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Astragalus

(Genus)

Overview

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Astragalus (As-tr?-ga-lus) is a large genus of about 3,000 species1] of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milk-vetch (most species), locoweed (in western US, some species; although most locoweeds are not genus Astragalus but in related genera)[2] and goat's-thorn (A. gummifer, A. tragacanthus). Some pale-flowered vetches are similar in appearance, but vetches are more vine-like.

Species

Astragalus glycyphyllos

Astragalus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the following case-bearers of the genus Coleophora: C. astragalella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. cartilaginella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. colutella, C. euryaula (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. gallipennella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. hippodromica (feeds exclusively on A. gombo), C. onobrychiella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. polonicella (feeds exclusively on A. arenarius) and C. vicinella.

Traditional uses

Astragalus propinquus (also known as As tragalus membranaceus) has a history of use as a herbal medicine and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[3]

Research

The biotechnology firms Geron Corporation and TA Therapeutics of Hong Kong have been working on deriving a telomerase activator from it. The chemical constituent cycloastragenol (also called TAT2) is being studied to help combat HIV, as well as infections associated with chronic diseases or aging.[4] However, the National Institutes of Health states: The evidence for using astragalus for any health condition is limited. High-quality clinical trials (studies in people) are generally lacking. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that astragalus, either alone or in combination with other herbs, may have potential benefits for the immune system, heart, and l iver, and as an adjunctive therapy for cancer.[5]

A study published in the Nov. 2008 Journal of Immunology, researchers shed light on the anti-viral and anti-aging benefits of Astragalus. In their paper, a team of researchers from the UCLA AIDS Institute describe how their work with a new drug derived from astragalus root reduces the aging process of immune cells, and enhances how these cells respond to viral infections. The compound works by boosting production of telomerase, an enzyme that allows for the replacement of short bits of DNA, known as telomeres, that play a key role in cell replication, cancer and human aging.[6]

Supplement use

Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus are marketed as life prolonging extracts in humans. A proprietary extract of the dr ied root of Astragalus membranaceus, called TA-65, 'was associated with a significant age-reversal effect in the immune system, in that it led to declines in the percentage of senescent cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells after six to twelve months of use.'[dubious ? discuss][7][unreliable source?] In October 2010, Intertek/AAC Labs, an ISO 17025 internationally recognized lab, found the largest component of TA-65 to be Cycloastragenol.[8] Telomerase activation was feared to pose an increased risk of cancer because telomere shortening is a mechanism that limits cell proliferation. However, short telomeres result in chromosome instability, hence there is also a potential mechanism for telomere lengthen ing to protect against cancer (as distinct from mutation-induced activation).[9]

Side effects

Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide.[5] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood pressure.[5] Some Astragalus species can be toxic. For example, several species that grow in the United States contain the neurotoxin swainsonine.[5]

Ornamental use

Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers) a nd A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.

Toxicology

The family of Astragalus has been reviewed by Rios and Waterman, indicating that the toxicities vary from one species to another.[10]

Selected species

(See external references)

