Overview
The Bambusoideae is a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae, and is characterized by having 3 stigmas and are mostly tree-like.1] However, there are uncertainties at practically every taxonomic level within the Bambusoideae, and different types of data (floral morphology, vegetative structures, anatomy, and genetics) often result in support for differing relationships.
The Bambusoideae generally consists of a distinct ?core? group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae) and an associated group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous bamboos (Bambusoideae). The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most ?primitive? grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, ?pseudospikelets,? and flowers with three , six stamens, and three stigmas.[2]
Taxonomy research
In a recent study [3] DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the Poaceae. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal clade within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also sho wing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic.[2] A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.?s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark?s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos).[4]
Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).
Subdivisions
Bambusoideae is divided into two groups:
- the Oryzodae
- the Bambusodae
Tribes
It has 13 tribes, as following:
- Oryzodae
- Tribe Anomochloeae
- This tribe is also separated to form subfamily Anomochlooideae. There is one genus: Anomochloa.
- Tribe Diarrheneae
- There is one genus: Diarrhena.
- Tribe Ehrharteae
- There are four genera: Ehrharta, Microlaena, Petriella[disambiguation needed
], Tetrarrhena.
- There are four genera: Ehrharta, Microlaena, Petriella[disambiguation needed
- Tribe Olyreae
- There are 20 genera: Agnesia, Arberella, Buergersiochloa, Cryptochloa, Diandrolyra, Ekmanochloa, Froesiochloa, Lithachne (also placed in Oryzeae), Maclurolyra, Mniochloa, Olyra (plant), Pariana, Parodiolyra, Piresia, Piresiella, Raddia, Raddiella, Rehia, Reitzia, Sucrea.
- Tribe Oryzeae
- This tribe also forms subfamily Oryzoideae. It has 13 genera: Chikusichloa, Hydrochloa, Hygroryza, Leersia, Luziola, Maltebrunia, Oryza, Porteresia, Potamophila, Prosphytochloa, Rhynchoryza, Zizania, Zizaniopsis.
- Tribe Phaenospermatae
- There is 1 genus in this tribe: Phaenosperma.
- Tribe Phareae
- There are 4 genera: Leptaspis, Pharus, Scrotochloa, Suddia.
- Tribe
Phyllorhachideae
- This tribe has 2 genera: Humbertochloa, Phyllorhachis.
- Tribe Streptochaeteae
- There is one genus: Streptochaeta.
- Tribe Streptogyneae
- This tribe only has one genus: Streptogyna.
- Tribe Anomochloeae
- Bambusodae
- Tribe Bambuseae
- This tribe comprises woody bamboos (or hardy bamboos). There are 91 genera, distributed into several subtribes:
- Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae
- Comprises 13 genera: Actinocladum, Alvimia, Apoclada, Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Atractantha, Aulonemia (Matudacalamus), Colanthelia, Elytrostachys, Glaziophyton, Merostachys, Myriocladus, Rhipidocladum.
- Subtribe Arundinariinae
- Comprises 16 genera: Acidosasa, Ampelocalamus, Arundinaria, Borinda, Chimonocalamus, Drepanostachyum (Himalayacalamus), Fargesia, Ferrocalamus, Gaoligongshania, Gelidocalamus, Indocalamus, Oligostachyum, Pseudosasa, Sasa, Thamnocalamus, Yushania.
- Subtribe Bambusinae
- Comprises 10 genera: Bambusa (Dendrocalamopsis), Bonia (Monocladus), Dendrocalamus (Klemachloa, Oreobambos, Oxynanthera or Sinocalamus), Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa (Maclurochloa, Soejatmia), Melocalamus, Sphaerobambos, Thyrsostachys.
- Subtribe Chusqueinae
- Comprises 2 genera: Chusquea, Neurolepis.
- Subtribe Guaduinae
- Comprises 4 genera: Eremocaulon, Guadua, Olmeca, Otatea.
- Subtribe Melocanninae
- Comprises 9 genera: Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Leptocanna, Melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudostachyum, Schizostachyum, Teinostachyum.
