Overview
The Bignoniaceae, or Trumpet Creeper Family, is a family of flowering plants comprising about 650-750 species in 116-120 genera. Members of the family are mostly trees and lianas ( and Macfadyena), shrubs and more rarely herbaceous plants. As climber plants, they are twine climbers or tendril climbers, and rarely root climbers. Most lianas are found in tribe Bignonieae, that alone contains nearly half the number of species of the family. The family and its genus Bignonia was named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his prot?g? Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694.
Other common names for this family include jacaranda family, bignonia family or catalpa family. This family is commonly found as ornamental plants due to their large and often colorful flowers. Important members include the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) and many genera cultivated in horticulture: Campsis, Catalpa, Jacaranda, Kigelia, Pandorea, Spathodea, and Tabebuia.
The family, cosmopolitan, is present in both the Old World and the New World, with Catalpa the only genus common to both. Members are distributed mostly in the Tropics and subtropics, with the center of diversity in South America. A number of temperate species are found, mainly in North America and East Asia. 13 species in 8 genera (including 2 naturalised) are present in southern Africa. 12 genera and 35 species are present in China, 21 of which are endemic to China. In Australia, 10 genera and 17 species are present, only in the mainland states. In India, the family is represented by 15 genera and 40 species, which mostly occur in Western and Southern India and a few species in the Himalayas.
Description
Stem
In twining members, the stem is characterized by the presence of variant secondary growth: in four to multiple of four segments of the cambium the activity changes early in development, with the production of more phloem and less xylem, giving the stem in cross-section the form of a cross. Many lianas of this family are, therefore, called cross-vines. Anatomically, the phloem formed by the variant portions of the cambium is different from that produced by the regular portions, with wider sieve tubes and less parenchyma. Evolutionary studies with these plants showed that the cambial variants are evolving in a recapitulatory fashion and towards an increase in anatomical complexity.
Leaves
Members of this family commonly have pinnately compound or multiply compound leaves. Palmately compound leaves are rare, but are found in Tabebuia. Simple leaves are also rare and, when observed, are often dissected in pinnatifid or palmatifid fashion. Leaves are typically in opposite but whorled (in Kigelia) or spiral arrangements are also found. Leaves are petiolate and exstipulate (but pseudostipules are present in the genus Markhamia). Domatia occur in at least 14 genera.
Flower
Flowers are bisexual, hypogynous and zygomorphic, either solitary or aggregated into racemes or cymes (dichasium or helicoid cyme). Inflorescence, when it occurs, might be axillary or terminal. Bracts and bractlets are present and sometimes deciduous.
The sepals are fused, forming a synsepalous calyx either entire or toothed in 5 lobes. The petals are equally fused into a sympetalous campanulate corolla that also has 5 lobes. These lobes are often clearly shorter than the tube. The corolla and calyx are distinct from each other. Sometimes, a 2-lipped (bilabiate) corolla is observed. In bud, the lobes are imbricate and more rarely valvate (such as in Pyrostegia).
The androecium is didynamous, i.e. there are 4 stamens occurring in 2 pairs of different lengths. The stamens are inserted epigynously and alternate with the corolla lobes. The anthers are often connivent but also separate from one another sometimes. One staminode may be present.
The gynoecium is stylate and median. It consists of one compound pistil with 2 carpels, a single style, and a superior ovary with typically 2 locules (more rarely 1 or 4), each bearing numerous axile ovules. An annular or cupular nectary disk usually occurs around the ovary base. Ovules are anatropous, with micropyles directed downward.
Fruit
The fruit is typically an elongated dehiscent capsule that opens loculicidally or septicidally. The fruit can sometimes be an indehiscent berry.
Seed and germination
The seeds, numerous, are usually winged and wind-dispersed but occasionally also comose and wingless. Arils are absent. Seeds do not have endosperms. There are 2 cotyledons. Germination is either phanerocotylar or cryptocotylar.
Reproduction
Pollination is either entomophilous (via insects), ornithophilous (via birds), or cheiropterophilous (via bats).