  • Astragalus acutirostris ? Sharpkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus agnicidus ? Humboldt County milkvetch
  • Astragalus agrestis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus albens ? Cushenbury milkvetch
  • Astragalus albertii
  • Astragalus alopecuroides
  • Astragalus alpinus ? Alpine milkvetch, mountai n locoweed
  • Astragalus amphioxys ? Crescent milkvetch
  • Astragalus ampullarioides ? Shivwits milkvetch
  • Astragalus andersonii ? Anderson's milkvetch
  • Astragalus angustifolius
  • Astragalus annularis
  • Astragalus anserinus ? Goose Creek milkvetch
  • Astragalus anxius ? Troubled milkvetch
  • Astragalus applegatei ? Applegate's milkvetch
  • Astragalus arenarius
  • Astragalus aristatus
  • Astragalus asymmetricus ? San Joaquin milkvetch
  • Astragalus atratus ? Owyhee mourning milkvetch
  • Astragalus atropilosulus
  • Astragalus austiniae ? Austin's milkvetch
  • Astragalus australis - Indian milkvetch
  • Astragalus azizi
  • Astragalus baionensis
  • Astragalus balearicus ? Balearic milkvetch
  • Astragalus barrii ? Barr's milkvetch
  • Astragalus bernardinus ? San Bernardino milkvetch
  • Astragalus bibullatus ? Limestone-glade milkvetch
  • Astragalus bicristatus ? Crested milkvetch, Two-crested milkvetch
  • Astragalus bidentatus
  • Astragalus bisulcatus ? Two-groove milkvetch
  • Astragalus boeticus
  • Astragalus bolanderi ? Bolander's milkvetch
  • Astragalus brachycalyx
  • Astragalus brauntonii ? Braunton's milkvetch
  • Astragalus breweri ? Brewer's milkvetch
  • Astragalus californicus ? California milkvetch
  • Astragalus canadensis ? Canadian milkvetch
  • Astragalus casei ? Case's milkvetch
  • Astragalus centralpinus
  • Astragalus christianus
  • Astragalus cicer ? Wild Lentil, Chickpea milkvetch
  • Astragalus cimae ? Cima milkvetch
  • Astragalus clarianus syn. Astragalus claranus ? Clara Hunt's milkvetch, Napa milkvetch
  • Astragalus clevelandii ? Cleveland's milkvetch
  • Astragalus coccineus ? Scarlet milkvetch, scarlet locoweed
  • Astragalus congdonii ? Congdon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus crassicarpus (caryocarpus) ? Ground-plum, Buffalo Plum
  • Astragalus cremnophylax ? Sentry milkvetch
  • Astragalus crotalariae ? Salton milkvetch
  • Astragalus curtipes ? Morro milkvetch
  • Astragalus danicus
  • Astragalus deanei ? Deane's milkvetch, Dean's milkvetch
  • Astragalus debequaeus ? Debeque milkvetch
  • Astragalus depressus
  • Astragalus desereticus ? Deseret milkvetch
  • Astragalus didymocarpus ? Two-seeded milkvetch, Dwarf white milkvetch, white dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus douglasii ? Douglas's milkvetch
  • Astragalus echinus
  • Astragalus eriocarpus
  • Astragalus ertterae ? Walker Pass milkvetch
  • Astragalus exscapus
  • Astragalus filipes ? Basa lt milkvetch
  • Astragalus frigidus ? American milk-vetch, Arctic milkvetch
  • Astragalus funereus ? Funeral Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus galegiformis
  • Astragalus gambelianus ? Gambel's dwarf milkvetch, dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus gibbsii ? Gibbs' milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilmanii ? Gilman's milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilviflorus ? Plains milk-vetch, Plains orophaca
  • Astragalus glycyphyllos ? Wild Liquorice, Licorice milkvetch
  • Astraglus gossypinus
  • Astragalus gummifer
  • Astragalus holmgreniorum ? Holmgren locoweed
  • Astragalus humillimus ? Mancos milkvetch
  • Astragalus hypoglottis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus hypoxylus - Huachuca Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus illyricus ? Illirian milkvetch
  • Astragalus inversus ? Susanville milkvetch
  • Astragalus inyoensis ? Inyo milkvetch
  • Astragalus iselyi - Isely's milkvetch
  • Astragalus jaegerianus ? Lane Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus johannis-howellii ? Long Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus kentrophyta ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus layneae ? Widow's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lemmonii ? Lemmon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiformis ? Lens pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiginosus ? Freckled milkvetch, mottled locoweed, speckled locoweed, spotted locoweed
  • Astragalus leontinus
  • Astragalus leucolobus ? Bear Valley woollypod, Bear Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus linifolius - Grand Junction milkvetch
  • Astragalus loanus - Glenwood milkvetch
  • Astragalus lotoides
  • Astragalus lusitanicus
  • Astragalus malacus ? Shaggy milkvetch
  • Astragalus massiliensis
  • Astragalus microcymbus - Skiff milkvetch
  • Astragalus mig uelensis ? San Miguel milkvetch
  • Astragalus missouriensis ? Missouri milkvetch
  • Astragalus mohavensis ? Mojave milkvetch
  • Astragalus mollissimus, woolly locoweed, stemmed locoweed
  • Astragalus monoensis ? Mono milkvetch
  • Astragalus monspessulanus
  • Astragalus montii
  • Astragalus mulfordiae - Mulford's milkvetch
  • Astragalus naturitensis ? Naturita milkvetch
  • Astragalus nevinii ? San Clemente Island milkvetch
  • Astragalus newberryi ? Newberry's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus norvegicus
  • Astragalus nutans ? Providence Mountains milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallianus ? Smallflowered milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallii ? Nuttall's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus obscurus ? Arcane milkvetch
  • Astragalus onobrychis
  • Astragalus oocarpus ? Descanso milkvetch, San Diego milkvetch
  • Astragalus oophorus< /i> ? Egg milkvetch
  • Astragalus osterhoutii ? Osterhout milkvetch
  • Astragalus oxyphysus ? Mt. Diablo milkvetch, Diablo locoweed
  • Astragalus pachypus ? Thickpod milkvetch
  • Astragalus panamintensis ? Panamint milkvetch
  • Astragalus pauperculus ? Depauperate milkvetch
  • Astragalus penduliflorus
  • Astragalus phoenix ? Ash Meadows milkvetch
  • Astragalus platytropis ? Broadkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus pomonensis ? Pomona milkvetch, Pomona locoweed
  • Astragalus propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) ? Huang qi
  • Astragalus pseudiodanthus ? Tonopah milkvetch
  • Astragalus pulsiferae ? Ames' milkvetch
  • Astragalus purshii ? Pursh's milk-vetch, Woolly-pod milkvetch, woolly-pod locoweed
  • Astragalus pycnostachyus ? Marsh milkvetch
  • Astragalus rattanii ? Rattan's milkvetch
  • Astragalus robbinsii ? Robbins' milkv etch
  • Astragalus sabulonum ? Gravel milkvetch
  • Astragalus scaphoides ? Bitterroot milkvetch
  • Astragalus sclerocarpus ? Sicklepod milkvetch
  • Astragalus schmolliae - Schmoll milkvetch
  • Astragalus sempervirens
  • Astragalus shevockii ? Shevock's milkvetch, Little Kern milkvetch
  • Astragalus shinanensis
  • Astragalus shiroumaensis
  • Astragalus sinicus ? Chinese milkvetch, Zi yun ying ( ??? )
  • Astragalus sinuatus - Whited's milkvetch
  • Astragalus sirinicus
  • Astragalus spatulatus ? Tufted milk-vetch, Draba milkvetch
  • Astragalus speirocarpus ? coilpod locoweed
  • Astragalus spinosus ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus subvestitus ? Kern County milkvetch
  • Astragalus tener ? Alkali milkvetch
  • Astragalus tennesseensis ? Tennessee milk vetch
  • Astragalus tidestromii ? Tidestr?m's milkvetch
  • Astragalus traskiae ? Trask's milkvetch
  • Astragalus tricarinatus ? Triple-ribbed milkvetch
  • Astragalus trichopodus ? Santa Barbara milkvetch, coast locoweed, Southern California locoweed
  • Astragalus tridactylus ? Foothill milk-vetch
  • Astragalus tragacanthus
  • Astragalus umbraticus ? Bald Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus vesicarius
  • Astragalus vogelii
  • Astragalus webberi ? Webber's milkvetch
  • Astragalus whitneyi ? Balloon-pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus zionis ? Zion milkvetch

See also

  • List of the largest genera of flowering plants
ut in related genera)[2] and goat's-thorn (A. gum mifer, A. tragacanthus). Some pale-flowered vetches are similar in appearance, but vetches are more vine-like.