- Subtribe Nastinae
- Comprises 6 genera: Decaryochloa, Greslania, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, Nastus, Perrierbambus.
- Subtribe Racemobambodinae
- Comprises one genus: Racemobambos (Neomicrocalamus, Vietnamosasa)
- Subtribe Shibataeinae
- Comprises 8 genera: Chimonobambusa, Indosasa, Phyllostachys, Qiongzhuea, Semiarundianria (Brachystachyum), Shibataea, Sinobambusa, Temburongia (incertae sedis).
- Tribe Guaduelleae
- There is one genus: Guaduella.
- Tribe Puelieae
- There is one genus: Puelia.
- Tribe Bambuseae
The Bambusoideae generally consists of a distinct ?core? group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae) and an associated group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous bamboos (Bambusoideae). The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most ?primitive? grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, ?pseudospikelets,? and flowers with three , six stamens, and three stigmas.[2]
Taxonomy research
In a recent study [3] DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the Poaceae. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal clade within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also showing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic.[2] A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.?s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark?s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos).[4]
Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).
Subdivisions
Bambusoideae is divided into two groups:
- the Oryzodae
- the Bambusodae
Tribes
It has 13 tribes, as following:
- Oryzodae
- Tribe Anomochloeae
- This tribe is also separated to form subfamily Anomochlooideae. There is one genus: Anomochloa.
- Tribe
Diarrheneae
- There is one genus: Diarrhena.
- Tribe Ehrharteae
- There are four genera: Ehrharta, Microlaena, Petriella[disambiguation needed
], Tetrarrhena.
- There are four genera: Ehrharta, Microlaena, Petriella[disambiguation needed
- Tribe Olyreae
- There are 20 genera: Agnesia, Arberella, Buergersiochloa, Cryptochloa, Diandrolyra, Ekmanochloa, Froesiochloa, Lithachne (also placed in Oryzeae), Maclurolyra, Mniochloa, Olyra (plant), Pariana, Parodiolyra, Piresia, Piresiella, Raddia, Raddiella, Rehia, Reitzia, Sucrea.
- Tribe Oryzeae
- This tribe also forms subfamily Oryzoideae. It has 13 genera: Chikusichloa, Hydrochloa, Hygroryza, Leersia, Luziola, Maltebrunia, Oryza, Porteresia, Potamophila, Prosphytochloa, Rhynchoryza, Zizania, Zizaniopsis.
- Tribe Phaenospermatae
- There is 1 genus in this tribe: Phaenosperma.
- Tribe Phareae
- There are 4 genera: Leptaspis, Pharus, Scrotochloa, Suddia.
- Tribe Phyllorhachideae
- This tribe has 2 genera: Humbertochloa, Phyllorhachis.
- Tribe Streptochaeteae
- There is one genus: Streptochaeta.
- Tribe Streptogyneae
- This tribe only has one genus: Streptogyna.
- Tribe Anomochloeae
- Bambusodae
- Tribe Bambuseae
- This tribe comprises woody bamboos (or hardy bamboos). There are 91 genera, distributed into several subtribes:
- Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae
- Comprises 13 genera: Actinocladum, Alvimia, Apoclada, Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Atractantha, Aulonemia (Matudacalamus), Colanthelia, Elytrostachys, Glaziophyton, Merostachys, Myriocladus, Rhipidocladum.
- Subtribe Arundinariinae
- Comprises 16 genera: Acidosasa, Ampelocalamus, Arundinaria, Borinda, Chimonocalamus, Drepanostachyum (Himalayacalamus), Fargesia, Ferrocalamus, Gaoligongshania, Gelidocalamus, Indocalamus, Oligostachyum, Pseudosasa, Sasa, Thamnocalamus, Yushania.
- Subtribe Bambusinae
- Comprises 10 genera: Bambusa (Dendrocalamopsis), Bonia (Monocladus), Dendrocalamus (Klemachloa, Oreobambos, Oxynanthera or Sinocalamus), Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa (Maclurochloa, Soejatmia), Melocalamus, Sphaerobambos, Thyrsostachys.