Uses
Besides their use as ornamental plants, some members also pr ovide timber, such as roble de sabana (Tabebuia rosea), Catalpa, Oroxylum, Haplophragma, Spathodea, Meliosma, Stereospermum. Fruit from the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) is used in the tropics as a water container. The fruit of the sausage tree (Kigelia africana) is used in Africa as a laxative and for dysentery. The jacaranda is common as an avenue tree.
Biochemistry
Compounds detected from this family include arthroquinones (found in 4 genera), verbascosides (found in 8 genera), cornoside (found in Eccremocarpus), quercetin, ursolic acid and, more rarely, saponins.
Former and alternative classification
The following classification systems acknowledge family Bignoniaceae with the same circumscription as the APG II system classification: Cronquist's system, Dahlgren's classification, Reveal's classification, Stevens's classification, Takhtajan's classification and Thorne's classification.
Bentham and Hooker's classification placed this family under group Gamopetalae, series Bicarpellatae, order Personales. Engler and Prantl's classification placed the family under class Dicotyledoneae, subclass Sympetalae, order Tubiflorae. The Hutchinson system placed the family under phylum Angiospermae, subphylum Dicotyledones, division Lignosae, order Bignoniales.
The family was previously placed under the order Scrophulariales. Genera formerly placed under this family are Exarata, Gibsoniothamnus, Schlegelia and Synapsis, all of which now form family Schlegeliaceae.
Genera
Other common names for this family include jacaranda family, bignonia family or catalpa family. This family is commonly found as ornamental plants due to their large and often colorful flowers. Important members include the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) and many genera cultivated in horticulture: Campsis, Catalpa, Jacaranda, Kigelia, Pandorea, Spathodea, and Tabebuia.
The family, cosmopolitan, is present in both the Old World and the New World, with Catalpa the only genus common to both. Members are distributed mos tly in the Tropics and subtropics, with the center of diversity in South America. A number of temperate species are found, mainly in North America and East Asia. 13 species in 8 genera (including 2 naturalised) are present in southern Africa. 12 genera and 35 species are present in China, 21 of which are endemic to China. In Australia, 10 genera and 17 species are present, only in the mainland states. In India, the family is represented by 15 genera and 40 species, which mostly occur in Western and Southern India and a few species in the Himalayas.
Description
Stem
In twining members, the stem is characterized by the presence of variant secondary growth: in four to multiple of four segments of the cambium the activity changes early in development, with the production of more phloem and less xylem, giving the stem in cross-section the form of a cross. Many lianas of this family are, therefore, called cross-vines. Anatomically, the phloem formed by the variant por tions of the cambium is different from that produced by the regular portions, with wider sieve tubes and less parenchyma. Evolutionary studies with these plants showed that the cambial variants are evolving in a recapitulatory fashion and towards an increase in anatomical complexity.
Leaves
Members of this family commonly have pinnately compound or multiply compound leaves. Palmately compound leaves are rare, but are found in Tabebuia. Simple leaves are also rare and, when observed, are often dissected in pinnatifid or palmatifid fashion. Leaves are typically in opposite but whorled (in Kigelia) or spiral arrangements are also found. Leaves are petiolate and exstipulate (but pseudostipules are present in the genus Markhamia). Domatia occur in at least 14 genera.
Flower
Flowers are bisexual, hypogynous and zygomorphic, either solitary or aggregated into racemes or cymes (dichasium or helicoid cyme). Inflorescence, when it occurs, might be axillary or terminal. Bracts and bractlets are present and sometimes deciduous.
The sepals are fused, forming a synsepalous calyx either entire or toothed in 5 lobes. The petals are equally fused into a sympetalous campanulate corolla that also has 5 lobes. These lobes are often clearly shorter than the tube. The corolla and calyx are distinct from each other. Sometimes, a 2-lipped (bilabiate) corolla is observed. In bud, the lobes are imbricate and more rarely valvate (such as in Pyrostegia).
The androecium is didynamous, i.e. there are 4 stamens occurring in 2 pairs of different lengths. The stamens are inserted epigynously and alternate with the corolla lobes. The anthers are often connivent but also separate from one another sometimes. One staminode may be present.