Species

Astragalus glycyphyllos

Astragalus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the following case-bearers of the genus Coleophora: C. astragalella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. cartilaginella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. colutella, C. euryaula (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. gallipennella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. hippodromica ( feeds exclusively on A. gombo), C. onobrychiella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. polonicella (feeds exclusively on A. arenarius) and C. vicinella.

Traditional uses

Astragalus propinquus (also known as Astragalus membranaceus) has a history of use as a herbal medicine and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[3]

Research

The biotechnology firms Geron Corporation and TA Therapeutics of Hong Kong have been working on deriving a telomerase activator from it. The chemical constituent cycloastragenol (also called TAT2) is being studied to help combat HIV, as well as infections associated with chronic diseases or aging.[4] However, the National Institutes of Health states: The evidence for using astragalus for any health condition is limited. High-quality clinical trials (studies in people) are generally lacking. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that astragalus, either alone or in combination with other herbs, may have potential benefits for the immune system, heart, and liver, and as an adjunctive therapy for cancer.[5]

A study published in the Nov. 2008 Journal of Immunology, researchers shed light on the anti-viral and anti-aging benefits of Astragalus. In their paper, a team of researchers from the UCLA AIDS Institute describe how their work with a new drug derived from astragalus root reduces the aging process of immune cells, and enhances how these cells respond to viral infections. The compound works by boosting production of telomerase, an enzyme that allow s for the replacement of short bits of DNA, known as telomeres, that play a key role in cell replication, cancer and human aging.[6]

Supplement use

Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus are marketed as life prolonging extracts in humans. A proprietary extract of the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus, called TA-65, 'was associated with a significant age-reversal effect in the immune system, in that it led to declines in the percentage of senescent cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells after six to twelve months of use.'[dubious ? discuss][7][unreliable source?] In October 2010, Intertek/AAC Labs, an ISO 17025 interna tionally recognized lab, found the largest component of TA-65 to be Cycloastragenol.[8] Telomerase activation was feared to pose an increased risk of cancer because telomere shortening is a mechanism that limits cell proliferation. However, short telomeres result in chromosome instability, hence there is also a potential mechanism for telomere lengthening to protect against cancer (as distinct from mutation-induced activation).[9]

Side effects

Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide.[5] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood pressure.[5] Some A stragalus species can be toxic. For example, several species that grow in the United States contain the neurotoxin swainsonine.[5]

Ornamental use

Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers) and A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.

Toxicology

The family of Astragalus has been reviewed by Rios and Waterman, indicating that the toxicities vary from one species to another.[10]

Selected species

(See external references)

