of two of the most familiar members of this group, the elderberry (Sambucus) and the viburnums Viburnum, in the family Adoxaceae instead, along with some other genera related to them, these were formerly classified in the Caprifoliaceae.
Several other families of the more broadly treated Caprifoliaceae are separated by some but not all authors; these are included in the listing below of an evolutionary classification of the Dipsacales[citation needed], along with estimated numbers of species for each genus.
Adoxaceae
- Adoxa: 1 species
- Sambucus (Elderberry): 5-30 species
- Viburnum (Viburnum): 150-175 species
Diervilleae
- Diervilla (Bush Honeysuckle): 3 species
- Weigela: 10 species.
Heptacodium [Family placement uncertain]
- Heptacodium (Seven-son Flower): 1 species
Caprifoliaceae [Viewed narrowly here]
- Leycesteria: 6 species
- Lonicera (Honeysuckle): 180 species
- Symphoricarpos (Snowberry): 17 species
- Triosteum (Horsegentian): 6 species
Linnaeaceae
- Abelia: 30 species
- Dipelta: 4 species
- Kolkwitzia (Beautybush): 1 species
- Linnaea (Twinflower): 1 species
Morinaceae
- Cryptothladia
- Morina
Dipsacaceae
- Acanthocalyx
- Pterocephalus
- Dipsacus
- Scabiosa
Triplostegia [Family placement uncertain]
- Triplostegia
Valerianaceae
- Patrina
- Nardostachys
- Centranthus
- Plectritis
- Valeriana
- Valerianella
- Fedia
The following genera are no longer included in the order Dipsacales in current classifications:
- Order Asterales (these genera regarded by some[citation needed] as belonging to a separate family Alseuosmiaceae)
- Alseuosmia: 8 species
- Memecylanthus: 1 species
- Periomphale: 2 species
- Order
Lamiales (these genera regarded by some[citation needed] as belonging to a separate family Carlemanniaceae)
- Carlemannia: 3 species
- Silvianthus: 2 species
Uses
The plants belonging to this family are mainly hardy ornamental shrubs or vines, many popular garden shrubs, especially Abelia, Lonicera, and Weigela. A few have become invasive weeds outside of their native ranges (such as Lonicera japonica).
References
- Flowering Plants of the World, 1987, Vernon H. Heywood, Andromeda Oxford Ltd., ISBN 90-5210-165-5
- Botanica, Gordon Cheers, Random House Australia, ISBN 3-8290-1953-X
External links
- Caprifoliaceae in Topwalks
- Caprifoliaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
- Concordance of Angiosperm Family Names
- Species account : Caprifoliaceae
- Comparison Table for the Cornidae
Taxonomy
The Family Caprifoliaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (24): Acalyphoideae · Amygdaloideae · Asteroideae · Cactoideae · Cichorioideae · Citroideae · Cyrtandroideae · Ericoideae · Faboideae · Gesnerioideae · Iridoideae · Ixioideae · Larinae · Nepetoideae · Pooideae · Pyroideae · Ranunculoideae · Rhinanthoideae · Rhododendroideae · Rosoideae · Scrophularioideae · Spiraeoideae · Theoideae · Trollioideae
- Tribe (17): Anemoneae · Citreae · Diervilleae · Dipsaceae · Gnaphalieae · Hedychieae · Irideae · Linnaeeae · Lonicereae · Morineae · Patrinieae · Rhododendreae · Streptocarpeae · Theeae · Triostomeae · Valerianeae · Veroniceae
- Genus (81): Abelia · Acanthocalyx · Anisanthus · Borinda · Brassoepilaelia · Calyptrostigma · Calysphyrum · Caprifolium · Caulokaempferia · Centranthus · Cephalaria · Chamaecerasus · Cryptothladia · Descliaea · Diervilla · Dipelta · Diplodipelta · Dipsacus · Distegia · Ebulum · Euchylia · Fagoides · Fedia · Heptacodium · Isika · Kantemon · Knautia · Kolkwitzia · Leycestera · Leycesteria · Linnaea · Linnea · Lomelosia · Lonicera · Lophomyrtus · Macrodiervilla · Margaris · Metalonicera · Microtinus · Morina · Moschatella · Moschatellina · Nardostachys · Nintooa · Opulus · Oreinotinus · Patrinia · Pentapyxis · Periclymenum · Phenianthus · Phyllactis · Plectritis · Pseudobetckea · Pseudoscabiosa · Pterocephalidium · Pycnocomon · Scabiosa · Scabiosiopsis · Sixalix · Solenolantana · Solenotinus · Succisa · Succisella · Symphoria · Symphoricarpos · Symphoricarpus · Thyrsosma · Tinus · Tremastelma · Triosteum · Tripetelus · Triplostegia · Tynus · Valentiana · Valeriana · Valerianella · Vesalea · Weigela · Weigelia · Xylosteon · Zabelia
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 5,024 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Caprifoliaceae.
