The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas.
Many species are tall trees found in tropical rainforests, and most are from the tropics and subtropics, but some grow in tropical dry, xeric environments. There are also perennial herbs from temperate zones. Many of these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some genera of Apocynaceae, such as Adenium however, have either clear and milky, latex sap, and others, such as Pachypodium, always have clear sap.
The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in about 424 genera. The family Asclepiadaceae is now, according to AGP II, included in the Apocynaceae.[1]
There are five subfamilies:
Apocynoideae
Asclepiadoideae
Periplocoid
eae
Rauvolfioideae
Secamonoideae
The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae sensu stricto, whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae. The Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families.
A common term for the family is dogbane family, after the American plant known as dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum.[2]
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
In the rainforests and swamps of Indomalaya: small
to very tall evergreen trees up to 80 m tall, often with buttress roots, such as Alstonia and Dyera.
In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as Alstonia, Alyxia, Cerbera and Ochrosia.
In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as Carissa, Wrightia and Holarrhena.
In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as Rauvolfia, Tabernaemontana and Acokanthera.
In Central America: Plumeria, or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many lianas such as Landolphia.
In the Mediterranean region: Nerium, with the well-known oleander or Be-still tree (Nerium oleander).
The only genera found in temperate Europe away from the Mediterranean are Vinca (Apocynoideae) and Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadoideae).
In N
orth America: Apocynum, dogbane or Indian hemp, including Apocynum cannabinum, a traditional source of fiber.
In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madagascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madagascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: Pachypodium.
The dogbane family consists of trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas with milky sap. The leaves are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking stipules. Flowers are usually showy, actinomorphic, aggregated in cymose or racemose inflorescences (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are perfect (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx that is united into a tube at the base. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. Five petals are united into a tube with 4-5 epipetalous stamens. The style is expanded at the apex int
o a massive clavuncle just below the stigma. The ovary is usually superior,bicarpellary,apocarpous with a common fused style and stigma.
The fruit is a drupe, a berry, a capsule or a follicle.
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
The genera Carpodinus, Landolphia, Hancornia, Funtumia and Mascarenhasia were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.
The juice of Acokanthera species such as A. venenata and the milky juice of the Namibian Pachypodium has been used as venom for arrow tips by the Bushmen. Some sources state that Pachypodium do not have a milky sap.[3]
Several genera are grown as ornamental plants, including Amsonia (bluestar), Nerium (olea
nder), Vinca (periwinkle), Carissa (Natal plum, an edible fruit), Allamanda (golden trumpet), Plumeria (frangipani), Thevetia (lucky nut), Mandevilla (Savannah flower), Adenium (desert-rose).
Some are sources of important drugs, such as cardiac glycosides, which affect heart function. These include the Acokanthera, Apocynum, Cerbera, Nerium, Thevetia and Strophantus. Rauvolfia serpentina, or Indian Snakeroot, yields the alkaloids reserpine and rescinnamine, which are useful tools in the treatment of high blood pressure and even some forms of psychosis. Catharanthus roseus yields alkaloids used in treating cancer.
The genus Apocynum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans.
The edible flower of Fernaldia pandurata (common name: loroco) is a popular part of El Salvadorian and Guatemalan cooking.
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Wrightia antidysenterica
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
In the rainforests and swamps of Indomalaya: small to very tall evergreen trees up to 80 m tall, often with buttress roots, such as Alstonia and Dyera.
In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as Alstonia, Alyxia, Cerbera and Ochrosia.
In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as Carissa, Wrightia and Holarrhena.
In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen trees and shrubs, such as Rauvolfia, Tabernaemontana and Acokanthera.
In Central America: Plumeria, or the frangipani, with its waxy white or pink flowers and a sweet scent.
In South America, Afric
a and Madagascar: many lianas such as Landolphia.
In the Mediterranean region: Nerium, with the well-known oleander or Be-still tree (Nerium oleander).
The only genera found in temperate Europe away from the Mediterranean are Vinca (Apocynoideae) and Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadoideae).
In North America: Apocynum, dogbane or Indian hemp, including Apocynum cannabinum, a traditional source of fiber.
In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madagascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of the eastern side of Madagascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island: Pachypodium.
The dogbane family consists of trees, shrubs, herbs, or lianas with milky sap. The leaves are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking stipules. Flowers are usually show
y, actinomorphic, aggregated in cymose or racemose inflorescences (rarely fasciculate or solitary). They are perfect (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx that is united into a tube at the base. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. Five petals are united into a tube with 4-5 epipetalous stamens. The style is expanded at the apex into a massive clavuncle just below the stigma. The ovary is usually superior,bicarpellary,apocarpous with a common fused style and stigma.
The fruit is a drupe, a berry, a capsule or a follicle.