The gynoecium is stylate and median. It consists of one compound pistil with 2 carpels, a single style, and a superior ovary with typically 2 locules (more rarely 1 or 4), each bearing numerous axile ovules. An annular or cupular nectary disk usually occurs around the ovary base. Ovules are anatropous, with micropyles directed downward.
Fruit
The fruit is typically an elongated dehiscent capsule that opens loculicidally or septicidally. The fruit can sometimes be an indehiscent berry.
Seed and germination
The seeds, numerous, are usually winged and wind-dispersed but occasionally also comose and wingless. Arils are absent. Seeds do not have endosperms. There are 2 cotyledons. Germination is either phanerocotylar or cryptocotylar.
Reproduction
Pollination is either entomophilous (via insects), ornithophilous (via birds), or cheiropterophilous (via bats).
Uses
Besides their use as ornamental plants, some members also provide timber, such as roble de sabana (Tabebuia rosea), Catalpa, Oroxylum, Haplophragma, Spathodea, Meliosma, Stereospermum. Fruit from the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete) is used in the tropics as a water container. The fruit of the sausage tree (Kigelia africana) is used in Africa as a laxative and for dysentery. The jacaranda is co mmon as an avenue tree.
Biochemistry
Compounds detected from this family include arthroquinones (found in 4 genera), verbascosides (found in 8 genera), cornoside (found in Eccremocarpus), quercetin, ursolic acid and, more rarely, saponins.
Former and alternative classification
The following classification systems acknowledge family Bignoniaceae with the same circumscription as the APG II system classification: Cronquist's system, Dahlgren's classification, Reveal's classification, Stevens's classification, Takhtajan's classification and Thorne's classification.
Bentham and Hooker's classification placed this family under group Gamopetalae, series Bicarpellatae, order Personales. Engler and Prantl's classification placed the family under class Dicotyledoneae, subclass Sympetalae, order Tubiflorae. The Hutchinson system placed the family under phylum Angiospermae, subphylum Dicotyledones, division Lignosae, order Bignoniales.
The family was previously placed under the order Scrophulariales. Ge nera formerly placed under this family are Exarata, Gibsoniothamnus, Schlegelia and Synapsis, all of which now form family Schlegeliaceae.
Genera
References
- Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part I (tribes Crescentieae and Tourrettieae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (1): 1-150.
- Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (2): 1-130.
- Lohmann, L. G. 2006. Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae - Bignoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 (2): 304-318.
- Olmstead, R. G., Zjhra, M. L., Lohmann, L. G., Grose, S. O. & Eckert, A. J. 2009. A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae. "American Journal of Botany" 96 (9):1731-1743.
- Pace, M. R., Lohmann, L. G. & Angyalossy, V. 2009. "The rise and ev olution of the cambial variant in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)." Evolution & Development 11(5): 465-479.
- Pace, M. R., Lohmann, L. G. & Angyalossy, V. 2011. "Evolution of disparity between the regular and variant phloem in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)." American Journal of Botany 98(4): 602-618.
- Bignoniaceae in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), The families of flowering plants.
- iPlants for an updated checklist of the family.