Genera
Abelia
A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Acanthocalyx
Acanthocalyx is a genus of about three species of vegetation in the family Dipsacaceae, sometimes included in Morinaceae, native to Sino-Himalayan Region. [more]
Anisanthus
Borinda
Borinda is a of clumping bamboos erected in 1994 by Stapleton and previously included in the genera Fargesia and Yushania. They have been recognized to present different flowers and shorter rhizomes than Yushanias. [more]
Brassoepilaelia
Calyptrostigma
Beyeria is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Euphorbiaceae. The genus is endemic to Australia. [more]
Calysphyrum
Caprifolium
Honeysuckles (Lonicera, ; syn. Caprifolium Mill.) are arching shrubs or twining vines in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. There are about 180 species of honeysuckle, 100 of which occur in China; Europe, India and North America have only about 20 native species each. Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum (European Honeysuckle or Woodbine), Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle, White Honeysuckle, or Chinese Honeysuckle) and Lonicera sempervirens (Coral Honeysuckle, Trumpet Honeysuckle, or Woodbine Honeysuckle). Hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers on some of these plants, especially L. sempervirens and L. ciliosa (Orange Honeysuckle). [more]
Caulokaempferia
Herbs perennial. Pseudostems erect, leafy. Leaves sessile or petiolate; ligule 2-lobed, small. Inflorescences terminal; bracts 1--10, distichous, lanceolate, 1--4-flowered, margin free to base; bracteoles absent in species with 1-flowered bracts. Calyx tubular, not deeply split on 1 side, apex often 2- or 3-toothed. Corolla tube long, narrow, widened at mouth; lobes 3, central one slightly longer and wider than lateral ones. Lateral staminodes petaloid, large. Labellum orbicular or broadly ovate, large, ± concave, apex entire or 2-lobed. Filament very short or absent, borne on corolla tube; anther basifixed; connective forming a conspicuously reflexed crest. Ovary 3-loculed. Stylodes linear, short, free.[1] [more]
Centranthus
Centranthus is a flowering plant genus comprising herbs and subshrubs native to Southern Europe. [more]
Cephalaria
Cephalaria is a genus of about 65 species of flowering plants in the family Dipsacaceae, native to southern Europe, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa. [more]
Chamaecerasus
Cryptothladia
Descliaea
Diervilla
Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla) is genus of three species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, all indigenous to eastern North America. The genus is named after a French surgeon Dr. Dierville, who introduced the plant to Europe around 1700. [more]
Dipelta
Diplodipelta
Dipsacus
Dipsacus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Dipsacaceae. The members of this genus are known as teasel or teazel or teazle. The genus includes about 15 species of tall herbaceous biennial plants (rarely short-lived perennial plants) growing to 1?2.5 metres (3.3?8.2 ft) tall. Dipsacus are native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa. [more]
Distegia
Ebulum
Euchylia
Fagoides
Fedia
Heptacodium
Heptacodium is a genus of in family Caprifoliaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Isika
Kantemon
Knautia
Knautia is a genus in the family Dipsacaceae. The common names of these flowers are a variant of "widow flower." Others are given the name "Scabious," although this word belongs to a related genus (Scabiosa). [more]
Kolkwitzia
Leycestera
Leycesteria
Leycesteria is a genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae, native to temperate Asia in the Himalaya and southwestern China. [more]
Linnaea
Linnaea is a plant genus which has often been classified in the family Caprifoliaceae (the Honeysuckle family) but may be more accurately considered to belong to its own family, Linnaeaceae . The genus includes a single, generally boreal to subarctic woodland subshrub species, Linnaea borealis, commonly known as Twinflower (sometimes written Twin Flower). [more]
Linnea
Lomelosia
Lonicera