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
The genera Carpodinus, Landolphia, Hancornia, Funtumia and Mascarenhasia were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.
The juice of Acokanthera species such as A. venenata and the milky
juice of the Namibian Pachypodium has been used as venom for arrow tips by the Bushmen. Some sources state that Pachypodium do not have a milky sap.[3]
Several genera are grown as ornamental plants, including Amsonia (bluestar), Nerium (oleander), Vinca (periwinkle), Carissa (Natal plum, an edible fruit), Allamanda (golden trumpet), Plumeria (frangipani), Thevetia (lucky nut), Mandevilla (Savannah flower), Adenium (desert-rose).
Some are sources of important drugs, such as cardiac glycosides, which affect heart function. These include the Acokanthera, Apocynum, Cerbera, Nerium, Thevetia and Strophantus. Rauvolfia serpentina, or Indian Snakeroot, yields the alkaloids reserpine and rescinnamine, which are useful tools in the treatment of high blood pressure and even some forms of psychosis. Catharanthu
s roseus yields alkaloids used in treating cancer.
The genus Apocynum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans.
The edible flower of Fernaldia pandurata (common name: loroco) is a popular part of El Salvadorian and Guatemalan cooking.
^ Mary E. Endress and Peter V. Bruyns (2000). "A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l.". Botanical Review66 (1): 1?56. doi:10.1007/BF02857781.
^ S. H. J. V. Rapanarivo & A. J. M. Leeuwenberg (1999). "Taxonomic revision of Pachypodium Series of revisions of Apocynaceac XLVIII". In S. H. J. V. Rapanarivo. Pachypodium (Apocynaceae): Taxonomy, Habitats and Cultivation. Balkema. pp. 1?82. ISBN 9789054104858. "... Adenium species have either clear sap or white latex. Pachypodium ... always has clear sap""
Acokanthera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It comprises 5 species and is generally restricted to Africa, although Acokanthera schimperi also occurs in Yemen. Its sap contains deadly cardiotoxic glycosides. The sap is among the most commonly used in arrow poisons. [more]
Adelostemma
Lianas. Leaves opposite, petiolate.Cymesextra-axillary, racemelike, pedunculate.Flowerssmall.Calyxglands 5. Corollacampanulate; lobes short, overlapping to right.Corona with up to 5 minute, membranous, triangular lobes; lobes inserted opposite anthers at base of stalkedgynostegium, sometimes absent. Antherappendagesoblong; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, ovoid, waxy, pendulous, translatorarms threadlike, corpusculumovoid.Stigmahead club-shaped, apexexserted.Follicles usually solitary, pericarppapillose.Seeds flat, margin membranous, with whitesilkycoma.[1][more]
Adenium
Adenium is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. [more]
Lianas woody, with whitelatex. Leaves opposite, interpetiolarline evident. Cymesterminaloraxillary, corymblike; bracts and bracteoles sepal-like. Flowerslarge.Calyxdivided halfway or deeper, with 5 or more basalglands inside, sepals usually longer than corollatube. Corolla white, salverform; tube long cylindric, widened at base; lobes overlapping to right.Stamensinserted at lower third of tube; anthersincluded, sagittate, adherent to pistilhead, cells with a rigid, empty basal tail; disc ringlike or tubular, lobed or dentate, surrounding ovary. Ovaries 2, distinct; ovulesnumerous.Style short; pistil head conical, apex 2cleft. Follicleslinear, terete.Seeds flat, not beaked, coma early deciduous.[2][more]
Alafia is a commune of the Cercle of Timbuktu in the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The seat lies at . As of 1998 the commune had a population of 11534. [more]
Allamanda
Allamanda, also known as Yellow Bell, Golden Trumpet or Buttercup Flower, is a genus of tropical shrubs or vines belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). [more]
Allomarkgrafia
Allomarkgrafia is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. [more]
Alstonia is a widespread genus of evergreen trees and shrubs from the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). It was named by Robert Brown in 1811, after Charles Alston (1685?1760), Professor of botany at Edinburgh from 1716-1760. [more]
Alyxia
Alyxia is an Australasian genus of flowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It contains at present 106 species, but Alyxia stellata and are very variable, might be cryptic species complexes, and are need of further study. It consists of shrubby, climbing or scrambling plants. This genus occurs in China, the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Australia, New Caledonia and the Pacific Islands. There are 14 species in Australia, 21 in New Caledonia and 7 in the other Pacific Islands, including Hawaii. [more]
Amalocalyx
Amalocalyx is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae consisting of lianas often found clinging to trees. It includes three species: [more]
Amsonia is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It is named in honor of the American botanist . Members of the genus are commonly known as bluestars. [more]
Anacampta
