font settings

Font Size: Large | Normal | Small
Font Face: Verdana | Geneva | Georgia

Bambusoideae

(Subfamily)

Overview

[ Back to top ]

The Bambusoideae is a of the true grass family Poaceae, and is characterized by having 3 stigmas and are mostly tree-like.1] However, there are uncertainties at practically every taxonomic level within the Bambusoideae, and different types of data (floral morphology, vegetative structures, anatomy, and genetics) often result in support for differing relationships. The Bambusoideae generally consists a distinct “core” group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae)and an associated a group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous Bambusoideae. The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most “primitive” grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, “pseudospikelets,” and flowers with three lodicules, six stamens, and three stigmas.[2] In a recent study Clark et al. (1995) analyzed DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the Poaceae. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal clade within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also showing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic.[3] A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.’s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark’s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos).[4] Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).

Subdivisions

[ Back to top ]

It is divided into two groups: the Oryzodae and the Bambusodae. It has 13 tribes, as following:

Photos

[ Back to top ]

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

The Subfamily Bambusoideae is a member of the Family Poaceae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Bambusoideae:

The Subfamily Bambusoideae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

[ Back to top ]

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 20 species found in the New World. They are climbing bamboos. [more]

Arundinaria

Small to arborescent bamboos, spreading or loosely clumped. Rhizomes leptomorph. Culms diffuse to pluricaespitose, suberect to drooping, 1-7(-13) m tall, 0.5-4(-6) cm thick; internodes terete to flattened on one side above branches. Branch buds tall, with or without promontory, within 2-keeled prophyll, always open at front. Branches (1 or) 2-5(-7), subequal. Lateral branch axes always subtended by sheaths, without replication of lateral branches. Culm sheaths deciduous to persistent, blade usually recurved or reflexed, lanceolate, articulate. Leaf sheaths persistent; blade oblong-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, small to medium-sized, without marginal necrosis in winter, arrangement random, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence an open panicle or raceme, flowering branches usually subtended by tiny bracts. Spikelets several to many flowered, slender; rachilla internodes extended, disarticulating. Glumes 1 or 2, mucronate; lemma similar to glumes; palea 2-keeled, apex obtuse; lodicules 3. Stamens 3; filaments free, slender; anthers yellow. Style usually very short; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Caryopsis dry, oblong. New shoots May-Jun.[1] [more]

Asarina

[more]

Atropa

Atropa () is a genus of plants in the nightshade family. Its best-known member is the deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna. Its pharmacologically active ingredient is atropine. The genus is named after Atropos of the Three Fates, the one which cut the life thread. [more]

Bambusa

Arborescent bamboos, occasionally shrubby or scrambling, 1-20 m. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms unicaespitose, erect to pendulous, rarely subscandent; internodes terete; nodes not raised. Branches several to many, often 1-3 dominant (subequal in Bambusa subg. Lingnania), branchlets of lower branches sometimes forming tough or weak thorns. Culm sheaths deciduous, rarely persistent; auricles usually conspicuous, always with marginal oral setae; blade usually erect. Leaf blade variable in size, transverse veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence iterauctant, fully bracteate, subtended by a broad 2-keeled prophyll; pseudospikelets rarely solitary, usually several to many clustered to capitate on flowering branches. Pseudospikelets prophyllate; florets 2 to many, terminal floret sterile or imperfect, sessile; fertile glumes preceded by 1 or more gemmiferous, glumaceous, or spathaceous bracts and/or 1-3 empty glumes; rachilla internodes usually distinct and usually disarticulating with florets, falling separately; lemma broad, many veined; palea 2-keeled, apex acute or shortly bifid; lodicules 3 or 2. Stamens 6; filaments free. Ovary usually stalked, apex thickened and hairy; style solid, usually short; stigmas (1-) 3, long, hairy, plumose. Caryopsis terete, apex hairy; pericarp slightly thickened.[2] [more]

Banisteria

[more]