  • Astragalus acutirostris ? Sharpkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus agnicidus ? Humboldt County milkvetch
  • Astragalus agrestis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus albens ? Cushenbury milkvetch
  • Astragalus albertii
  • Astragalus alopecuroides
  • Astragalus alpinus ? Alpine milkvetch, mountain locoweed
  • Astragalus amphioxys ? Crescent milkvetch
  • Astragalus ampullarioides ? Shivwits milkvetch
  • Astragalus andersonii ? Anderson's milkvetch
  • Astragalus angustifolius
  • Astragalus annularis
  • Astragalus anserinus ? Goose Creek milkvetch
  • Astragalus anxius ? Troubled milkvetch
  • Astragalus applegatei ? Applegate's milkvetch
  • Astragalus arenarius
  • Astragalus aristatus
  • Astragalus asymmetricus ? San Joaquin milkvetch
  • Astragalus atratus ? Owyhee mourning milkvetch
  • Astragalus atropilosulus
  • Astragalus austiniae ? Austin's milkvetch
  • Astragalus australis - Indian milkvetch
  • Astragalus azizi
  • Astragalus baionensis
  • Astragalus balearicus ? Balearic milkvetch
  • Astragalus barrii ? Barr's milkvetch
  • Astragalus bernardinus ? San Bernardino milkvetch
  • Astragalus bibullatus ? Limestone-glade milkvetch
  • Astragalus bicristatus ? Crested milkvetch, Two-crested milkvetch
  • Astragalus bidentatus
  • Astragalus bisulcatus ? Two-groove milkvetch
  • Astragalus boeticus
  • Astragalus bolanderi ? Bolander's milkvetch
  • Astragalus brachycalyx
  • Astragalus brauntonii ? Braunton's milkvetch
  • Astragalus breweri ? Brewer's milkvetch
  • Astragalus californicus ? California milkvetch
  • Astragalus canadensis ? Canadian milkvetch
  • Astragalus casei ? Case's milkvetch
  • Astragalus centralpinus
  • Astragalus christianus
  • Astragalus cicer ? Wild Lentil, Chickpea milkvetch
  • Astragalus cimae ? Cima milkvetch
  • Astragalus clarianus syn. Astragalus claranus ? Clara Hunt's milkvetch, Napa milkvetch
  • Astragalus clevelandii ? Cleveland's milkvetch
  • Astragalus coccineus ? Scarlet milkvetch, scarlet locoweed
  • Astragalus congdonii ? Congdon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus crassicarpus (caryocarpus) ? Ground-plum, Buffalo Plum
  • Astragalus cremnophylax ? Sentry milkvetch
  • Astragalus crotalariae ? Salton milkvetch
  • Astragalus curtipes ? Morro milkvetch
  • Astragalus danicus
  • Astragalus deanei ? Deane's milkvetch, Dean's milkvetch
  • Astragalus debequaeus ? Debeque milkvetch
  • Astragalus depressus
  • Astragalus desereticus ? Deseret milkvetch
  • Astragalus didymocarpus ? Two-seeded milkvetch, Dwarf white milkvetch, white dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus douglasii ? Douglas's milkvetch
  • Astragalus echinus
  • Astragalus eriocarpus
  • Astragalus ertterae ? Walker Pass milkvetch
  • Astragalus exscapus
  • Astragalus filipes ? Basalt milkvetch
  • Astragalus frigidus ? American milk-vetch, Arctic milkvetch
  • Astragalus funereus ? Funeral Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus galegiformis
  • Astragalus gambelianus ? Gambel's dwarf milkvetch, dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus gibbsii ? Gibbs' milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilmanii ? Gilman's milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilviflorus ? Plains milk-vetch, Plains orophaca
  • Astragalus glycyphyllos ? Wild Liquorice, Licorice milkvetch
  • Astraglus gossypinus
  • Astragalus gummifer< /i>
  • Astragalus holmgreniorum ? Holmgren locoweed
  • Astragalus humillimus ? Mancos milkvetch
  • Astragalus hypoglottis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus hypoxylus - Huachuca Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus illyricus ? Illirian milkvetch
  • Astragalus inversus ? Susanville milkvetch
  • Astragalus inyoensis ? Inyo milkvetch
  • Astragalus iselyi - Isely's milkvetch
  • Astragalus jaegerianus ? Lane Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus johannis-howellii ? Long Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus kentrophyta ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus layneae ? Widow's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lemmonii ? Lemmon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiformis ? Lens pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiginosus ? Freckled milkvetch, mottled locoweed, speckled locoweed, spotted locoweed
  • Astragalus leontinus
  • Astragalus leucolobus ? Bear Valley woollypod, Bear Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus linifolius - Grand Junction milkvetch
  • Astragalus loanus - Glenwood milkvetch
  • Astragalus lotoides
  • Astragalus lusitanicus
  • Astragalus malacus ? Shaggy milkvetch
  • Astragalus massiliensis
  • Astragalus microcymbus - Skiff milkvetch
  • Astragalus miguelensis ? San Miguel milkvetch
  • Astragalus missouriensis ? Missouri milkvetch
  • Astragalus mohavensis ? Mojave milkvetch
  • Astragalus mollissimus, woolly locoweed, stemmed locoweed
  • Astragalus monoensis ? Mono milkvetch
  • Astragalus monspessulanus
  • Astragalus montii
  • Astragalus mulfordiae - Mulford's milkvetch
  • Astragalus naturitensis ? Naturita milkvetch
  • Astragalus nevinii ? San Clemente Island milkvetch
  • Astragalus newberryi ? Newberry's milk-vetch< /li>
  • Astragalus norvegicus
  • Astragalus nutans ? Providence Mountains milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallianus ? Smallflowered milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallii ? Nuttall's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus obscurus ? Arcane milkvetch
  • Astragalus onobrychis
  • Astragalus oocarpus ? Descanso milkvetch, San Diego milkvetch
  • Astragalus oophorus ? Egg milkvetch
  • Astragalus osterhoutii ? Osterhout milkvetch
  • Astragalus oxyphysus ? Mt. Diablo milkvetch, Diablo locoweed
  • Astragalus pachypus ? Thickpod milkvetch
  • Astragalus panamintensis ? Panamint milkvetch
  • Astragalus pauperculus ? Depauperate milkvetch
  • Astragalus penduliflorus
  • Astragalus phoenix ? Ash Meadows milkvetch
  • Astragalus platytropis ? Broadkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus pomonensis ? Pomona milkvetch, Pomona locoweed
  • Astragalus propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) ? Huang qi
  • Astragalus pseudiodanthus ? Tonopah milkvetch
  • Astragalus pulsiferae ? Ames' milkvetch
  • Astragalus purshii ? Pursh's milk-vetch, Woolly-pod milkvetch, woolly-pod locoweed
  • Astragalus pycnostachyus ? Marsh milkvetch
  • Astragalus rattanii ? Rattan's milkvetch
  • Astragalus robbinsii ? Robbins' milkvetch
  • Astragalus sabulonum ? Gravel milkvetch
  • Astragalus scaphoides ? Bitterroot milkvetch
  • Astragalus sclerocarpus ? Sicklepod milkvetch
  • Astragalus schmolliae - Schmoll milkvetch
  • Astragalus sempervirens
  • Astragalus shevockii ? Shevock's milkvetch, Little Kern milkvetch
  • Astragalus shinanensis
  • Astragalus shiroumaensis
  • Astragalus sinicus ? Chinese milkvetch, Zi yun ying ( ??? )
  • Astragalus sinuatus - Whited's milkvetch
  • Astragalus sirinicus
  • Astragalus spatulatus ? Tufted milk-vetch, Draba milkvetch
  • Astragalus speirocarpus ? coilpod locoweed
  • Astragalus spinosus ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus subvestitus ? Kern County milkvetch
  • Astragalus tener ? Alkali milkvetch
  • Astragalus tennesseensis ? Tennessee milk vetch
  • Astragalus tidestromii ? Tidestr?m's milkvetch
  • Astragalus traskiae ? Trask's milkvetch
  • Astragalus tricarinatus ? Triple-ribbed milkvetch
  • Astragalus trichopodus ? Santa Barbara milkvetch, coast locoweed, Southern California locoweed
  • Astragalus tridactylus ? Foothill milk-vetch
  • Astragalus tragacanthus
  • Astragalus umbraticus ? Bald Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus vesicarius
  • Astragalus vogelii
  • Astragalus webberi ? Webber's milkvetch
  • Astragalus whitneyi ? Balloon-pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus zionis ? Zion milkvetch

See also

  • List of the largest genera of flowering plants

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e This may actually be a valid genus.
agenol.[8] Telomerase activation was feared to pose an increased risk of cancer because telomere shortening is a mechanism that limits cell proliferation. However, short telomeres result in chromosome instability, hence there is also a potential mechanism for telomere lengthening to protect against cancer (as distinct from mutation-induced activation).[9]

Side effects

Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide.[5] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood pressure.[5] Some Astragalus species can be toxic. For example, several species that grow in the United States contain the neurotoxin swainsonine.[5]

Ornamental use

Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers) and A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.