Ulidiidae (formerly Otitidae) is a large and diverse cosmopolitan family of flies, and, as in related families, most species are herbivorous or saprophagous. They are often known as picture-winged flies, along with members of other families in the superfamily Tephritoidea that have patterns of bands or spots on the wings. Most species share with the Tephritidae an unusual elongated projection of the anal cell in the wing, but can be differentiated by the smoothly-curving subcostal vein. [more]
Anartia
Anartia is a genus of butterflies in family Nymphalidae, and subfamily Nymphalinae, found in tropical and subtropical areas in the Americas. The butterflies are known as Peacocks, although the common European Peacock (Inachis io) is not in the same genus. [more]
Annularia is a plant fossil from the Carboniferous (around 360 to 300 million years ago). It is a form taxon. Its radiating structures are most likely the leaves of Calamites. [more]
Anodendron
Anodendron is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Ansonia
Ansonia is the name of some places in the United States of America: [more]
Apocynum, commonly known as Dogbane and Indian Hemp, is a genus of the plant family of the Apocynaceae with seven species. From the Greek: apo, away; cyno, dog, attributed to its toxicity (see Uses section). The genus occurs throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, except for western Europe. [more]
Araujia is a small genus of perennial vines in the dogbane family. There are about five species native to South America. [more]
Arduina
In Celtic mythology, Arduinna (also Arduina, Arduinnae or Arduinne) was the eponymous goddess of the Ardennes Forest and region, represented as a huntress riding a boar (primarily in the present-day regions of Belgium and Luxembourg). Her cult originated in what is today known as Ardennes, a region of Belgium, Luxembourg and France. She was later assimilated into the Gallo-Roman mythology of goddess Diana. [more]
Artia was a Cold War-era government-run company in Prague, Czechoslovakia that is best known today for publishing books and fairy tales for children. [more]
Asclepias
Asclepias L. (1753), the milkweeds, is a genus of herbaceous perennial, dicotyledonous plants that contains over 140 known species. It previously belonged to the family Asclepiadaceae, but this is now classified as the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. [more]
Balfouria (Hebrew: ??) is a moshav in northern Israel, south of Nazareth. Located near Afula, it falls under the jurisdiction of Jezreel Valley Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 312. [more]
Lianas woody, latexwhite. Leaves opposite, veins parallel. Cymesaxillaryorterminal, long pedunculate.Flowers 5merous. Calyx deeply divided, with basalglands inside. Corollasalverform, tubecylindric, swollen at base, throat without coronascales; lobes overlapping to left. Stamensinserted at middle of corolla tube; filaments stout; anthersincluded, narrowly oblong, free from pistilhead, lobes rounded at base; disc shorter than ovary, short cylindric, fleshy, thick, apexentire or emarginate. Ovary entire, 1-loculed, placentas 2; ovules 2 on each placenta.Style short; pistil head dilated, apex 2-cleft. Fruit berrylike, pulpy. Seeds 3 or 4, not comose; embryolarge, radicle short.[4][more]
Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. They are commonly known as milkweeds because of the sap they produce. Calotropis species are considered common weeds in some parts of the world. The flowers are fragrant and are often used in making floral tassels in some mainland Southeast Asian cultures. Fibers of these plants are called madar or mader. The plant is known as aak in Ayurveda and was used in cases of cutaneous diseases, intestinal worms, cough, ascites, asthma, bronchitis, dyspepsia, paralysis, swellings, intermittent fevers, anorexia, inflammations and tumors. In large doses, Arka is known to act as a purgative and an emetic. [more]
Caralluma is a genus of plants consisting of about 120 species. Once classified in the family Asclepiadaceae, it is now in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. Most of the species occur in Africa, including several taxa valued by people for their medicinal properties. One species, Caralluma edulis is eaten as a vegetable. [more]
Carissa Mostly referred to a genus of about 20-30 species of shrubs or small trees native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia. [more]
Catharanthus (Madagascar Periwinkle) is a genus of eight species of herbaceous perennial plants, seven endemic to the island of Madagascar, the eighth native to the Indian subcontinent in southern Asia . C. roseus goes by its common name "sadabahar" or "sadaphuli" (perennially flowering) in parts of Western India. [more]
Cerbera
Cerbera is a genus of 10-15 species of evergreen small trees or shrubs, native to tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. [more]
Cerberiopsis
