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Bambusoideae

(Subfamily)

Overview

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The Bambusoideae is a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae, and is characterized by having 3 stigmas and are mostly tree-like.1] However, there are uncertainties at practically every taxonomic level within the Bambusoideae, and different types of data (floral morphology, vegetative structures, anatomy, and genetics) often result in support for differing relationships.

The Bambusoideae generally consists of a distinct ?core? group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae) and an associated group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous bamboos (Bambusoideae). The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most ?primitive? grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, ?pseudospikelets,? and flowers with three , six stamens, and three stigmas.[2]

Taxonomy research

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Flora distribution map of the Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae.

In a recent study [3] DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the Poaceae. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal clade within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also sho wing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic.[2] A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.?s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark?s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos).[4]

Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).

Subdivisions

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Bambusoideae is divided into two groups:

  1. the Oryzodae
  2. the Bambusodae

Tribes

It has 13 tribes, as following:

he Bambusoideae is a subfamily of the true grass family Poaceae, and is characterized by having 3 stigmas and are mostly tree-like.1] However, there are uncertainties at practically every taxonomic level within the Bambusoideae, and different types of data (floral morphology, vegetative structures, anatomy, and genetics) often result in support for differing relationships.

The Bambusoideae generally consists of a distinct ?core? group of genera, the woody bamboos (Bambuseae) and an associated group of genera of questionable affinity, the herbaceous bamboos (Bambusoideae). The bamusoid taxa have long been considered the most ?primitive? grasses, mostly because of the presence of bracteate, indeterminate inflorescences, ?pseudospikelets,? and flowers with three , six stamens, and three stigmas.[2]

Taxonomy research

[ Back to top ]
Flora distribution map of the Poaceae subfamily Bambusoideae.

In a recent study [3] DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene ndhF were analyzed to address phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the Poaceae. They found that two tribes of neotropical herbaceous bamboo tribes, the Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae, are resolved as the most basal clade within the grass family, confirming the hypothesis that elements within the Bambusoideae sensu lato are basal within the Poaceae, and also showing that the Bambusoideae s.l. is polyphyletic.[2] A recent study which analyzed the phylogenetic relationships within the Bambusoideae using rp116 intron sequence data from chloroplast DNA was able to further resolve some of the uncertainties remaining in Clark et al.?s (1995) analysis. Kelchner and Clark?s (1997) analysis resolved a Bambusoideae clade with two monophyletic groups: the Bambuseae (woody bamboos) and the Olyreae/Parianeae (herbaceous bamboos).[4]

Within the Bambuseae two clades were recovered corresponding to temperate and tropical woody bamboos, and the tropical taxa were even further divided into New World and Old World clades. The distinct lineages produced strongly correspond with geographic divisions, with major clades representing the New World herbaceous species (Olyreae/Parianeae), New World tropical woody bamboos, Old World tropical woody bamboos, and North temperate woody bamboos (all Bambuseae).

Subdivisions

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Bambusoideae is divided into two groups:

  1. the Oryzodae
  2. the Bambusodae

Tribes

It has 13 tribes, as following:

References

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  1. ^ Judd, WS, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue [eds.]. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 296-301. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
  2. ^ a b Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
  3. ^ (Clark et al., 1995)
  4. ^ Kelchner, SA, LG Clark. 1997. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397.

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Subfamily Bambusoideae is a member of the Family Gramineae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Bambusoideae:

The Subfamily Bambusoideae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising 20 species found in the New World. They are climbing bamboos. [more]

Arundinaria

Arundinaria, commonly known as the canes, is the sole genus of bamboo native to South Africa and eastern North America and the only temperate bamboo in North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Ohio and Texas. Within this region they are found from the Coastal Plain to medium elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Its members have running rhizomes and are woody and tree-like, attaining heights from 0.5 up to 8 metres. They produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively, forming large genets. When seed production does occur, the colony usually dies afterwards. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a top knot. [more]