Taxonomy
The Family Bignoniaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (28): Acanthoideae · Agapanthoideae · Asteroideae · Caryophylloideae · Charadriinae · Cleomoideae · Coliadinae · Epidendroideae · Ericoideae · Faboideae · Gesnerioideae · Hydrangeoideae · Iridoideae · Ixioideae · Larinae · Magnolioideae · Nepetoideae · Philodendroideae · Polemonioideae · Polygonoideae · Pyroideae · Ranunculoideae · Rhododendroideae · Scrophularioideae · Sedoideae · Spiraeoideae · Theoideae · Trollioideae
- Tribe (17): Anemoneae · Anthemideae · Bignonieae · Coleeae · Coreopsideae · Crescentieae · Eccremocarpeae · Haemantheae · Indigofereae · Magnolieae · Oroxyleae · Phaseoleae · Rhododendreae · Sileneae · Spiraeeae · Tecomeae · Tourrettieae
- Genus (251): Adenocalymma · Adenocalymna · Alsocydia · Amphicome · Amphilophium · Amphitecna · Anemopaegma · Anisostichus · Anomoctenium · Aplolophium · Argylia · Arrabidaea · Astianthus · Batocydia · Bayonia · Bignonia · Blepharitheca · Bothriopodium · Bulweria · Calampelis · Callichlamys · Calosanthes · Campsidium · Campsis · Catalpa · Catalpium · Catophractes · Ceratophytum · Chasmia · Chilopsis · Chitalpa · Chodanthus · Choriosphaera · Clytostoma · Clytostomanthus · Codazzia · Colea · Cotema · Couralia · Craterotecoma · Crecentia · Cremastus · Crescentia · Cresentia · Cupulissa · Cuspidaria · Cybistax · Cydista · Danielia · Delostoma · Dendrophila · Dendrosicus · Deplanchea · Dermatocalyx · Digomphia · Dinklageanthus · Dinklageodoxa · Diplanthera · Dipterosperma · Distictella · Distictis · Dolichandra · Dolichandrone · Doxantha · Ducoudraea · Eccremocarpus · Edouardia · Ekmanianthe · Enallagma · Endoloma · Etorloba · Exsertanthera · Ferdinandia · Fernandia · Fernandoa · Fridericia · Gardnerodoxa · Gelseminum · Glaziova · Glaziovia · Godmania · Hadongia · Hanburyophyton · Handroanthus · Haplolophium · Haplophragma · Haussmannia · Haussmannianthes · Heterocalycium · Heterophragma · Hexaneurocarpon · Hieranthes · Hieris · Hilariophyton · Hippoxylon · Incarvillea · Jacaranda · Jaracanda · Kigelia · Kigelianthe · Kokoschkinia · Kordelestris · Kuhlmannia · Lagaropyxis · Lamiodendron · Leucocalantha · Leucocalanthe · Leucoxylon · Levya · Lochmocydia · Lundia · Macfadyena · Macranthisiphon · Macrocatalpa · Macrodiscus · Manaosella · Mansoa · Markhamia · Martinella · Mayodendron · Melloa · Memora · Microbignonia · Micropaegma · Millingtonia · Montravelia · Muenteria · Mussatia · Nematopogon · Neojobertia · Neomacfadya · Neosepicaea · Neotuerckheimia · Nestoria · Neurotecoma · Neves-Armondia · Nevrilis · Newbouldia · Niedzwedzkia · Nouletia · Nycticalos · Nyctocalos · Odisca · Odontotecoma · Onohualcoa · Ophiocolea · Oroxylon · Oroxylum · Orthotheca · Osmhydrophora · Osmohydrophora · Oxymitus · Pachyptera · Pajanelia · Pandorea · Panterpa · Parabignonia · Paracarpaea · Paracolea · Paradolichandra · Paragonia · Paramansoa · Paratecoma · Parmentiera · Pauldopia · Peltospermum · Pentelesia · Perianthomega · Periarrabidaea · Perichlaena · Petastoma · Phaedranthus · Pharseophora · Phryganocidia · Phryganocydia · Phyllarthron · Phylloctenium · Piriadacus · Pithecoctenium · Pithecoxanium · Platolaria · Pleonotoma · Podranea · Pongelia · Potamoganos · Potamoxylon · Proterpia · Pseudocalymma · Pseudocalymna · Pseudocatalpa · Pseudopaegma · Pteromischus · Pteropodium · Pyrostegia · Radermachera · Rhigozum · Rhodocolea · Roentgenia · Rojasiophyton · Romeroa · Roseodendron · Saldanhaea · Sampaiella · Sanhilaria · Santisukia · Saritaea · Schizopsis · Scobinaria · Sererea · Setilobus · Sideropogon · Siphocolea · Siphocranion · Sotor · Sparattosperma · Spathicalyx · Spathodea · Spathodeopsis · Sphingiphila · Spirotecoma · Stenolobium · Stereospermum · Stizophyllum · Synapsis · Tababuia · Tabebuia · Tanaecium · Tecoma · Tecomanthe · Tecomaria · Tecomella · Tecomeria · Temnocydia · Tetrastichella · Tisserantodendron · Tourretia · Tourrettia · Tripinnaria · Tymanthus · Tynanthus · Tynnanthus · Uloma · Urbanolophium · Vasconcellia · X Chitalpa · Xerotecoma · Xylophragma · Yangua · Zaa · Zenkeria · Zeyheria
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 4,009 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Family Bignoniaceae.