Cerberiopsis is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Ceropegia is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in volume 1 of his Species plantarum, which appeared in 1753. Linnaeus thought that the flowers looked like a fountain of wax. From this the scientific name was derived: ?keros? meaning wax and ?pege? meaning fountain (Pooley, 1998). They have many common names including lantern flower, parasol flower, parachute flower, bushman?s pipe, string of hearts, snake creeper, wine-glass vine, rosary vine, and necklace vine. [more]
Lianas stout, woody, with latex. Leaves large, opposite; interpetiolarlines and colleters present. Cymeslax, paniculateorracemose, terminal or subaxillary. Flowerslarge.Calyxtubular, shortly 5-toothed or 5-partite, basalglands large, denticulate.Corollawhite or reddish, funnelform, tubecylindric, throat not scaly; lobes overlapping to right.Stamensinserted near base or middle of corolla tube; antherssagittate, connivent, adherent to pistilhead, cellsspurred at base; disc ringlike, fleshy, shorter than ovary, apex 5-cleft. Ovaries 2, free; ovulesnumerous in each ovary.Stylefiliform; pistil head club-shaped, slightly thickened, apex 2-cleft. Follicles 2, elongated, cylindric.Seeds ovate-oblong, flat, short
beaked, beak with a long coma.[5][more]
Lianas woody, with milkylatex. Leaves opposite, lateralveins parallel. Inflorescences paniculate-corymbose, axillaryorterminal, few to many flowered. Flowerssmall.Calyxglands present. Corollayellow or white, salverform, tubecylindric; lobesspreading, as long as or shorter than tube, overlapping to right.Stamensincluded, inserted at base of corolla tube; filaments very short; antherssagittate, adnate to pistilhead, connective narrowly oblong, densely pilose at apex; disclarge, fleshy, obscurely 5-lobed, as long as or shorter than ovary. Ovaries 2, distinct; ovulesnumerous.Style short; pistil head club-shaped, apex 2-cleft. Follicles 2, slender. Seedsnumerous, apicallycomose.[6][more]
Shrubs or woody lianas. Leaves abaxiallyglaucous.Cymesterminal, apparently axillary or extra-axillary, pedunculate.Calyx with 5 to 10 basalglands.Flowerbudscylindric, apex
caudate-acuminate. Corollasalverform; tube short cylindric or campanulate; lobes overlapping to right.Corona lobes inserted near middle of corolla tube, linear or ovate, free from filaments. Filaments broad below, narrow above; anthersconnate, adnate to stigmahead; pollentetrads in masses, solitary in each anthercell, pollen carriersspatulate, erect. Stigma head broadly conical.Folliclespaired, widely
divaricate, narrowly lanceolate in outline.[7][more]
Cycladenia humilis is the sole member of the monotypic genus Cycladenia. Known by the common name Sacramento waxydogbane, it is an uncommon plant native to the southwestern United States, especially California. It is found at some elevation in several mountain ranges in the region. One of the three varieties of this plant, called the Jones waxydogbane, is considered a threatened species. This is a fleshy perennial herb with dull green leaves and pinkish lavender flowers. The flowers begin as rolled tubes shaped like pea pods and then open into colorful funnel-shaped blooms. [more]
Croton is an extensive genus of the family Euphorbiaceae established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1737. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but this latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The genus name comes from Greek Kroton, which means ticks, because of the seeds' resemblance to ticks. The genus has 625 species. [more]
Subshrubs orperennialherbs, erect or twining, often rhizomatous.Rootsfibrous, woody or fleshy. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, often petiolate, axils sometimes with small stipulelike leaves. Inflorescencesextra-axillary or occasionally terminal, rarely axillary, umbel-like, corymbose, or racemelike. Sepals erect, often with basalglands.Corollarotate or subrotate; tube short; lobespatent or reflexed, overlapping to right or left, rarely subvalvate. Coronainserted at base of gynostegium, membranous or fleshy, cupular, cylindric, or deeply 5-divided, sometimes with adaxialappendages. Filamentsconnate into tube, anthers with membranous apical appendages; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, pendulous.Stigmaheadconvex or short conical.Folliclesfusiform or lanceolate, usually smooth, rarely narrowly winged or setose.[8][more]
Mandevilla () is a genus of plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae, the Periwinkle family. It consists of about 100 species, mostly tropical and subtropical flowering vines. [more]
Dischidia is a genus of plants in the Milkweed family, Asclepiadaceae. It comprises about 80 known species which all grow as epiphytes and are native to tropical areas of China, India and most areas of Indo-China. Dischidia are closely aligned with the sister genus Hoya. Unlike Hoya, the genus Dischidia, is poorly known and has not been studied as closely. [more]
The epigyne or epigynum is the female genital opening in spiders. [more]
Epygynum
Eriadenia
Ervatamia