Honeysuckles (Lonicera, ; syn. Caprifolium Mill.) are arching shrubs or twining vines in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. There are about 180 species of honeysuckle, 100 of which occur in China; Europe, India and North America have only about 20 native species each. Widely known species include Lonicera periclymenum (European Honeysuckle or Woodbine), Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle, White Honeysuckle, or Chinese Honeysuckle) and Lonicera sempervirens (Coral Honeysuckle, Trumpet Honeysuckle, or Woodbine Honeysuckle). Hummingbirds are attracted to the flowers on some of these plants, especially L. sempervirens and L. ciliosa (Orange Honeysuckle). [more]
Lophomyrtus
Lophomyrtus is a of the myrtle family native to New Zealand. It has two species, both evergreen shrubs or trees, noted for their colorful leaves, which are purple, chocolate, red or bronze-green. There are also a number of cultivars. Planting in full sun aids the leaf color to develop. In cool climates, the plant may need to be placed in a sheltered area. This genus is closely related to the Australian Lenwebbia which also has four petals and similar though less colorful leaves. [more]
Macrodiervilla
Margaris
Metalonicera
Microtinus
Morina
Morina is a of the angiosperm family Morinaceae. It is the provincial flower of the North-West Frontier Province [more]
Moschatella
Moschatellina
Nardostachys
Nintooa
Opulus
Oreinotinus
Patrinia
Pentapyxis
Periclymenum
Phenianthus
Phyllactis
Plectritis
Plectritis is a genus of plants in the . There are only three to five species. They are known generally as seablushes, and they are native to western North America. These are unassuming annual plants with thin, erect stems with few leaves and bearing a terminal inflorescence of flowers. The flower head bears several tiny flowers in shades of pink or white. [more]
Pseudobetckea
Pseudoscabiosa
Pterocephalidium
Pycnocomon
Scabiosa
Scabiosa is a genus in the teasel Family Dipsacaceae of flowering plants. Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious; however some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as Knautia and Succisa; at least some of these were formerly placed in Scabiosa. Another common name for members of this genus is pincushion flowers. [more]
Scabiosiopsis
Sixalix
Solenolantana
Solenotinus
Succisa
Succisa is a of flowering plants in the Dipsacaceae family. [more]
Succisella
Succisella is a of flowering plant in the family Dipsacaceae. [more]
Symphoria
Symphoricarpos
Symphoricarpus
Thyrsosma
Tinus
Tremastelma
A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]
Triosteum
Triosteum, commonly known as horse gentian or, less commonly, feverwort, is a genus of flowering plant which includes six species. It is in the Caprifoliaceae family. A genus of six species total, it has three species native to North America, and three more in China and Japan. [more]
Tripetelus
Triplostegia
Tynus
Valentiana
Valeriana
Valeriana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Valerianaceae. It includes a number of species of which the best known is the garden valerian Valeriana officinalis. Some species are native to Europe, others to North America and South America (especially in the Andes). It is often used as a way to sleep better. [more]
Valerianella
Valerianella is a genus of plant in family Valerianaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Vesalea
Weigela
Weigela () is a small genus of about 12 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1-5 m (3-15') tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel. [more]
Weigelia
Weigela () is a small genus of about 12 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1-5 m (3-15') tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel. [more]
Xylosteon
Zabelia
At least 16 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zabelia.
More info about the Genus Zabelia may be found here.
References
- Flowering Plants of the World, 1987, Vernon H. Heywood, Andromeda Oxford Ltd., ISBN 90-5210-165-5
- Botanica, Gordon Cheers, Random House Australia, ISBN 3-8290-1953-X
External links
- Caprifoliaceae in Topwalks
- Caprifoliaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
- Concordance of Angiosperm Family Names
- Species account : Caprifoliaceae
- Comparison Table for the Cornidae
Bibliography
- Wu Te-lin, Chen Sen-jen, Tsai Hsi-tao, Tong Shao-quan, Chen Pei-shan & Zhao Shi-wang. 1981. Zingiberaceae subfam. Zingiberoideae. In: Wu Te-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(2): 22--148.
Footnotes
- "Caulokaempferia". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 377. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
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