- Subtribe Chusqueinae
- Comprises 2 genera: Chusquea, Neurolepis.
- Subtribe
Guaduinae
- Comprises 4 genera: Eremocaulon, Guadua, Olmeca, Otatea.
- Subtribe Melocanninae
- Comprises 9 genera: Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Leptocanna, Melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudostachyum, Schizostachyum, Teinostachyum.
- Subtribe Nastinae
- Comprises 6 genera: Decaryochloa, Greslania, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, Nastus, Perrierbambus.
- Subtribe Racemobambodinae
- Comprises one genus: Racemobambos (Neomicrocalamus, Vietnamosasa)
- Subtribe Shibataeinae
- Comprises 8 genera: Chimonobambusa, Indosasa, Phyllostachys, Qiongzhuea, Semiarundianria (Brachystachyum), Shibataea, Sinobambusa, Temburongia (incertae sedis).
- Tribe Guaduelleae
- There is one genus: Guaduella.
- Tribe Puelieae
- There is one genus: Puelia.
- Tribe Bambuseae
References
- ^ Judd, WS, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue [eds.]. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 296-301. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
- ^ a b Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
- ^ (Clark et al., 1995)
- ^ Kelchner, SA, LG Clark. 1997. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397.
External links
Taxonomy
The Subfamily Bambusoideae is a member of the Family Gramineae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Bambusoideae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Phylum: Tracheophyta
Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
- Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
(Auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Infraphylum: Angiospermae
Auct.
- Class: Magnoliopsida
Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
- Subclass: Commelinidae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Superorder: Juncanae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Order: Poales
Small, 1903
- Family: Gramineae
A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
- Subfamily: Bambusoideae
- Family: Gramineae
A.L. de Jussieu, 1789, nom. cons., nom. alt.
- Order: Poales
Small, 1903
- Superorder: Juncanae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Subclass: Commelinidae
Takhtajan, 1967
- Class: Magnoliopsida
Brongniart, 1843 - Dicotyledons
- Infraphylum: Angiospermae
Auct.
- Subphylum: Euphyllophytina
(Auct.) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum: Tracheophyta
Sinnott, 1935 ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
- Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Cavalier-Smith, 1981 - Green Plants
- Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
The Subfamily Bambusoideae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Tribe (12): Arundinarieae · Bambuseae · Brachyelytreae · Diarrheneae · Oleeae · Olyreae · Ophiopogoneae · Parianeae · Phaenospermateae · Phyllorachideae · Shibataeeae · Streptogyneae
- Subtribe (4): Arundinariinae · Bambusinae · Melocanninae · Oleinae
- Genus (51): Arthrostylidium · Arundinaria · Asarina · Atractocarpa · Atropa · Aulonemia · Bambusa · Brachyelytrum · Buergersiochloa · Chimonobambusa · Chimonocalamus · Chusquea · Dendrocalamus · Diarrhena · Dinochloa · Drepanostachyum · Eremitis · Fargesia · Ferrocalamus · Galanthus · Gelidocalamus · Gigantochloa · Guadua · Himalayacalamus · Humbertochloa · Indocalamus · Liriope · Lithachne · Melocanna · Merostachys · Neurolepis · Ochlandra · Olyra · Oreobambos · Osmanthus · Oxytenanthera · Pariana · Phaenosperma · Phyllorachis · Phyllostachys · Pseudosasa · Raddia · Raddiella · Rhodochiton · Sasa · Schizostachyum · Semiarundinaria · Shibataea · Sinarundinaria · Sinobambusa · Streptogyna
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2,766 species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and cultivars in the Subfamily Bambusoideae.