Shrubs orsmalltrees, usually with milkylatex. Leaves opposite, membranous or coriaceous, penninerved, eglandular or somewhat glandular in axil; petiole ± perfoliate.Inflorescenceaxillary or terminal 1-many flowered compound cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal, usually with glands within. Corollasalverform, 5-lobed, lobes overlapping to the left in budtube straight and cylindrical, without appendages. Stamens 5, included or exserted, attached in the middle or above the middle of the corolla tube, not united with stigma, connectives not enlarged. Disc shallow or absent. Carpelsfree; ovarysuperior, ovules many, stigma capitate or pentagonal.Folliclesovoid, oblong or reniform.Seedsnumerous, ovoid or oblong.[9][more]
Trees orshrubs, evergreen, bark and pith with whitelatex, domatia present. Leaves opposite, marginundulate or revolute.Cymesaxillary or terminal, many flowered. Calyx deeply divided, with basalglands inside. Corollasalverform, tube swollen on 1 side at middle; throat much constricted, without scales; lobes overlapping to right.Stamensinserted near middle of corolla tube; antherssagittate, included, adherent to pistilhead, lobe with an emptytail; disc cup-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Ovaries 2, free; ovulesnumerous, pendulous.Styleglabrous; pistil head club-shaped. Follicles 2, divaricate.Seeds with a slender comosebeak directed toward base of fruit.[10][more]
Shrubs orsubshrubs, erect. Leaves opposite or whorled, short petiolate.Cymesextra-axillary, umbel-like, pendent, many flowered. Calyxglands 5 or more. Corollarotate, deeply lobed; lobespatent or reflexed, valvate.Corona lobes 5, inserted on gynostegium, erect, hood-shaped, apex with 2 recurved or straight adaxialcusps, hood not appendaged. Filamentsconnate into a tube; antherappendagesincurved; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, oblong, pendulous.Stigmaheaddepressed.Follicles broadly ovoid, inflated, pericarp usually with long, soft spines or bristles. Seedsoblong.[11][more]
Gonioma
Gonolobus
Gonolobus is a genus of in family Asclepiadaceae. [more]
Graphistemma
Lianas. Leaves opposite, stipulate.Cymesextra-axillary, short pedunculate, racemelike, usually simple.Flowerslarge.Calyxglands present. Corolla subrotate, thick; lobeslonger than tube, overlapping to right.Corona ringlike, inserted at base of gynostegium, deeply 5-lobed; lobes erect, membranous, revolute, separated by truncate sinus, shorter than anthers. Filamentsconnate into a tube; anthers somewhat concave at middle, appendagesrounded, covering stigmahead; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, oblong, pendulous. Stigma head elevated.Follicles ovoid-cylindric, woody. Seedsovate.[12][more]
Shrubs or lianas. Cymes apparently axillary, extra-axillary, or terminal, often shorter than leaves. Flowerssubsessile.Calyx with 5 to many basalglands.Corollasalverform, tube long cylindric; lobes overlapping to right.Corona lobes inserted at throat of corolla tube, adnate to filaments, ovate.Stamens inserted in throat; filaments short, bases broad, connate, upper part narrow, free; anthers adnate to stigmahead, apexacuminate, exserted; pollentetrads in loose masses, 2 in each anthercell and fixed on 1 common retinaculum. Stigma head short conical.Folliclespaired, divaricate, linear-lanceolate in outline. Seedselliptic.[13][more]
Gymnema
Lianas. Cymes often racemelike, sessileor short pedunculate, often 2 at a node.Flowerssmall.Calyx with basalglands.Corollacampanulate; lobesca. as long as tube, twisted to right or subvalvate, interior of tube with 5 longitudinalridges, sometimes produced into fleshyappendages and/or with lines of hairs along each side.Corona lobes otherwise absent. Filamentsconnate into a tube; antherserect, apical appendages membranous; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, oblong, erect.Stigmaheadhemispherical, obtusely conical or clavate and beaked, exceeding anthers. Follicles solitary or paired and widely divergent, ovoid to strongly beaked, often broad at base.[14][more]
Plumeria (common name Frangipani) is a genus of flowering plants of the family that includes Dogbane: the Apocynaceae. It contains 7-8 species of mainly deciduous shrubs and small trees. They are native to New Zealand, Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America as far south as Brazil but have been spread throughout the world's tropics.[][more]
Holalafia
Holarrhena
Trees orshrubs with milkylatex. Leaves opposite.Cymesterminal or axillary, many flowered. Calyxsmall, glandular inside at base, glands alternating with lobes. Corollasalverform, tubecylindric, slightly inflated near base, lobes overlapping to right.Stamensinserted near base of corolla tube; filaments short; anthers narrowly ovate, free from pistilhead, lobes rounded at base; disc absent. Ovaries 2, distinct; ovulesnumerous on each placenta.Style short. Follicles 2, distinct, cylindric, dehiscent.Seeds numerous, linear, with coma at 1 end; endosperm scanty.[15][more]
Holostemma
Holostemma is a genus of two species of flowering plants belonging to the plant family Asclepiadaceae, now considered to be part of the Apocynaceae. They are native to southern Asia. [more]
Homaladenia
Hoodia
Hoodia () is a genus of 13 species in the flowering plant family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. They are stem succulents, described as "cactiform" because of their remarkable similarity to the unrelated cactus family. They can reach up to 1m high and have large flowers, often with tan color and strong smell. [more]