Asarina

Asarina is a genus comprising 16 species of strongly sprawling or twining perennials, native to Mexico, southwestern USA, and southern Europe. Originally placed in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family), they have more recently been moved to the Plantaginaceae (plantain family). Leaves are often triangular, toothed, downy and hairy with twining flower stalks. Flowers are attractive trumpet-shaped with broad green sepals and pale throat-spotted corolla in varying sizes, resemble snapdragons, and may be white, yellow, pink, purple, and shades in between. Some species are often placed in the genus Maurandya. [more]

Atractocarpa

[more]

Atropa

Atropa (?-tro-pa) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Its best-known member is the Deadly Nightshade (A. belladonna). Its pharmacologically active ingredients include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, all tropane alkaloids. The genus is named after ?t??p?? (Atropos) of the Three Fates, the one which cut the life thread. [more]

Aulonemia

Aulonemia is a genus of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae), comprising about 30 species found from South America to Mexico and Costa Rica. This genus includes Matudacalamus . [more]

Bambusa

Bambusa is a large genus of about 130 species of clumping bamboos. These species are usually giant ones, with numerous branches at a node and one or two much larger than the rest. They are found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, especially in the wet Tropics. [more]

Brachyelytrum

Brachyelytrum is a small grass genus that occurs in eastern North America and eastern Asia. It is one of several grass species that displays this classic floristic disjunction pattern. There are three species recognized currently in Brachyelytrum: B. aristosum (distributed in southeastern Canada and the northeastern USA), B. erectum (distributed in the northeastern USA and adjacent southern Canada), and B. japonicum (distributed in Japan and southeastern China). [more]

Buergersiochloa

[more]

Chimonobambusa

Chimonobambusa is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Chimonocalamus

[more]

Chusquea

Chusquea is a of bamboo with about 120 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. [more]

Dendrocalamus

Dendrocalamus is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, which are similar to the genus Bambusa. With about 29 species, this genus is found from the Indian subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia. is one of the tallest of bamboos, capable of reaching heights up to 30 m. [more]

Diarrhena

Description and distribution as for tribe.[1] [more]

Dinochloa

Dinochloa is a of about 20 species of tropical clumping high-climbing bamboo. These species bear zigzag culms and fleshy fruits. They are found in the hill forests and lowland dipterocarp forest of Malesia. [more]

Drepanostachyum

Drepanostachyum is a genus of medium-sized mountain clumping bamboos. [more]

Eremitis

[more]

Fargesia

Fargesia is a genus of medium to small mountain clumping bamboos, found in alpine conifer forests of East Asia. They are known in Chinese as jian zhu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ji?nzh?), meaning "arrow bamboo". They can be found in China south to Vietnam and west to the eastern slopes of the Himalayas. There are currently about 90 recognised species, but morphological and genetic analysis has led to many being transferred to the genera Thamnocalamus, Yushania and Borinda, while others are still incertae sedis. The scientific name was given in honour of the French missionary and amateur botanist P?re Paul Guillaume Farges. [more]

Ferrocalamus

[more]

Galanthus

Galanthus (Snowdrop; Greek g?la "milk", ?nthos "flower") is a small genus of about 20 species of bulbous herbaceous plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. Most flower in winter, before the vernal equinox (20 or 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere), but certain species flower in early spring and late autumn. [more]

Gelidocalamus

Gelidocalamus is a genus of small to medium-sized bamboos, found geographically in the mountains of eastern China [1]. This genus is sometimes included in Indocalamus. [more]

Gigantochloa

Gigantochloa is a tropical genus of giant clumping bamboo, similar to the genus Bambusa. Found in Southeast Asia, the genus comprises about 24 species. [more]

Guadua

Guadua is a Neotropics genus of thorny clumping bamboo, ranging from moderate to very large species. Physically, is noted for being the largest Neotropics bamboo. The genus is similar to Bambusa and is sometimes included in Bambusa. Several animals are, to a various extent, associated with stands of Guadua bamboo, for example several species of seedeaters, and the Amazon and Atlantic Bamboo Rats. [more]

