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Calenduleae

(Tribe)

Overview

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Calenduleae is a tribe of the family Asteraceae. Calenduleae has been widely recognized since Alexandre de Cassini in the early 1800s.1] There are eight genera and over 110 species, mostly found in South Africa.[2]

It is a relatively stable clade of the Asteraceae, with minor alterations. The tribe also occurs in Southwest Asia, some Atlantic islands, other portions of Africa and Europe, with non-native occurrences in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. However, three new species within the tribe have been discovered as recently as 2003. [3][4]

Description

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Plants in Calenduleae vary from herbs to shrubs and usually exhibit showy flower heads. The defining characteristics separating members of this tribe from others within the family are a dimorphism of the cypselae and the fact that each cypselae lacks a pappus.[2] Calenduleae is named for its most economically important genus, Calendula, known in homeopathic remedies and as a common ornamental. Other genera from Calenduleae produce ornamentals as well, including Osteospermum and Dimorphotheca (see Asteraceae for a more general description).

History and Phylogeny

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Cladistic arrangement of this group of plants has been recognized as far back as Andrea Cesalpino in the 1630s and again by Giulio Pontedera in the 1720s, but the official nomenclature arose after Cassini's work within the family. Early 20th-century botanists placed this tribe as sister to the Senecioneae; however, there has been molecular evidence of closer relationships between the Astereae and the Calenduleae.[5] This tribe has demonstrated monophyly through chemical analysis of the similar pimerane diterpenes found within all tested species. Osteospermum and Garuleum share the highest number of identical chemical signatures, indicating close phylogenetic relationship and a more recent divergence than other genera o f the tribe.[6] One of the newly discovered Osteospermum has provided evidence of a link between Osteospermum and Chrysanthemoides.

There have been some rearrangements of the Calenduleae tribe. Eriachaenium was originally lumped with the Calenduleae but has since been removed. Its placement remains uncertain, although it is now hypothesized to belong to the Cichorioideae. The genus Castalis has been folded into Osteospermum. One recent analysis of the Calenduleae made several phylogenetic discoveries, including:

Image Gallery

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Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Tribe Calenduleae is a member of the Subfamily Asteroideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Calenduleae:

The Tribe Calenduleae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Calendula

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Callistephus

Callistephus is a genus of , in the Asteraceae (daisy family); the genus includes only one species, C. chinensis, the China Aster. [more]

Dimorphotheca

Annuals [perennials, subshrubs, shrubs], 5-40[150+] cm. Stems procumbent to erect [prostrate], glabrous or arachnose to piloso-hirtellous and/or stipitate-glandular. Leaves ± sessile or petiolate; blades oblong or oblanceolate to linear, margins entire or dentate [pinnately lobed], faces sparsely arachnose and/or stipitate-glandular. Heads borne singly. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, 5-20+ mm diam. Phyllaries 15-21 in 2(-3) series, lanceolate to lance-linear. Receptacles flat to conic. Ray florets 10-21+ in ± 1 series; corollas usually yellow to orange or white, sometimes purplish abaxially and/or at bases or apices, laminae oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate. Disc florets 15-50+, bisexual, all or mostly fertile (inner sometimes functionally staminate) ; corollas whitish or yellow, red, or purplish, tubes much shorter than ± campanulate throats (lobes sometimes with terete or dilated appendages). Cypselae (ray) triquetrous-prismatic to clavate, ± tuberculate or ridged; (disc) compressed, often winged, ± smooth. x = 9.[1] [more]

Diogenesia

[more]

Dionaea

The Venus Flytrap, Dionaea muscipula, is a that catches and digests animal prey—mostly insects and arachnids. Its trapping structure is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves and is triggered by tiny hairs on their inner surfaces. When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves comes into contact with one or more of the hairs twice in succession, the trap closes. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against a waste of energy in trapping objects with no nutritional value. [more]