Hortsmania
Hoya
Hoya is a genus of 200-230 species of tropical climbing plants in the family Apocynaceae (Dogbane), native to southern Asia (India east to southern China and southward), Australia, and Polynesia. Common names for this genus are waxplant, waxvine, waxflower or simply hoya. This genus was named by botanist Robert Brown, in honour of his friend, botanist Thomas Hoy. [more]
Huernia
The genus Huernia (family Asclepiadaceae consists of some (30-)60 species of stem succulents from Eastern and Southern Africa. The flowers are five-lobed, usually somewhat more funnel- or bell-shaped than in the closely related genus Stapelia, and often striped vividly in contrasting colors or tones, some glossy, others matt and wrinkled depending on the species concerned. To pollinate, the flowers attract flies by emitting a scent similar to that of carrion. The genus is considered close to the genera Stapelia and Hoodia. The name is in honour of Justin Heurnius (1587?1652) a Dutch missionary who is reputed to have been the first collector of South African Cape plants. His name was actually mis-spelt by the collector. [more]
Hunteria
Hunteria is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Plants scramblersor woody lianas, with latex. Leaves opposite.Inflorescencescymose, terminal and/or axillary.Flowerssmall.Calyx with basalglands inside, lobesfree.Corollawhite, yellowish, or red, salverform; tube widened near base, throathairy; lobes oblong, falcate, overlapping to right, in bud with inflexeddistal halves. Stamensincluded, inserted at or below middle of corolla tube; filaments very short; antherssagittate, adherent to pistilhead, cellsspurred at base; discentire, 5-crenate or 5-denate, or
deeply divided into 5 erect segments. Ovaries adnate basally to disc, pubescent; ovulesnumerous. Pistil head ovoid or cup-shaped. Follicles 2, spreading or divaricate.Seedsnumerous, linear, compressed, not or hardly beaked, comose; endospermcopious; cotyledons long, flat, radiclesuperior.[16][more]
Malouetia is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Malouetiella
Mandevilla
Mandevilla () is a genus of plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae, the Periwinkle family. It consists of about 100 species, mostly tropical and subtropical flowering vines. [more]
Marsdenia
Marsdenia is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Lianas orscandent subshrubs. Leaves opposite, long petiolate.Inflorescences long pedunculate, racemelike with cymules laxly arranged along well-developed rachis.Calyx with 5 basalglands.Corolla subrotate; lobeslonger than tube, twisted to left. Corona ringlike, inserted at base of gynostegium, rim 5-lobed; lobes hoodlike. Filamentsconnate into a short tube; antherappendagesincurved; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, oblong or ovate-oblong, pendulous.Stigmahead long beaked, 2-cleft or entire, exserted beyond anther appendages. Folliclesfusiform or
oblong, pericarpmuricate, rugose, or smooth.Seedsovate.[18][more]
Metastelma
Metastelma is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Lianas. Nodes with a prominent, lobed, interpetiolarflange.Inflorescenceslargeaxillarythyrses with a distinct main axis and regularly forked branches. Calyxglands 5. Flowerbuds narrowly ovoid.Corollarotateor nearly so; tube short; lobes overlapping to right.Corona lobes linear, much longer than anthers. Stamensinserted at base of corona; filamentsconnate at base into a ring and alternate with minute interstaminal teeth; anthers connate at tips, adnate to stigmahead, with apicalappendages; pollentetrads in masses. Stigma head convex.Follicles often paired, divergent to ± deflexed, ovoid, with ± attenuatetip, with many, prominent, papery, longitudinal wings.[19][more]
Neisosperma
Neisosperma is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Oleander (Nerium oleander), is a evergreen shrub or small tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium. Other names include Adelfa, Alheli Extranjero, Baladre, Espirradeira, Flor de São Jose, Laurel de jardÃn, Laurel rosa, Laurier rose, Flourier rose, Olean, Aiwa, Rosa Francesca, Rosa Laurel, and Rose-bay (Inchem 2005), Araliya (in Sinhalese); in Chinese it is known as 夹竹桃 (jia zhu tao). The ancient city of Volubilis in North Africa took its name from the old Latin name for the flower. [more]
Tweedia (syn Oxypetalum) is a genus of one species of straggling perennial grown for its clear pale blue, star shaped flowers, which are long lasting and cut well. [more]
Oxystelma
Lianas, woody at base.Cymesextra-axillary, lax, racemelike or umbel-like, rarely a solitary flower, pedunculate. Flower budsglobose.Calyxglands 5 or many. Corolla bowl-shaped; lobes basally valvate and apically overlapping to right.Corona in 2 series: outer corona at base of corolla tube, annular, truncate, marginmembranous; inner series of 5 ovate-lanceolate lobes attached to gynostegium and exceeding anthers. Filaments short, connate
into a tube; anthers with appendages; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, pendulous, on long translator arms. Stigmaheadconvex.Follicles solitary or paired, oblong or ovate-lanceolate in outline, smooth.[20][more]