Genera
Adenocalymma
Adenocalymna
Adenocalymna is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. This New World genus of lianas contains approximately 50 species. [more]
Alsocydia
Amphicome
Amphilophium
Amphitecna
Amphitecna is a genus of plant in family Bignoniaceae. [more]
Anemopaegma
Anemopaegma chamberlaynii An evergreen vigorous climber from tropical South America, with leaves of two leaflets to 16 cm long and sometime a terminal tendril; flower funnel-form 6?8 cm long, in pendant clusters of yellow tubular flowers, the tube constricted near base. It prefers a sub-tropical or tropical climate with rich soil and plenty of water. Propagate from seed or cuttings. [more]
Anisostichus
Anisostichus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species: [more]
Anomoctenium
Aplolophium
Argylia
Argylia is a genus of flowering plants that is a member of the family Bignoniaceae. [more]
Arrabidaea
Astianthus
Batocydia
Bayonia
Bignonia
Bignonia is a genus of in the catalpa family, Bignoniaceae. Its genus and family were named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his protégé Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694. [more]
Blepharitheca
Bothriopodium
Bulweria
Bulweria is a genus of seabirds in the family Procellariidae named after English naturalist James Bulwer. The genus has two living species, Bulwer's Petrel (B. bulwerii) and Jouanin's Petrel (B. fallax). A third species, the Small Saint Helena Petrel, (Bulweria bifax) became extinct in the early 16th century; it is known only from skeletal remains. [more]
Calampelis
Eccremocarpus (syn. Calampelis D.Don) is a genus of five species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to western South America in Chile, western Argentina, and Peru. The species are evergreen semi-woody vines growing to 1-7 m tall. [more]
Callichlamys
Calosanthes
Campsidium
Campsis
Campsis is a genus of two species of plants, both vines with large flowers. [more]
Catalpa
Catalpa, also spelled Catawba, is a genus of mostly deciduous trees in the flowering plant family Bignoniaceae, native to warm temperate regions of North America, the West Indies, and eastern Asia. [more]
Catalpium
Catophractes
Ceratophytum
Chasmia
Chilopsis
Chilopsis is a genus of , containing a single species, Chilopsis linearis. It is a small tree native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Despite the common name Desert-willow, given because of its willow-like leaves, it is actually a member of the bignonia family Bignoniaceae. It is commonly seen in washes and along riverbanks at elevations below 1500 m in its range. [more]
Chitalpa
Chodanthus
Choriosphaera
Clytostoma
Clytostomanthus
Codazzia
Colea
Cotema
Couralia
Craterotecoma
Crecentia
Cremastus
Crescentia
Crescentia (Calabash tree, huingo, krabasi, or kalebas, not to be confused with the ) is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to southern Florida, the Caribbean, southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America. The species are small trees growing to 10 m tall, and producing large spherical fruits up to half a meter in diameter. [more]
Cresentia
Cupulissa
Cuspidaria
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Cybistax
Cydista
Danielia
Delostoma
Dendrophila
Dendrosicus
Deplanchea
Dermatocalyx
Digomphia
Dinklageanthus
Dinklageodoxa
Diplanthera
Dipterosperma
Distictella
Distictis
Dolichandra
Dolichandrone
Doxantha
Ducoudraea
Eccremocarpus
Eccremocarpus (syn. Calampelis D.Don) is a genus of five species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to western South America in Chile, western Argentina, and Peru. The species are evergreen semi-woody vines growing to 1-7 m tall. [more]
Edouardia
Ekmanianthe
Enallagma
Enallagma is a genus of damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae commonly known as bluets. The genus consists of the following species: [more]
Endoloma
Etorloba
Exsertanthera
Ferdinandia
Fernandia
Fernandoa
Fernandoa is a genus of plant in family Bignoniaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Fridericia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Gardnerodoxa
Gelseminum
Glaziova
Glaziovia