Dionysia

Caespitose, cushion or dense tufted semishrubs, scapose or escapose. Branches covered with the persistent remains of the leaves. Leaves imbricate, simple, revolute or involute, entire or denticulate, farinose or efarinose (farina whitish or yellow), often glandular-stipitate. Flowers 5-merous, heterostylous, yellow, pink or violet, umbellate or in superposed verticels or solitary. Bracts small, large and foliaceous in the scapose species. Calyx 1/2 to 2/3 rd-partite. Corolla much exceeding the calyx, tubular; limb 5-lobed, entire or slightly 2-lobed. Stamens epipetalous, sub-sessile; filaments attached near the middle (in pin-eyed flowers) or near the throat. Ovules few. Style slender, stigma capitate. Capsule dehiscing by 5 valves. Seeds small, angled, minutely vesiculose, up to 35 in number.[2] [more]

Hibiscus

Shrubs, subshrubs, trees, or herbs. Leaf blade palmately lobed or entire, basal veins 3 or more. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, sometimes subterminal and ± congested into a terminal raceme, 5-merous, bisexual. Epicalyx lobes 5 to many, free or connate at base, rarely very short (H. schizopetalus) or absent (H. lobatus) . Calyx campanulate, rarely shallowly cup-shaped or tubular, 5-lobed or 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla usually large and showy, variously colored, often with dark center; petals adnate at base to staminal tube. Filament tube well developed, apex truncate or 5-dentate; anthers throughout or only on upper half of tube. Ovary 5-loculed or, as a result of false partitions, 10-loculed; ovules 3 to many per locule; style branches 5; stigmas capitate. Fruit a capsule, cylindrical to globose, valves 5, dehiscence loculicidal and sometimes partially septicidal or indehiscent (H. vitifolius Linnaeus) . Seeds reniform, hairy or glandular verrucose.[3] [more]

Osteospermum

Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs [annuals]. 5-150+ cm. Stems procumbent to erect [prostrate], glabrous or arachnose to piloso-hirtellous and/or stipitate-glandular. Leaves sessile or petiolate; blades orbiculate, elliptic, or oblong to oblanceolate, lanceolate, or linear, margins entire or denticulate [pinnately lobed], faces glabrous or sparsely arachnose and/or stipitate-glandular, often glabrate. Heads borne singly [in corymbiform to umbelliform arrays]. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, 5-20+ mm diam. Phyllaries 5-21+ in 1-2(-3+) series, lanceolate to lance-linear (apices ± attenuate). Receptacles flat to conic. Ray florets 10-21+ in ± 1 series; corollas whitish to purplish or yellow to orange, laminae ± oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate. Disc florets 12-50+, functionally staminate; corollas yellow or purplish, tubes shorter than the ± campanulate throats. Cypselae triquetrous-prismatic to clavate, often ± tuberculate or ridged and/or winged. x = 10.[4] [more]

At least 605 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Osteospermum.

More info about the Genus Osteospermum may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Small, J., M.Sc. (Lond.), Ph. C (1917) The Origin and the Development of the Compositae New Phytologist 16 (7): 157-177
  2. ^ Judd, Campbell, Kellogg, Stevens, Donoghue, ‘Plants Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach’, Third Edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA 2008
  3. ^ Nordenstam, B. (2003) Two New Species of Osteospermum (Compositae-Calenduleae)from Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60:259-265.
  4. ^ Woods, A. R, Nordenstam, B (2003) An Interesting New Species of Osteospermum (Asteraceae-Calenduleae) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa, providing a Link to the Genus Chrysanthemoides 69(4):572-578.
  5. ^ Mishler, B. D, Albert, V.A, Chase, M. W, Karis, P. O., Bremer, K. R. (1996) Ch aracter-State Weighting for DNA Restriction-Site Data: Asymmetry, Ancestors and the Asteraceae, Cladistics 12 (1): 11-19
  6. ^ Alvarenga, S. A. V., Ferreira, M. J. P., Rodrigues, G. V. and Emerenciano, V. P. (2005) A general survey and some taxonomic implications of diterpenes in the Asteraceae, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147:291-303.
  7. ^ Nordenstam, B. and Trift, I. (1999) A phylogenetic Study of the Calenduleae (Asteraceae), XVI International Botanical Congress Session 3.9.6: 3885

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. John L. Strother "Dimorphotheca". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 30, 379, 380. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. "Dionysia". in Flora of Pakistan Page 33.. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. "Hibiscus". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 264, 286,294. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. John L. Strother "Osteospermum". in Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 30, 379, 382. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 15:08:50