Pachypodium is a genus of succulent spine-bearing trees and shrubs, native to Africa. It belongs to the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. Pachypodium comes from a Latin form from Greek pachus (thick) and podion (foot) (or Gk podos, root form of pous, foot), hence meaning thick-footed. [more]
Lianas woody, latexwhite. Leaves opposite.Cymes broadly paniculate, terminaloraxillary, pedunculate.Flowerssmall.Calyx deeply divided, with many nectar glands inside. Corollasalverform or subcampanulate, tube short; throat broad, not scaly; lobes overlapping to left, spreading or reflexed.Stamensinserted at base of corolla tube; filaments short; anthersincluded, sagittate, connivent, adherent at middle to pistilhead, cells with an emptytail; discscales 5. Ovaries 2, free, longer than disc; ovulesnumerous in each locule.Style short; pistil head conical, apex obscurely 2-cleft. Folliclesmoniliform, with widely separated swellings, pendulous, elongated.Seedsfusiform, comaapical, early deciduous; endosperm scanty; cotyledonsoblong, radicle short.[21][more]
Pentastelma is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Pergularia
Pergularia is a genus of the botanical family Asclepiadaceae. Pergularia daemia Forsk. is a perennial twinning herb that grows along the roadsides of India and tropical and subtropical regions. Pharmacological activities include antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antiinfertility and central nervous system depressant activity. [more]
Perictenia
Periploca
Shrubs scandent, glabrous except for flowers. Leaves with numerouslateralveins and a well-defined intramarginal vein. Cymesterminal and extra-axillary, lax.Calyxglands 5. Corollarotate; tube short; lobesobtuse, usually hairy inside, overlapping to right.Coronainserted at base of corolla; lobes 3-fid, central segment threadlike, inflexed; lateral segments short, broad, flaplike. Filaments short, distinct; anthersdorsally hairy, connivent, adnate to stigmahead; apicalappendagesincurved; pollentetrads in masses,
attached to a common retinaculum.Style short; stigma head convex.Folliclespaired, somewhat divergent, sometimes adhering at tips.[22][more]
Pervinca
Peschiera
Peschiera is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family. [more]
Pleioceras is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. [more]
Plumeria
Plumeria (common name Frangipani; syn. Himatanthus Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) is a small genus of 7-8 species native to tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. P. rubra (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), native to Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from yellow to pink depending on form or cultivar. From Mexico and Central America, Plumeria has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is indigenous there. [more]
Lianas woody, latexwhite. Leaves opposite.Cymesracemoseorpaniculate, 3-5-branched, terminal or axillary.Flowers usually small, 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided, with many basalglands inside. Corollasalverform, tubecylindric, throat narrowed, without scales, lobes overlapping to right.Stamensinserted at apex of corolla tube;
filaments short; anthersexserted, sagittate, connivent at middle, adherent to pistilhead, cellsspurred at base; disc 5-parted. Ovaries 2, free, shorter than disc; ovulesnumerous in each ovary.Style thickened at middle or near base; pistil head ovoid or fusiform, apex short conical.Follicles 2, elongated, linear.Seedslinear, elongated, not beaked, apex comose; endospermcopious; cotyledons linear, flat, radiclesuperior.[23][more]
Lianas woody. Leaves opposite, long petiolate, 3-5-veined from base.Inflorescencesextra-axillary, umbel-like to short racemelike, large, long pedunculate.Calyx with many basalglands.Corollacampanulate, large; lobes overlapping to right.Corona lobes separate, inserted at base of gynostegium, linear-subulate, longer than gynostegium and exserted from corolla tube.Filamentsconnate; antherappendages short, sharply bent; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, ellipsoid, pendulous.Stigmahead broadly rounded, depressed.Folliclesfusiformorcylindric, thick, with a fibrouspericarp.Seedsovate.[24][more]
Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia (also spelled Rauwolfia) is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. The genus is named to honor Leonhard Rauwolf. The approximately 85 species in the genus can mainly be found in tropical regions. Rauvolfia caffra is the South African quinine tree. [more]
Rauwolfia
Rauvolfia (also spelled Rauwolfia) is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. The genus is named to honor Leonhard Rauwolf. The approximately 85 species in the genus can mainly be found in tropical regions. Rauvolfia caffra is the South African quinine tree. [more]
Rhynchospermum is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the daisy family, Asteraceae. It contains the single species Rhynchospermum verticillatum. The genus previously included more species, but they have since been reclassified in the Apocynaceae under the generic name Trachelospermum. Some species are used as ornamental plants. [more]