Toxicology

The family of Astragalus has been reviewed by Rios and Waterman, indicating that the toxicities vary from one species to another.[10]

Selected species

(See external references)

  • Astragalus acutirostris ? Sharpkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus agnicidus ? Humboldt County milkvetch
  • Astragalus agrestis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus albens ? Cushenbury milkvetch
  • Astragalus albertii
  • Astragalus alopecuroides
  • Astragalus alpinus ? Alpine milkvetch, mountain locoweed
  • Astragalus amphioxys ? Crescent milkvetch
  • Astragalus ampullarioides ? Shivwits milkvetch
  • Astragalus andersonii ? Anderson's milkvetch
  • Astragalus angustifolius
  • Astragalus annularis
  • Astragalus anserinus ? Goose Creek milkvetch
  • Astragalus anxius ? Troubled milkvetch
  • Astragalus applegatei ? Applegate's milkvetch
  • Astragalus arenarius
  • Astragalus aristatus
  • Astragalus asymmetricus ? San Joaquin milkvetch
  • Astragalus atratus ? Owyhee mourning milkvetch
  • Astragalus atropilosulus
  • Astragalus austiniae ? Austin's milkvetch
  • Astragalus australis - Indian milkvetch
  • Astragalus azizi
  • Astragalus baionensis
  • Astragalus balearicus ? Balearic milkvetch
  • Astragalus barrii ? Barr's milkvetch
  • Astragalus bernardinus ? San Bernardino milkvetch
  • Astragalus bibullatus ? Limestone-glade milkvetch
  • Astragalus bicristatus ? Crested milkvetch, Two-crested milkvetch
  • Astragalus bidentatus
  • Astragalus bisulcatus ? Two-groove milkvetch
  • Astragalus boeticus
  • Astragalus bolanderi ? Bolander's milkvetch
  • Astragalus brachycalyx
  • Astragalus brauntonii ? Braunton's milkvetch
  • Astragalus breweri ? Brewer's milkvetch
  • Astragalus californicus ? California milkvetch
  • Astragalus canadensis ? Canadian milkvetch
  • Astragalus casei ? Case's milkvetch
  • Astragalus centralpinus
  • Astragalus christianus
  • Astragalus cicer ? Wild Lentil, Chickpea milkvetch
  • Astragalus cimae ? Cima milkvet ch
  • Astragalus clarianus syn. Astragalus claranus ? Clara Hunt's milkvetch, Napa milkvetch
  • Astragalus clevelandii ? Cleveland's milkvetch
  • Astragalus coccineus ? Scarlet milkvetch, scarlet locoweed
  • Astragalus congdonii ? Congdon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus crassicarpus (caryocarpus) ? Ground-plum, Buffalo Plum
  • Astragalus cremnophylax ? Sentry milkvetch
  • Astragalus crotalariae ? Salton milkvetch
  • Astragalus curtipes ? Morro milkvetch
  • Astragalus danicus
  • Astragalus deanei ? Deane's milkvetch, Dean's milkvetch
  • Astragalus debequaeus ? Debeque milkvetch
  • Astragalus depressus
  • Astragalus desereticus ? Deseret milkvetch
  • Astragalus didymocarpus ? Two-seeded milkvetch, Dwarf white milkvetch, white dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus douglasii ? Douglas's milkvetch
  • Astragalus echinus
  • Astragalus eriocarpus
  • Astragalus ertterae ? Walker Pass milkvetch
  • Astragalus exscapus
  • Astragalus filipes ? Basalt milkvetch
  • Astragalus frigidus ? American milk-vetch, Arctic milkvetch
  • Astragalus funereus ? Funeral Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus galegiformis
  • Astragalus gambelianus ? Gambel's dwarf milkvetch, dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus gibbsii ? Gibbs' milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilmanii ? Gilman's milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilviflorus ? Plains milk-vetch, Plains orophaca
  • Astragalus glycyphyllos ? Wild Liquorice, Licorice milkvetch
  • Astraglus gossypinus
  • Astragalus gummifer
  • Astragalus holmgreniorum ? Holmgren locoweed
  • Astragalus humillimus ? Mancos milkvetch
  • Astragalus hypoglottis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus hypoxylus - Huachuca Mountai n milkvetch
  • Astragalus illyricus ? Illirian milkvetch
  • Astragalus inversus ? Susanville milkvetch
  • Astragalus inyoensis ? Inyo milkvetch
  • Astragalus iselyi - Isely's milkvetch
  • Astragalus jaegerianus ? Lane Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus johannis-howellii ? Long Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus kentrophyta ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus layneae ? Widow's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lemmonii ? Lemmon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiformis ? Lens pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiginosus ? Freckled milkvetch, mottled locoweed, speckled locoweed, spotted locoweed
  • Astragalus leontinus
  • Astragalus leucolobus ? Bear Valley woollypod, Bear Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus linifolius - Grand Junction milkvetch
  • Astragalus loanus - Glenwood milkvetch
  • Astragalus lotoides
  • Astragalus lusitanicus
  • Astragalus malacus ? Shaggy milkvetch
  • Astragalus massiliensis
  • Astragalus microcymbus - Skiff milkvetch
  • Astragalus miguelensis ? San Miguel milkvetch
  • Astragalus missouriensis ? Missouri milkvetch
  • Astragalus mohavensis ? Mojave milkvetch
  • Astragalus mollissimus, woolly locoweed, stemmed locoweed
  • Astragalus monoensis ? Mono milkvetch
  • Astragalus monspessulanus
  • Astragalus montii
  • Astragalus mulfordiae - Mulford's milkvetch
  • Astragalus naturitensis ? Naturita milkvetch
  • Astragalus nevinii ? San Clemente Island milkvetch
  • Astragalus newberryi ? Newberry's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus norvegicus
  • Astragalus nutans ? Providence Mountains milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallianus ? Smallflowered milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallii ? Nuttall's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus obscurus ? Arcane milkvetch
  • Astragalus onobrychis
  • Astragalus oocarpus ? Descanso milkvetch, San Diego milkvetch
  • Astragalus oophorus ? Egg milkvetch
  • Astragalus osterhoutii ? Osterhout milkvetch
  • Astragalus oxyphysus ? Mt. Diablo milkvetch, Diablo locoweed
  • Astragalus pachypus ? Thickpod milkvetch
  • Astragalus panamintensis ? Panamint milkvetch
  • Astragalus pauperculus ? Depauperate milkvetch
  • Astragalus penduliflorus
  • Astragalus phoenix ? Ash Meadows milkvetch
  • Astragalus platytropis ? Broadkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus pomonensis ? Pomona milkvetch, Pomona locoweed
  • Astragalus propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) ? Huang qi
  • Astragalus pseudiodanthus ? Tonopah milkvetch
  • Astragalus pulsiferae ? Ames' milkvetch
  • Astragalus purshii ? Pursh's milk-vetch, Woolly-pod milkvetch, woolly-pod locoweed
  • Astragalus pycnostachyus ? Marsh milkvetch
  • Astragalus rattanii ? Rattan's milkvetch
  • Astragalus robbinsii ? Robbins' milkvetch
  • Astragalus sabulonum ? Gravel milkvetch
  • Astragalus scaphoides ? Bitterroot milkvetch
  • Astragalus sclerocarpus ? Sicklepod milkvetch
  • Astragalus schmolliae - Schmoll milkvetch
  • Astragalus sempervirens
  • Astragalus shevockii ? Shevock's milkvetch, Little Kern milkvetch
  • Astragalus shinanensis
  • Astragalus shiroumaensis
  • Astragalus sinicus ? Chinese milkvetch, Zi yun ying ( ??? )
  • Astragalus sinuatus - Whited's milkvetch
  • Astragalus sirinicus
  • Astragalus spatulatus ? Tufted milk-vetch, Draba milkvetch
  • Astragalus speirocarpus ? coilpod locoweed
  • Astragalus s pinosus ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus subvestitus ? Kern County milkvetch
  • Astragalus tener ? Alkali milkvetch
  • Astragalus tennesseensis ? Tennessee milk vetch
  • Astragalus tidestromii ? Tidestr?m's milkvetch
  • Astragalus traskiae ? Trask's milkvetch
  • Astragalus tricarinatus ? Triple-ribbed milkvetch
  • Astragalus trichopodus ? Santa Barbara milkvetch, coast locoweed, Southern California locoweed
  • Astragalus tridactylus ? Foothill milk-vetch
  • Astragalus tragacanthus
  • Astragalus umbraticus ? Bald Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus vesicarius
  • Astragalus vogelii
  • Astragalus webberi ? Webber's milkvetch
  • Astragalus whitneyi ? Balloon-pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus zionis ? Zion milkvetch