Godmania
Hadongia
Hanburyophyton
Handroanthus
Haplolophium
Haplophragma
Haussmannia
Haussmannianthes
Heterocalycium
Heterophragma
Hexaneurocarpon
Hieranthes
Hieris
Hilariophyton
Hippoxylon
Incarvillea
Incarvillea is a genus of 16 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to central and eastern Asia, with most of the species growing at high altitudes in the Himalaya and Tibet. The most familiar species is Incarvillea delavayi, a garden plant commonly known as "hardy gloxinia" or "Chinese trumpet flower". Unlike most other members of Bignoniaceae, which are usually trees or lianas, species of Incarvillea are stemless perennial herbs with fleshy tuberous roots. [more]
Jacaranda
Deciduous trees. Leaves 2-pinnate, with many leaflets. Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles, showy, blue to violet. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 2-lipped, 5-lobed; lobes subequal, spreading, obtuse. Stamens 4; staminode present. Capsule suborbicular, compressed, dehiscing by 2 woody valves. Seeds winged.[1] [more]
Jaracanda
Kigelia
Kigelia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. The genus comprises only one species, Kigelia africana, which occurs throughout tropical Africa from Eritrea and Chad south to northern South Africa, and west to Senegal and Namibia. [more]
Kigelianthe
Kokoschkinia
Kordelestris
Kuhlmannia
Lagaropyxis
Lamiodendron
Leucocalantha
Leucocalanthe
Leucoxylon
Levya
Lochmocydia
Lundia
Macfadyena
Macranthisiphon
Macrocatalpa
Macrodiscus
Manaosella
Mansoa
A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]
Markhamia
Trees. Leaves opposite, 1-pinnately compound. Inflorescences terminal. Flowers yellow or yellow-red. Calyx closed in bud, laterally divided to base, spathelike at anthesis, floccose to lanate-woolly. Corolla lobes 5, subequal, rounded, tube short. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, long, terete, compressed, yellow-brown floccose to lanate-woolly; septum woody, compressed, with 1 concave midrib. Seeds long ellipsoid, 2-rowed in each locule, transparent and membranous winged at both ends.[2] [more]
Martinella
Mayodendron
Trees evergreen. Leaves opposite, 2-pinnately compound; leaflets entire. Inflorescences short racemose, borne on old stems or short lateral branches. Calyx tubular, spathelike, laterally divided, densely puberulent abaxially. Corolla tubular, orange-yellow; lobes 5, rounded, subequal, reflexed, constricted at base. Stamens 4, subequal, inserted at base of corolla tube; anthers divergent. Disc annual. Ovary long terete, 2-locular. Stigma lingular, compressed, 2-lobed. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, linear; valves thin leathery. Seeds 2-rowed on each placenta, thin mambranous, transparent and membranous winged at both ends.[3] [more]
Melloa
Memora
Microbignonia
Micropaegma
Millingtonia
Millingtonia hortensis, Tree Jasmine or Indian Cork Tree, the sole species in the genus Millingtonia, is a tree native to South East Asia. It is known as Akash Malli or Mara Malli in Tamil, Kavuki in Telugu, Pip in Thai: ??? and Mini Chameli in Hindi, Akash Mallee in Oriya. [more]
Montravelia
Muenteria
Mussatia
Nematopogon
Neojobertia
Neomacfadya
Neosepicaea
Neotuerckheimia
Nestoria
Neurotecoma
Neves-Armondia
Nevrilis
Newbouldia
Niedzwedzkia
Nouletia
Nycticalos
Nyctocalos
Vines, without tendrils. Leaves opposite, 1-pinnately compound; leaflets 3-5(-7), entire. Inflorescences racemose, terminal. Calyx campanulate, apex subtruncate; teeth 5, short acute. Corolla white, tube very long, narrowly cylindric, slightly bilabiate; lobes ovate-rounded, subequal, patent. Stamens 4 and didynamous or 5, inserted high in corolla tube; anthers divergent, ellipsoid, longitudinally dehiscing, apex with a caudate appendage. Disc cushionlike. Ovary short terete; ovules in several rows. Style filiform; stigma compressed. Capsule dehiscing septicidally, long ellipsoid, compressed, with a persistent calyx. Seeds numerous, compressed, rounded, transparent winged.[4] [more]
Odisca
Odontotecoma
Onohualcoa
Ophiocolea
Oroxylon
Oroxylum