Genera
Arthrostylidium
Arthrostylidium is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 20 species found in the New World. They are climbing bamboos. [more]
Arundinaria
Arundinaria, commonly known as the canes, is the sole genus of bamboo native to South Africa and eastern North America and the only temperate bamboo in North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Ohio and Texas. Within this region they are found from the Coastal Plain to medium elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Its members have running rhizomes and are woody and tree-like, attaining heights from 0.5 up to 8 metres. They produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively, forming large genets. When seed production does occur, the colony usually dies afterwards. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a top knot. [more]
Asarina
Asarina is a genus comprising 16 species of strongly sprawling or twining perennials, native to Mexico, southwestern USA, and southern Europe. Originally placed in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family), they have more recently been moved to the Plantaginaceae (plantain family). Leaves are often triangular, toothed, downy and hairy with twining flower stalks. Flowers are attractive trumpet-shaped with broad green sepals and pale throat-spotted corolla in varying sizes, resemble snapdragons, and may be white, yellow, pink, purple, and shades in between. Some species are often placed in the genus Maurandya. [more]
Atractocarpa
Atropa
Atropa (?-tro-pa) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its best-known member is the Deadly Nightshade (A. belladonna). Its pharmacologically active ingredients include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, all tropane alkaloids. The genus is named after ?t??p?? (Atropos) of the Three Fates, the one which cut the life thread. [more]
Aulonemia
Aulonemia is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising about 30 species found from South America to Mexico and Costa Rica. This genus includes Matudacalamus . [more]
Bambusa
Bambusa is a large genus of about 130 species of clumping bamboos. These species are usually giant ones, with numerous branches at a node and one or two much larger than the rest. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, especially in the wet Tropics. [more]
Brachyelytrum
Brachyelytrum is a small grass genus that occurs in eastern North America and eastern Asia. It is one of several grass species that displays this classic floristic disjunction pattern. There are three species recognized currently in Brachyelytrum: B. aristosum (distributed in southeastern Canada and the northeastern USA), B. erectum (distributed in the northeastern USA and adjacent southern Canada), and B. japonicum (distributed in Japan and southeastern China). [more]
Buergersiochloa
Chimonobambusa
Chimonobambusa is a genus of bamboo. [more]
Chimonocalamus
Chusquea
Chusquea is a of bamboo with about 120 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. [more]
Dendrocalamus
Dendrocalamus is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, which are similar to the genus Bambusa. With about 29 species, this genus is found from the Indian subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia. is one of the tallest of bamboos, capable of reaching heights up to 30 m. [more]
Diarrhena
Description and distribution as for tribe.[1] [more]
Dinochloa
Dinochloa is a of about 20 species of tropical clumping high-climbing bamboo. These species bear zigzag culms and fleshy fruits. They are found in the hill forests and lowland dipterocarp forest of Malesia. [more]
Drepanostachyum
Drepanostachyum is a genus of medium-sized mountain clumping bamboos. [more]
Eremitis
Fargesia
Fargesia is a genus of medium to small mountain clumping bamboos, found in alpine conifer forests of East Asia. They are known in Chinese as jian zhu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ji?nzh?), meaning "arrow bamboo". They can be found in China south to Vietnam and west to the eastern slopes of the Himalayas. There are currently about 90 recognised species, but morphological and genetic analysis has led to many being transferred to the genera Thamnocalamus, Yushania and Borinda, while others are still incertae sedis. The scientific name was given in honour of the French missionary and amateur botanist P?re Paul Guillaume Farges. [more]
Ferrocalamus
Galanthus
Galanthus (Snowdrop; Greek g?la "milk", ?nthos "flower") is a small genus of about 20 species of bulbous herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Most flower in winter, before the vernal equinox (20 or 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere), but certain species flower in early spring and late autumn. [more]
Gelidocalamus
Gelidocalamus is a genus of small to medium-sized bamboos, found geographically in the mountains of eastern China [1]. This genus is sometimes included in Indocalamus. [more]
Gigantochloa
Gigantochloa is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, similar to the genus Bambusa. Found in Southeast Asia, the genus comprises about 24 species. [more]