See also

  • List of the largest gen era of flowering plants
ut in related genera)[2] and goat's-thorn (A. gummifer, A. tragacanthus). Some pale-flowered vetches are similar in appearance, but vetches are more vine-like.

Species

Astragalus glycyphyllos

Astragalus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the following case-bearers of the genus Coleophora: C. astragalella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. cartilaginella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. colute lla, C. euryaula (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. gallipennella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. hippodromica (feeds exclusively on A. gombo), C. onobrychiella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. polonicella (feeds exclusively on A. arenarius) and C. vicinella.

Traditional uses

Astragalus propinquus (also known as Astragalus membranaceus) has a history of use as a herbal medicine and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[3]

Research

The biotechnology firms Geron Corporation and TA Therapeutics of Hong Kong have been working on deriving a telomerase activator from it. The chemical const ituent cycloastragenol (also called TAT2) is being studied to help combat HIV, as well as infections associated with chronic diseases or aging.[4] However, the National Institutes of Health states: The evidence for using astragalus for any health condition is limited. High-quality clinical trials (studies in people) are generally lacking. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that astragalus, either alone or in combination with other herbs, may have potential benefits for the immune system, heart, and liver, and as an adjunctive therapy for cancer.[5]

A study published in the Nov. 2008 Journal of Immunology, researchers shed light on the anti-viral and anti-aging benefits of Astragalus. In their paper, a team of researchers from the UCLA AIDS Institute describe how their work with a new drug derived from astragalus root reduces the a ging process of immune cells, and enhances how these cells respond to viral infections. The compound works by boosting production of telomerase, an enzyme that allows for the replacement of short bits of DNA, known as telomeres, that play a key role in cell replication, cancer and human aging.[6]

Supplement use

Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus are marketed as life prolonging extracts in humans. A proprietary extract of the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus, called TA-65, 'was associated with a significant age-reversal effect in the immune system, in that it led to declines in the percentage of senescent cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells after six to twelve months of use.'[dubious ? discuss][7] [unreliable source?] In October 2010, Intertek/AAC Labs, an ISO 17025 internationally recognized lab, found the largest component of TA-65 to be Cycloastragenol.[8] Telomerase activation was feared to pose an increased risk of cancer because telomere shortening is a mechanism that limits cell proliferation. However, short telomeres result in chromosome instability, hence there is also a potential mechanism for telomere lengthening to protect against cancer (as distinct from mutation-induced activation).[9]

Side effects

Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide.[5] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood pressure.[5] Some Astragalus species can be toxic. For example, several species that grow in the United States contain the neurotoxin swainsonine.[5]

Ornamental use

Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers) and A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.

Toxicology

The family of Astragalus has been reviewed by Rios and Waterman, indicating that the toxicities vary from one species to another.[10]

Selected species

(See external references)