Chimonobambusa

Shrubby bamboos, rarely subarborescent. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms usually diffuse, sometimes tillering (pluricaespitose), erect; internodes terete or 4-angled, often basally grooved above branches; nodes prominent to very prominent, basal nodes often with a ring of sparse or dense root thorns; sheath scars usually with a ring of pubescence or persistent base of culm sheath. Branches 3(-7 on upper culm), subequal, buds ovate-triangular, open at front, prophyll reduced. Culm sheaths deciduous and leathery, or sometimes persistent and papery; auricles minute or absent; blade reduced, to 1 cm, narrow. Leaves (1 or) 2-5 per ultimate branch; blade lanceolate, base cuneate. Inflorescence fully bracteate, weakly iterauctant, 1-3 single pseudospikelet racemes loosely fasciculate, subtended by gradually enlarged bracts. Spikelets several to many flowered, sessile. Rachilla disarticulating. Glumes usually 1-3, frequently one subtending a bud; lemma papery or membranous; palea membranous, 2-keeled, obtuse; lodicules 3, membranous. Stamens 3; filaments free. Ovary ellipsoid; style 1, short; stigmas 2 or 3, plumose. Fruit a nutlike caryopsis with a hardened pericarp. New shoots Apr-Nov.[3] [more]

Chusquea

Chusquea is a of bamboo with about 120 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. [more]

Cotoneaster

Shrubs, rarely small trees, erect, decumbent, or prostrate, deciduous, semievergreen, or evergreen. Branchlets mostly terete, rarely slightly angulate, unarmed. Winter buds small; scales several, imbricate, exposed. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly petiolate; stipules caducous, usually subulate, small; margin of leaf blade entire, venation camptodromous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, cymose or corymbose, sometimes flowers several fascicled or solitary. Hypanthium turbinate or campanulate, rarely cylindric, adnate to ovary. Sepals 5, persistent, short. Petals 5, erect or spreading, imbricate in bud, white, pink, or red. Stamens 10-20(-22), inserted in mouth of hypanthium. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, 2-5-loculed; carpels 2-5, connate abaxially, free adaxially; ovules 2 per carpel, erect; styles 2-5, free; stigmas dilated. Fruit a drupe-like pome, red, brownish red, or orange to black, with persistent, incurved, fleshy sepals, containing pyrenes; pyrenes (1 or) 2-5, bony, 1-seeded; seeds compressed; cotyledons plano-convex.[4] [more]

Daphne

Shrubs or subshrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branches glabrous or pubescent. Leaves mostly alternate, sometimes opposite; petiole short. Inflorescence usually terminal, sometimes axillary, capitate or shortly racemose, sometimes paniculate, racemose, or spicate, with or without involucre; peduncle short or absent. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants sometimes dioecious), 4- or 5-merous. Calyx tube white, pink, or yellow, rarely mauve, campanulate, cylindric, or slightly funnel-shaped, exterior glabrous or pubescent; lobes 4 or 5, erect or spreading, alternately longer and shorter. Petaloid appendages absent. Stamens twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series; filaments short or absent; anthers oblong, included; connectives indistinct. Disk absent or annular, cup-shaped, sometimes elongated on one side. Ovary usually sessile or slightly stipitate, ovoid, 1-loculed; style terminal, short; stigma capitate. Fruit a succulent berry or dry and leathery, sometimes enclosed by persistent calyx, sometimes naked, usually red or yellow. Seed testa crustaceous, endosperm scanty or absent; cotyledons fleshy.[5] [more]

Dendrocalamus

Arborescent bamboos, large-sized; clumps dense. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms unicaespitose, erect, or occasionally scrambling, apex usually pendulous; internodes terete. Branches several to many, none to 3 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous; ligule conspicuous; auricles often absent or small; blade usually recurved, or erect. Leaf blades usually large; ligule conspicuous; auricles usually absent; venation not tessellate. Inflorescence iterauctant, fully bracteate, subtended by a narrow single-keeled prophyll, pseudospikelets clustered in soft or spiky globose mass at nodes of leafless flowering branches. Pseudospikelets prophyllate, (1 or) 2-8-flowered, with or without rachilla extension and rudiment, sessile, fertile glumes preceded by 1 or more gemmiferous bracts and 0-2 empty glumes. Prophyll narrow, single-keeled. Rachilla internodes usually abbreviated and not disarticulating; florets falling together. Lemma broad, nearly equal to palea, many veined, sometimes long mucronate; palea of lower florets 2-keeled, but rounded or imperfectly keeled in terminal floret if rachilla extension small or absent, apex acute or shortly bifid; lodicules absent or variably 1-3. Stamens 6; filaments usually free, rarely united into a loose tube. Ovary stalked, apex thickened and hairy; style very short, solid; stigmas 1(-3), long, hairy, plumose. Caryopsis terete, apex hairy; pericarp slightly thickened. 2n = 76*.[6] [more]