Trees small, few branched. Leaves opposite, 2- or 3-pinnately compound; leaflets entire. Inflorescences racemose, terminal, erect. Calyx large, purple, broadly campanulate, fleshy, apex subtruncate. Corolla purple-red, campanulate; limb slightly bilabiate; lobes spreading, rounded, margin sinuous. Stamens 5, subequal; filaments slender, long, compressed; anthers ellipsoid, 2-celled. Style filiform; stigma lingulate, compressed. Capsule dehiscing septicidally, long lanceolate, woody, compressed, ca. 1 m; septum woody. Seeds in several rows, very thin, compressed, rounded, surrounded by a transparent broad wing.[5] [more]
Orthotheca
Osmhydrophora
Osmohydrophora
Oxymitus
Pachyptera
Pajanelia
Pandorea
Pandorea is a genus of 6 species, of woody climbing vines and creepers in the family Bignoniaceae. They are native to Malesia, Australia and New Caledonia. The two most widely cultivated, mainly for their showy flowers, are the Australian species P. jasminoides (Bower Vine) and P. pandorana (Wonga Vine). All of the plants in Pandorea are subtropical to tropical and are frost-tender. [more]
Panterpa
Parabignonia
Paracarpaea
Paracolea
Paradolichandra
Paragonia
Paramansoa
Paratecoma
Parmentiera
Parmentiera is a genus of in family Bignoniaceae. [more]
Pauldopia
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, 2-pinnately compound; rachis narrowly winged; leaflets subsessile, white scaly pubescent adaxially, sparsely glandular abaxially. Inflorescences paniculate, many flowered. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla tube tubular; lobes 5, semirounded. Stamens 4, didynamous. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-locular; ovules borne on septum. Capsule dehiscing loculicidally, terete; septum membranous. Seeds compressed globose, thick, nearly wingless.[6] [more]
Peltospermum
Pentelesia
Perianthomega
Periarrabidaea
Perichlaena
Petastoma
Phaedranthus
Pharseophora
Phryganocidia
Phryganocydia
Phyllarthron
Phylloctenium
Piriadacus
Pithecoctenium
Pithecoxanium
Platolaria
Pleonotoma
Podranea
Pongelia
Potamoganos
Potamoxylon
Proterpia
Pseudocalymma
Pseudocalymna
Pseudocatalpa
Pseudopaegma
Pteromischus
Pteropodium
Pyrostegia
Radermachera
Radermachera is a genus of 15-16 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to southeastern Asia. They are evergreen trees reaching 5-40 m tall, with bipinnate or tripinnate leaves, and panicles of large bell-shaped, white, pink, pale purple or yellow flowers 5-7 cm diameter. [more]
Rhigozum
Rhigozum is a genus of thorny African bush. It is in the family. [more]
Rhodocolea
Roentgenia
Rojasiophyton
Romeroa
Romeroa is a genus of in family Bignoniaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Roseodendron
Saldanhaea
Sampaiella
Sanhilaria
Santisukia
Saritaea
Schizopsis
Scobinaria
Sererea
Setilobus
Sideropogon
Siphocolea
Siphocranion
Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Stems slender, leafless basally. Leaves mostly aggregated at apex. Racemes terminal, solitary or sometimes 3 together; verticillasters 2-flowered; bracteoles opposite, persistent. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx broadly campanulate, conspicuously 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; lower lip longer, 2-toothed, teeth narrower. Corolla tubular, straight, narrow, base not saccate, sometimes slightly constricted at middle, slightly dilated at throat; limb very short, 2-lipped; upper lip 4-lobed, lobes subequal or middle 2 smaller; lower lip larger, margin entire, ± concave. Stamens 4, included, anterior 2 longer; filaments glabrous; anther cells 2, divaricate, apex confluent. Ovary glabrous. Style apex equally 2-cleft. Nutlets oblong to ovoid, dotted, with a small basal white scar.[7] [more]
Sotor
Sparattosperma
Spathicalyx
Spathodea
Spathodea is a monotypic genus in the flowering plant family Bignoniaceae. The single species it contains, Spathodea campanulata, is commonly known as the Fountain Tree, African Tulip Tree, Flame-of-the-forest, Rudra Palash, Pichkari or Nandi Flame. It is a tree that grows between 7?25 m (23?82 ft) tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa. [more]
Spathodeopsis
Sphingiphila
Spirotecoma
Spirotecoma is a genus of in family Bignoniaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Stenolobium