  • Astragalus acutirostris ? Sharpkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus agnicidus ? Humboldt County milkvetch
  • Astragalus agrestis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus albens ? Cushenbury milkvetch
  • Astragalus albertii
  • Astragalus alopecuroides
  • Astragalus alpinus ? Alpine milkvetch, mountain locoweed
  • Astragalus amphioxys ? Crescent milkvetch
  • Astragalus ampullarioides ? Shivwits milkvetch
  • Astragalus andersonii ? Anderson's milkvetch
  • Astragalus angustifolius
  • Astragalus annularis
  • Astragalus anserinus ? Goose Creek milkvetch
  • Astragalus anxius ? Troubled milkvetch
  • Astragalus applegatei ? Applegate's mi lkvetch
  • Astragalus arenarius
  • Astragalus aristatus
  • Astragalus asymmetricus ? San Joaquin milkvetch
  • Astragalus atratus ? Owyhee mourning milkvetch
  • Astragalus atropilosulus
  • Astragalus austiniae ? Austin's milkvetch
  • Astragalus australis - Indian milkvetch
  • Astragalus azizi
  • Astragalus baionensis
  • Astragalus balearicus ? Balearic milkvetch
  • Astragalus barrii ? Barr's milkvetch
  • Astragalus bernardinus ? San Bernardino milkvetch
  • Astragalus bibullatus ? Limestone-glade milkvetch
  • Astragalus bicristatus ? Crested milkvetch, Two-crested milkvetch
  • Astragalus bidentatus
  • Astragalus bisulcatus ? Two-groove milkvetch
  • Astragalus boeticus
  • Astragalus bolanderi ? Bolander's milkvetch
  • Astragalus brachycalyx
  • Astragalus brauntonii ? Braunton' s milkvetch
  • Astragalus breweri ? Brewer's milkvetch
  • Astragalus californicus ? California milkvetch
  • Astragalus canadensis ? Canadian milkvetch
  • Astragalus casei ? Case's milkvetch
  • Astragalus centralpinus
  • Astragalus christianus
  • Astragalus cicer ? Wild Lentil, Chickpea milkvetch
  • Astragalus cimae ? Cima milkvetch
  • Astragalus clarianus syn. Astragalus claranus ? Clara Hunt's milkvetch, Napa milkvetch
  • Astragalus clevelandii ? Cleveland's milkvetch
  • Astragalus coccineus ? Scarlet milkvetch, scarlet locoweed
  • Astragalus congdonii ? Congdon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus crassicarpus (caryocarpus) ? Ground-plum, Buffalo Plum
  • Astragalus cremnophylax ? Sentry milkvetch
  • Astragalus crotalariae ? Salton milkvetch
  • Astragalus curtipes ? Morro milkvetch
  • Astragalus danicus
  • Astragalus deanei ? Deane's milkvetch, Dean's milkvetch
  • Astragalus debequaeus ? Debeque milkvetch
  • Astragalus depressus
  • Astragalus desereticus ? Deseret milkvetch
  • Astragalus didymocarpus ? Two-seeded milkvetch, Dwarf white milkvetch, white dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus douglasii ? Douglas's milkvetch
  • Astragalus echinus
  • Astragalus eriocarpus
  • Astragalus ertterae ? Walker Pass milkvetch
  • Astragalus exscapus
  • Astragalus filipes ? Basalt milkvetch
  • Astragalus frigidus ? American milk-vetch, Arctic milkvetch
  • Astragalus funereus ? Funeral Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus galegiformis
  • Astragalus gambelianus ? Gambel's dwarf milkvetch, dwarf locoweed
  • Astragalus gibbsii ? Gibbs' milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilmanii ? Gilman's milkvetch
  • Astragalus gilviflorus ? Plains milk- vetch, Plains orophaca
  • Astragalus glycyphyllos ? Wild Liquorice, Licorice milkvetch
  • Astraglus gossypinus
  • Astragalus gummifer
  • Astragalus holmgreniorum ? Holmgren locoweed
  • Astragalus humillimus ? Mancos milkvetch
  • Astragalus hypoglottis ? Field milkvetch, Purple milkvetch, Cock's-head
  • Astragalus hypoxylus - Huachuca Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus illyricus ? Illirian milkvetch
  • Astragalus inversus ? Susanville milkvetch
  • Astragalus inyoensis ? Inyo milkvetch
  • Astragalus iselyi - Isely's milkvetch
  • Astragalus jaegerianus ? Lane Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus johannis-howellii ? Long Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus kentrophyta ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus layneae ? Widow's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lemmonii ? Lemmon's milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiformis ? Lens pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus lentiginosus ? Freckled milkvetch, mottled locoweed, speckled locoweed, spotted locoweed
  • Astragalus leontinus
  • Astragalus leucolobus ? Bear Valley woollypod, Bear Valley milkvetch
  • Astragalus linifolius - Grand Junction milkvetch
  • Astragalus loanus - Glenwood milkvetch
  • Astragalus lotoides
  • Astragalus lusitanicus
  • Astragalus malacus ? Shaggy milkvetch
  • Astragalus massiliensis
  • Astragalus microcymbus - Skiff milkvetch
  • Astragalus miguelensis ? San Miguel milkvetch
  • Astragalus missouriensis ? Missouri milkvetch
  • Astragalus mohavensis ? Mojave milkvetch
  • Astragalus mollissimus, woolly locoweed, stemmed locoweed
  • Astragalus monoensis ? Mono milkvetch
  • Astragalus monspessulanus
  • Astragalus montii
  • Astragalus mulfordiae - Mulford's milkvetch
  • Astragalu s naturitensis ? Naturita milkvetch
  • Astragalus nevinii ? San Clemente Island milkvetch
  • Astragalus newberryi ? Newberry's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus norvegicus
  • Astragalus nutans ? Providence Mountains milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallianus ? Smallflowered milkvetch
  • Astragalus nuttallii ? Nuttall's milk-vetch
  • Astragalus obscurus ? Arcane milkvetch
  • Astragalus onobrychis
  • Astragalus oocarpus ? Descanso milkvetch, San Diego milkvetch
  • Astragalus oophorus ? Egg milkvetch
  • Astragalus osterhoutii ? Osterhout milkvetch
  • Astragalus oxyphysus ? Mt. Diablo milkvetch, Diablo locoweed
  • Astragalus pachypus ? Thickpod milkvetch
  • Astragalus panamintensis ? Panamint milkvetch
  • Astragalus pauperculus ? Depauperate milkvetch
  • Astragalus penduliflorus
  • Astragalus phoenix ? Ash Meadows milkvetch
  • Astragalus platytropis ? Broadkeel milkvetch
  • Astragalus pomonensis ? Pomona milkvetch, Pomona locoweed
  • Astragalus propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) ? Huang qi
  • Astragalus pseudiodanthus ? Tonopah milkvetch
  • Astragalus pulsiferae ? Ames' milkvetch
  • Astragalus purshii ? Pursh's milk-vetch, Woolly-pod milkvetch, woolly-pod locoweed
  • Astragalus pycnostachyus ? Marsh milkvetch
  • Astragalus rattanii ? Rattan's milkvetch
  • Astragalus robbinsii ? Robbins' milkvetch
  • Astragalus sabulonum ? Gravel milkvetch
  • Astragalus scaphoides ? Bitterroot milkvetch
  • Astragalus sclerocarpus ? Sicklepod milkvetch
  • Astragalus schmolliae - Schmoll milkvetch
  • Astragalus sempervirens
  • Astragalus shevockii ? Shevock's milkvetch, Little Kern milkvetch
  • Astragalus shinanensis
  • Astragalus shiroumaensis< /i>
  • Astragalus sinicus ? Chinese milkvetch, Zi yun ying ( ??? )
  • Astragalus sinuatus - Whited's milkvetch
  • Astragalus sirinicus
  • Astragalus spatulatus ? Tufted milk-vetch, Draba milkvetch
  • Astragalus speirocarpus ? coilpod locoweed
  • Astragalus spinosus ? Spiny milkvetch
  • Astragalus subvestitus ? Kern County milkvetch
  • Astragalus tener ? Alkali milkvetch
  • Astragalus tennesseensis ? Tennessee milk vetch
  • Astragalus tidestromii ? Tidestr?m's milkvetch
  • Astragalus traskiae ? Trask's milkvetch
  • Astragalus tricarinatus ? Triple-ribbed milkvetch
  • Astragalus trichopodus ? Santa Barbara milkvetch, coast locoweed, Southern California locoweed
  • Astragalus tridactylus ? Foothill milk-vetch
  • Astragalus tragacanthus
  • Astragalus umbraticus ? Bald Mountain milkvetch
  • Astragalus vesicarius
  • Astragalus vogelii
  • Astragalus webberi ? Webber's milkvetch
  • Astragalus whitneyi ? Balloon-pod milkvetch
  • Astragalus zionis ? Zion milkvetch