Galanthus

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from brown, tunicate, ovoid to globose bulbs; offset bulbs often present. Leaves 2(-3), basal, opposite, with sheathing blade, vernation flat and parallel, or convolute; nonsheathing blade erect to recurving at maturity, grayish green, linear-oblanceolate, glaucous; sheathing blade white, tubular, membranous, enclosing leaf bases and scape. Scape erect in flower, prostrate in fruit, green, solid. Inflorescences pendulous, 1-flowered, spathaceous; spathe bracteate, membranous; bracts 2, connate, split on 1 side. Flowers nodding, fragrant; perianath 2.5 cm or shorter; tepals 6, distinct, unequal; outer tepals spreading, white, narrowly obovate to almost orbicular, larger than inner; inner tepals overlapping, appearing tubular, green-spotted at apex only or apex and base, straight to semiorbicular, apex notched; stamens 6, inserted at bases of tepals, distinct; anthers basifixed, longer than filaments, bases lobed, apices tapered, dehiscense introrse, via terminal slits; ovary inferior, green, 3-locular, globose, septal nectaries present; style, white, unbranched, filiform; stigma indistinct to minutely capitate; pedicel wiry, short, slender. Fruits capsular, green, globose, fleshy, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 18-36, light brown, 3.5 mm, oblong to obtuse, elaiosomes fleshy. x = 12.[7] [more]

Gigantochloa

Arborescent bamboos, large-sized; clumps dense. Rhizomes short necked, pachymorph. Culms unicaespitose, erect, pendulous at apex; internodes green initially, often with yellow stripes, terete. Branches several, 1 dominant. Culm sheaths deciduous, very broad, densely hairy; ligule conspicuous; auricles absent or small; blade recurved or erect. Leaves usually large, base cuneate; auricles usually absent; ligule conspicuous; blade cuneate at base, venation not tessellate. Inflorescence iterauctant, fully bracteate, subtended by a narrow single-keeled prophyll, pseudospikelets clustered in soft or spiky globose mass at nodes of leafless flowering branches. Pseudospikelets sessile, prophyllate; florets (1 or) 2-5, with a sterile terminal floret with lemma only, sessile. Fertile glumes preceded by 1 or more gemmiferous bracts and 0-2 empty glumes; rachilla very short, obscure, not disarticulating; lemma broad, many veined; palea strongly 2-keeled; lodicules absent. Stamens 6; filaments united into a firm tube; anthers apiculate. Ovary stalked, apex thickened and hairy; stigma 1, long, hairy, plumose. Caryopsis terete, apex hairy; pericarp slightly thickened. 2n = 76*.[8] [more]

Guadua

Guadua is a genus of thorny clumping bamboo, ranging from moderate to very large species. Physically, Guadua angustifolia is noted for being the largest Neotropics bamboo. The genus is similar to Bambusa and is sometimes included in Bambusa. [more]

Hemerocallis

Herbs, perennial, scapose, clump-forming, rhizomatous, from fibrous or fleshy contractile roots often enlarged at ends; rhizomes spreading. Leaves many, basal, sessile, 2-ranked, bases sheathing; blade long-linear, keeled, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 2, in terminal helicoid cyme, or solitary. Flowers mostly diurnal and ephemeral, slightly irregular, showy; tepals 6, connate basally into short, funnelform to campanulate tube, distinct parts imbricate, spreading, inner broader than outer; stamens 6, adnate to throat of perianth tube; filaments curved upward, distinct, unequal; anthers dorsifixed, 2-locular, linear-oblong, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, conic, septal nectaries present; style curved upwards; stigma indistinctly 3-lobed or capitate. Fruits capsular, leathery, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds rarely produced (sterile) or many. x = 11.[9] [more]