Guadua
Guadua is a Neotropics genus of thorny clumping bamboo, ranging from moderate to very large species. Physically, is noted for being the largest Neotropics bamboo. The genus is similar to Bambusa and is sometimes included in Bambusa. Several animals are, to a various extent, associated with stands of Guadua bamboo, for example several species of seedeaters, and the Amazon and Atlantic Bamboo Rats. [more]
Himalayacalamus
Himalayacalamus is a newly-erected genus of mountain clumping bamboos. They are found growing at lower altitudes of the Himalaya. [more]
Humbertochloa
Indocalamus
Indocalamus is a genus of bamboo. [more]
Liriope
Liriope has two distinct meanings: [more]
Lithachne
Melocanna
Melocanna is a genus of tropical clumping bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises 3 species, found in East Asia. The genus is similar to Bambusa. The 48-year cycle of M. baccifera in northeastern India is responsible for the mautam phenomenon of bamboo flowering, followed by a plague of rats and famine. [more]
Merostachys
Merostachys is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises about 40 species, found in South America. [more]
Neurolepis
Neurolepis is a genus of bamboo. It has several species, found in South America (from Venezuela to Peru). It is one of two genera in the subtribe Chusqueinae, the other being Chusquea; unlike that genus the stems of Neurolepis are hollow, like other bamboos. Many of the species are running, rather than clumping, bamboos, and are found cascading down hillsides. [more]
Ochlandra
Olyra
Olyra may refer to two genera: [more]
Oreobambos
Osmanthus
Osmanthus (Osmanthus) is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae, mostly native to warm temperate Asia (from the Caucasus east to Japan) but one species (O. americanus) in North America (southeastern United States, Texas to Virginia). They range in size from shrubs to small trees, 2-12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, evergreen, and simple, with an entire, serrated or coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring, summer or autumn, each flower being about 1 cm long, white, with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ('petals'). The flowers grow in small panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. The fruit is a small (10-15 mm), hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed. [more]
Oxytenanthera
Pariana
Phaenosperma
Description and distribution as for tribe.[2] [more]
Phyllorachis
Phyllostachys
Phyllostachys is a genus of bamboo. The species are native to Asia with a large number of species found in Central China, but can now be found in many temperate and semi-tropical areas around the world as cultivated plants or escapes from cultivation. Most of the species spread aggressively by underground rhizomes and some are considered invasive species in areas outside their native range, particularly in North America. [more]
Pseudosasa
Pseudosasa is a genus of small to medium running bamboo. These species usually have one branch at a node. Its name comes from its resemblance to the genus Sasa. [more]
Raddia
Raddiella
Rhodochiton
Rhodochiton is a genus of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae. There are three species in this genus, the most commonly grown is R. astrosanguineum, (syn. R. volubile) the purple bell vine. Native of woodland in Mexico, this attractive plant scrambles through the undergrowth and produces dark purple tubular flowers within a long lasting, papery calyx. Propagation is by seed or cuttings. The two other species, sometimes included in Lophospermum are R. hintonii and R. nubicola. [more]
Sasa
Schizostachyum
Schizostachyum is a tall or shrub-like genus of bamboo. The genus name comes from Greek schistos ("cleft") and stachys ("spike"), referring to the spacing of spikelets. [more]
Semiarundinaria
Semiarundinaria is a genus of tall or shrubby running bamboos. The species are found from temperate and subtropical regions of China and Japan. [more]
Shibataea
Shibataea is a genus of bamboo. [more]
Sinarundinaria
Chimonocalamus is a genus of bamboo. Some of the species are aromatic and grown as ornamental plants. [more]
Sinobambusa
Sinobambusa is a genus of bamboo. [more]
Streptogyna
At least 3 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Streptogyna.
More info about the Genus Streptogyna may be found here.
References
- ^ Judd, WS, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue [eds.]. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 296-301. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
- ^ a b Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
- ^ (Clark et al., 1995)
- ^ Kelchner, SA, LG Clark. 1997. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397.
External links
Footnotes
- "Diarrhena". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 224. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Phaenosperma". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 187. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The technology underlying this page, including the controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.