Himalayacalamus

Himalayacalamus is a newly-erected genus of mountain clumping bamboos. They are found growing at lower altitudes of the Himalaya. [more]

Humbertochloa

Indocalamus

Indocalamus is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Liriope

Liriope has two distinct meanings: [more]

Lithachne

[more]

Melocanna

Melocanna is a genus of tropical clumping bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises 3 species, found in East Asia. The genus is similar to Bambusa. The 48-year cycle of M. baccifera in northeastern India is responsible for the mautam phenomenon of bamboo flowering, followed by a plague of rats and famine. [more]

Merostachys

Merostachys is a of bamboo (tribe Bambuseae of the family Poaceae). It comprises about 40 species, found in South America. [more]

Neurolepis

Neurolepis is a genus of bamboo. It has several species, found in South America (from Venezuela to Peru). It is one of two genera in the subtribe Chusqueinae, the other being Chusquea; unlike that genus the stems of Neurolepis are hollow, like other bamboos. Many of the species are running, rather than clumping, bamboos, and are found cascading down hillsides. [more]

Ochlandra

[more]

Olyra

Olyra may refer to two genera: [more]

Oreobambos

Osmanthus

Osmanthus (Osmanthus) is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae, mostly native to warm temperate Asia (from the Caucasus east to Japan) but one species (O. americanus) in North America (southeastern United States, Texas to Virginia). They range in size from shrubs to small trees, 2-12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, evergreen, and simple, with an entire, serrated or coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring, summer or autumn, each flower being about 1 cm long, white, with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ('petals'). The flowers grow in small panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. The fruit is a small (10-15 mm), hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed. [more]

Oxytenanthera

[more]

Pariana

[more]

Phaenosperma

Description and distribution as for tribe.[2] [more]

Phyllorachis

[more]

Phyllostachys

Phyllostachys is a genus of bamboo. The species are native to Asia with a large number of species found in Central China, but can now be found in many temperate and semi-tropical areas around the world as cultivated plants or escapes from cultivation. Most of the species spread aggressively by underground rhizomes and some are considered invasive species in areas outside their native range, particularly in North America. [more]

Pseudosasa

Pseudosasa is a genus of small to medium running bamboo. These species usually have one branch at a node. Its name comes from its resemblance to the genus Sasa. [more]

Raddia

[more]

Raddiella

[more]

Rhodochiton

Rhodochiton is a genus of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae. There are three species in this genus, the most commonly grown is R. astrosanguineum, (syn. R. volubile) the purple bell vine. Native of woodland in Mexico, this attractive plant scrambles through the undergrowth and produces dark purple tubular flowers within a long lasting, papery calyx. Propagation is by seed or cuttings. The two other species, sometimes included in Lophospermum are R. hintonii and R. nubicola. [more]

Sasa

[more]

Schizostachyum

Schizostachyum is a tall or shrub-like genus of bamboo. The genus name comes from Greek schistos ("cleft") and stachys ("spike"), referring to the spacing of spikelets. [more]

Semiarundinaria

Semiarundinaria is a genus of tall or shrubby running bamboos. The species are found from temperate and subtropical regions of China and Japan. [more]

Shibataea

Shibataea is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Sinarundinaria

Chimonocalamus is a genus of bamboo. Some of the species are aromatic and grown as ornamental plants. [more]

Sinobambusa

Sinobambusa is a genus of bamboo. [more]

Streptogyna

[more]

At least 3 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Streptogyna.

More info about the Genus Streptogyna may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Judd, WS, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens, MJ Donoghue [eds.]. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 296-301. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts USA.
  2. ^ a b Clark, LG, W Zhang, JF Wendel. 1995. A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 20(4): 436-460.
  3. ^ (Clark et al., 1995)
  4. ^ Kelchner, SA, LG Clark. 1997. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397.

External links

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Footnotes

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  1. "Diarrhena". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 224. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. "Phaenosperma". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 187. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:46:45