Hypolepis

Plants terrestrial, often forming colonies. Stems subterranean, long-creeping; hairs reddish. Leaves scattered, arching, deltate, 45--160 cm [to 7 m]. Petiole glabrescent or pubescent, often with prickles, sometimes with stem buds near base; vascular bundles more than 3, forming O-shaped pattern in cross section. Blade 1--4-pinnate; rachises with prickles; nectaries absent. Segments pinnatifid, ultimate segments oblong, margins lobed. Veins free, simple or pinnately branched. Sori ± marginal at vein tips, discrete, mostly round, protected by revolute blade tooth, rarely inframarginal and unprotected. Spores ellipsoid, monolete, tuberculate or papillate. x = 26, 29.[10] [more]

Liriope

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[11] [more]

Lonicera

A genus of Diptera.[12] [more]

Neurolepis

Neurolepis is a of bamboo. It has 9 species, found in South America (from Venezuela to Peru). It is one of two genera in the subtribe Chusqueinae, the other being Chusquea; unlike that genus the stems of Neurolepis are hollow, like other bamboos. Many of the species are running, rather than clumping, bamboos, and are found cascading down hillsides. [more]

Osmanthus

Shrubs to small trees, evergreen. Leaves opposite, simple, petiolate; leaf blade entire or serrate, usually glandular dotted. Inflorescences cymose, fascicled in leaf axils or in very short and axillary or terminal panicles; bracts 2, united at base, usually ciliate. Flowers bisexual, usually becoming unisexual and plants dioecious or androdioecious. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed. Corolla usually white or yellowish, campanulate, cylindric, or urceolate, lobed, parted, or divided almost to base; lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens 2(-4), mostly attached to upper half of corolla tube; connective usually minutely mucronate, elongated, or projecting. Ovules 2 in each locule, pendulous. Stigma capitate or 2-cleft. Abortive pistil subulate or conical. Fruit a drupe; endocarp hard or bony; endosperm fleshy; radicle erect.[13] [more]

Oxytenanthera

[more]

Phyllostachys

Arborescent or shrubby bamboos. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms diffuse; internodes profoundly flattened or grooved on one side above branches; nodes 2-ridged. Branches 2, subequal, rarely with a much smaller, central or lateral 3rd branch. Culm sheaths deciduous, papery to subleathery; ligule usually conspicuous; usually auricled with long bristles; blade usually recurved or reflexed. Leaf blade with distinct transverse veins, usually abaxially pilose proximally. Inflorescence bracteate, partially iterauctant, composed of 1-7-spikeleted racemes gathered into fascicles or globose mass subtended by a tiny, membranous, 2-keeled prophyll, 0 or 1 gemmiferous bract, 2-6, gradually enlarged scaly bracts, and 2-7 spathiform bracts. Spikelets with 2-7 florets, terminal sterile. Glumes absent to 1(-3). Rachilla extending beyond uppermost floret, disarticulating just below fertile florets. Lemma variable in size and texture; palea 2-keeled, apex bifid; lodicules 3, ciliate. Stamens 3. Style long; stigmas (1-) 3, plumose. Caryopsis elliptical to linear-lanceolate, dorsally grooved.[14] [more]

Physocarpus

Shrubs deciduous. Branches spreading; buds small, with several alternate, exposed scales. Leaves alternate; stipules caducous; leaf blade usually 3-veined, margin usually 3-lobed, serrate. Inflorescence a terminal corymb. Flowers bisexual. Hypanthium cupular. Sepals 5, valvate. Petals 5, white or pinkish, slightly longer than sepals. Stamens 20 40. Carpels 1 5, connate at base; ovary 1-loculed. Follicles inflated, dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds 2 5.[15] [more]

Pseudopanax

Pseudopanax is a small of 12-20 species of evergreen plants, the majority of which are endemic to New Zealand, although they also occur in Tasmania (Australia) and some plants from South America have at times been included in this genus. Flowers of the genus occur in terminal umbels. [more]

Pseudosasa

Plants small, shrublike, or arborescent, spreading and densely clumped; rhizomes leptomorph. Culms pluricaespitose, erect to drooping, 0.5-13 m tall, to 6 cm thick; internodes terete or moderately grooved; nodes not greatly swollen; supra-nodal ridge not evident. Branch buds tall, prophylls 2-keeled, initially closed at front, without promontory. Branches erect, initially 1-3 per node, short or long, central slightly dominant with basal nodes compressed, branches always fully sheathed, without replication of lateral branches, sheaths and prophylls ± glabrous. Culm sheaths deciduous to very persistent, tough; blade erect or reflexed, narrowly triangular to strap-shaped. Leaf sheaths persistent; blades moderately large for size of culm, without marginal necrosis in winter, arrangement random, transverse veins distinct. Inflorescence an open raceme or panicle; branching subtended by large or small bracts. Spikelets 2-20 cm; rachilla sinuous, disarticulation below florets; florets 3-30. Glumes 2, shorter than first lemma; lemma to 1 cm. Palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3.[16] [more]