See also

  • List of the largest genera of flowering plants

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e This may actually be a valid genus.

References

  1. ^ David G. Frodin (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon 53 (3): 753?776. doi:10.2307/4135449. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2004/00000053/00000003/art00012
  2. ^ Astragalus (Locoweed) flowers
  3. ^ http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/astragalus-000223.htm
  4. ^ "Herbal chemical helps combat HIV". United Press International. January 1, 2009. http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/01/01/Herbal_chemical_helps_combat_HIV/UPI-75921230846928/. Retrieved January 28, 2011. 
  5. ^ a b c d Astragalus, NCCAM
  6. ^ Jim English (2008). "Anti-Aging and Anti-Viral Effects of Herbal "Youth" Compound". Nutrition Review 3 (5). http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/anti-aging.php. Retrieved 2012-01-05. 
  7. ^ Calvin B. Harley, Weimin Liu, Maria Blasco, Elsa Vera, William H. Andrews, Laura A. Briggs & Joseph M. Raffaele (2011). "A natural product telomerase activator as part of a health maintenance program". Rejuvenation Research 14 (1): 45?56. doi:10.1089/rej.2010.1085. PMC 3045570. PMID 20822369. http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/full/10.1089/rej.2010.1085
  8. ^ American Analytical Chemistry Laboratories Analysis Document #100710-236 of TA-65
  9. ^ Keiko Hiyama, Eiso Hiyama, Keiji Tanimoto & Masahiko Nishiyama (2009). "Role of telomeres and telomerase in cancer". In Keiko Hiyama. Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. II. Humana Press. pp. 171?180. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-879-9_7. ISBN 978-1-60327-879-9. http://www.springerlink.com/c ontent/m8k8770876771t02/
  10. ^ Rios, J. L.; P. G. Waterman (1998). "A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus". Phytotherapy Research 11 (6): 411?418. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6

External links

Taxonomy

The Genus Astragalus is further organized into finer groupings including:

References

  1. ^ David G. Frodin (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera". Taxon 53 (3): 753?776. doi:10.2307/4135449. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2004/00000053/00000003/art00012
  2. ^ Astragalus (Locoweed) flowers
  3. ^ htt p://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/astragalus-000223.htm
  4. ^ "Herbal chemical helps combat HIV". United Press International. January 1, 2009. http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2009/01/01/Herbal_chemical_helps_combat_HIV/UPI-75921230846928/. Retrieved January 28, 2011. 
  5. ^ a b c d Astragalus, NCCAM
  6. ^ Jim English (2008). "Anti-Aging and Anti-Viral Effects of Herbal "Youth" Compound". Nutrition Review 3 (5). http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/anti-aging.php. Retrieved 2012-01-05. 
  7. ^ Calvin B. Harley, Weimin Liu, Maria Blasco, Elsa Vera, William H. Andrews, Laura A. Briggs & Joseph M. Raffaele (2011). "A natural product telomerase activator as part of a health maintenance program". Rejuvenation Research 14 (1): 45?56. doi:10.1089/rej.2010.1085. PMC 3045570. PMID 20822369. http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/full/10.1089/rej.2010.1085
  8. ^ American Analytical Chemistry Laboratories Analysis Document #100710-236 of TA-65
  9. ^ Keiko Hiyama, Eiso Hiyama, Keiji Tanimoto & Masahiko Nishiyama (2009). "Role of telomeres and telomerase in cancer". In Keiko Hiyama. Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. II. Humana Press. pp. 171?180. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-879-9_7. ISBN 978-1-60327-879-9. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m8k8770876771t02/
  10. ^ Rios, J. L.; P. G. Waterman (1998). "A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus". Phytotherapy Research 11 (6): 411?418. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e This may actually be a valid genus.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 17:23:32