Stereospermum
Stereospermum is a genus of trees. [more]
Stizophyllum
Synapsis
(Gr. synaptos: linked, joined, united) (pl. synapses) The close association between homologous chromosomes that develops during the first prophase of meiosis. The two chromosomes move together and an exact pairing of corresponding points along their lengths occurs as they lie side by side. The resulting structure is called a bivalent. Syn. pairing.[8] [more]
Tababuia
Tabebuia
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and southern Florida south to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti), Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago and Cuba. The generic name is derived from words used for the trees by the indigenous peoples of Brazil. [more]
Tanaecium
Tecoma
Tecoma is a of 14 species of shrubs or small trees in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae. Twelve species are from the Americas, while the other two species are African. [more]
Tecomanthe
Tecomanthe is a genus of 5 species of tropical or subtropical forest lianes in the family Bignoniaceae. They have attractive trumpet-like flowers and glossy leaves. They are native to Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and the Solomon Islands. [more]
Tecomaria
Tecoma is a of 14 species of shrubs or small trees in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae. Twelve species are from the Americas, while the other two species are African. [more]
Tecomella
Tecomeria
Temnocydia
Tetrastichella
Tisserantodendron
Tourretia
Tourrettia
Tripinnaria
Tymanthus
Tynanthus
Tynnanthus
Uloma
Urbanolophium
Vasconcellia
X Chitalpa
Xerotecoma
Xylophragma
Yangua
Zaa
Zenkeria
Zeyheria
Zeyheria is a genus of in family Bignoniaceae. [more]
At least 11 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zeyheria.
More info about the Genus Zeyheria may be found here.
References
- Gentry, A. H. 1980. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part I (tribes Crescentieae and Tourrettieae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (1): 1-150.
- Gentry, A. H. 1992. Flora Neotropica: Bignoniaceae - Part II ( tribe Tecomeae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 25 (2): 1-130.
- Lohmann, L. G. 2006. Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae - Bignoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 93 (2): 304-318.
- Olmstead, R. G., Zjhra, M. L., Lohmann, L. G., Grose, S. O. & Eckert, A. J. 2009. A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae. "American Journal of Botany" 96 (9):1731-1743.
- Pace, M. R., Lohmann, L. G. & Angyalossy, V. 2009. "The rise and evolution of the cambial variant in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)." Evolution & Development 11(5): 465-479.
- Pace, M. R., Lohmann, L. G. & Angyalossy, V. 2011. "Evolution of disparity between the regular and variant phloem in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)." American Journal of Botany 98(4): 602-618.
- Bignoniaceae in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), The families of flowering plants.
- iPlants for an updated checklist of the family.
Footnotes
- "Jacaranda". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Markhamia". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 224. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Mayodendron". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 224. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Nyctocalos". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 214. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Oroxylum". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 215. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Pauldopia". in Flora of China Vol. 18 Page 216. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Siphocranion". in Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 264. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Synapsis&search=Search
Sources
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- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
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