Rhodochiton

Rhodochiton is a of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae. There are three species in this genus, the most commonly grown is R. astrosanguineum, (syn. R. volubile) the purple bell vine. Native of woodland in Mexico, this attractive plant scrambles through the undergrowth and produces dark purple tubular flowers within a long lasting, papery calyx. Propagation is by seed or cuttings. The two other species, sometimes included in Lophospermum are R. hintonii and R. nubicola. [more]

Sasa

[more]

Schizostachyum

Schizostachyum is a tall or shrub-like genus of bamboo. The genus name comes from Greek schistos ("cleft") and stachys ("spike"), referring to the spacing of spikelets. [more]

Semiarundinaria

Shrubby bamboo, sometimes subarborescent. Rhizomes leptomorph, with running underground stems. Culms densely pluricaespitose, erect; internodes flattened or grooved above branches, glabrous (pubescent in S. densiflora) ; nodes prominent. Branches (3-) 5-9(-13), subequal, buds initially open at front. Culm sheaths deciduous, leathery or thickly papery; ligule conspicuous; blade recurved or reflexed. Leaves 3-7(-10) per ultimate branch; blade with distinct transverse veins. Inflorescence lateral, racemose to paniculate, fully bracteate, partially iterauctant, prophyllate; pseudospikelets subtended by a spathiform prophyll and 2 or 3 gradually enlarged bracts. Spikelets sessile, 2-7-flowered. Rachilla articulate, internodes extended (short in S. densiflora). Glumes absent to 3; lemma papery, acuminate; palea about as long as or longer than lemma, 2-keeled abaxially, apex rounded, ciliolate; lodicules 3(or 4). Stamens 3; filaments free; anthers exserted. Ovary ellipsoid, ovoid, or globose; style 1; stigmas 3, plumose. Fruit a caryopsis.[17] [more]

Trichocereus

Echinopsis is a large of cacti native to South America, sometimes known as hedgehog cacti, sea-urchin cactus or Easter lily cactus. One small species, E. chamaecereus, is known as the peanut cactus. The 128 species range from large and treelike types to small globose cacti. The name derives from echinos hedgehog or sea urchin, and opsis appearance, a reference to these plants' dense coverings of spines. [more]

At least 127 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Trichocereus.

More info about the Genus Trichocereus may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ Judd, WS, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue [eds.]. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 296-301. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
  2. ^ Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
  3. ^ Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
  4. ^ Kelchner, SA, LG Clark. 1997. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397.

Bibliography

[ Back to top ]

Footnotes

[ Back to top ]
  1. Zheng-de Zhu, De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Arundinaria". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 112. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Nianhe Xia, Liang-zhi Jia, De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Bambusa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 8, 9, 41, 121, 148. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Chimonobambusa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 100, 152. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. Lu Ling-ti, Anthony R. Brach "Cotoneaster". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 85. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew & Christopher Brickell "Daphne". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 213, 215, 223, 230, 246. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Dendrocalamus". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 37, 39, 98, 100. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. Gerald B. Straley  & Frederick H. Utech "Galanthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 280, 293. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Gigantochloa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 46, 48. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Hemerocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 51, 53, 57, 219. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. Clifton E. Nauman "Hypolepis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Liriope&search=Search
  12. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Lonicera&search=Search
  13. "Osmanthus". in Flora of China Vol. 15 Page 286. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  14. Zheng-ping Wang & Chris Stapleton "Phyllostachys". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 114, 163. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  15. Ku Tsue-chih, Crinan Alexander "Physocarpus". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 76. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  16. Zheng-de Zhu, De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Pseudosasa". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 115, 124. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  17. De-Zhu Li & Chris Stapleton "Semiarundinaria". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 9, 151. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

[ Back to top ]
Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 14:19:34