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point within both the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper. [more]
Sarcolobus
Sarcopharyngia
Sarcostemma
Sarcostemma is a genus of at least 35 species of plants in family Asclepiadaceae. These are known generally as climbing milkweeds or caustic bushes. They are found across Africa and tropical Asia, in Australia, and in parts of North America. These plants are perennial flowering shrubs with trailing vines or lianas. They are often adapted to heat and/or desert conditions. Some have few or no leaves and photosynthesize in the tissues of the green stems. The soft stems are filled with a milky white latex that is poisonous and caustic in some species. The flowers have a ring of thick tissue at the base which extends into hollow spherical appendages within the flower corolla. [more]
Lianas woody, with milkylatex. Leaves opposite, veins parallel or nearly so. Cymespaniculate or corymbose,
terminal and axillary, few to many flowered. Flowerssmall.Calyxglandular inside. Corollawhite, salverform, dilated at throat or middle of tube; lobes shorter than tube, overlapping to right.Stamensinsertedabove middle of corolla
tube, included; filaments short; antherssagittate, connivent, adherent to pistilhead, connective usually pilose at apex, cellsspurred at base; disclarge, fleshy, entire or 5-lobed, shorter than or as long as ovary. Ovaries 2, distinct, usually dense pubescent on distal part; ovulesnumerous.Style long; pistil head club-shaped, apex 2-cleft. Follicles 2, narrowly cylindric, slightly torulose, slender. Seedscomoseapically.[25][more]
The genus Stapelia consists of around 40 of low growing, spineless, stem succulent plants, predominantly from South Africa. The flowers of certain species, most notably Stapelia gigantea, can reach 41 cm (16 inches) in diameter when fully open. Most Stapelia flowers are visibly hairy and generate the odour of rotten flesh, a notable exception is the sweetly scented Stapelia flavopurpurea. Such odours serve to attract various specialist pollinators including, in the case of carrion scented blooms, blow flies of the dipteran family Calliphoridae. They frequently lay eggs around the coronae of Stapelia flowers, convinced by the plants' deception. [more]
Stemmadenia
Stemmadenia is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Strempeliopsis is a genus of in family Apocynaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Streptocaulon
Shrubs or lianas. Cymesextra-axillary or terminal, lax, irregularly forked.Calyxglands 5, minute. Corollarotate; tube short, overlapping to right.Coronalobes 5, slender, inflexed, adnate to filaments. Stamensinserted at corolla base; filaments distinct, threadlike, alternate with minute teeth; anthersconnivent, adnate to stigmahead, appendagesmembranous; pollentetrads in solitary masses in each anthercell, pollen carrierserect; retinaculum minute, dilated at base. Stigma head convex, angular.Folliclespaired, divaricate, cylindric, ovoid, or beaked.[26][more]
Strophanthus is a genus of 35-40 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, native mainly to tropical Africa, extending to South Africa, with a few species in Asia, from southern India to the Philippines and southern China. The name (strophos anthos, "twisted cord flower") derives from the long twisted threadlike segments of the corolla, which in one species (S. preussii) attain a length of 30?35 cm. [more]
Tabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution. These plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 3-25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called "milkwood". The flowers are fragrant, white, 1-5 cm in diameter. [more]
Lianas. Leaves opposite, long petiolate.Cymesextra-axillary, pendulous, rachis laxly branched. Calyx with 5 glands at base.Corollatubecylindric, with enlarged base, throat sometimes constricted; lobespatent, twisted to right.Corona lobes 5, adnate to base of staminal tube, margin and apexfree, erect, oblong, obtuse, with ligulate inner lobes adnate to near apex, or corona lobes notched.Filamentsconnate into a tube; membranousantherappendagesincurved; pollinia 2 per pollinarium, oblong, erect.Stigmaheadconvex or conical.Follicles thick, acuminate, smooth.Seedscomose.[27][more]
Trees or much-branched shrubs, evergreen, erect, latexwhite. Leaves alternate, rather densely together on slender branchlets. Cymesterminal and leaf opposed. Calyx deeply divided, with many basalglands inside. Corollayellow, funnelform, lobes overlapping to left, throat with 5, narrow, long-hairy scales.Stamensinserted in distal narrow part of corolla tube; filaments very short; anthers narrowly oblong, small, free from pistilhead, cells not appendaged proximally; disc absent. Ovary 2-loculed, placentaprominent.Stylefiliform; pistil head disclike, thick, dilated, apex shortly 2-cleft. Drupesdepressedglobose; endocarp hard, woody or fleshy.Seeds 2 per locule, wingless, not comose, without endosperm; cotyledonssuborbicular, fleshy, radicle short.[28][more]
Shrubs or woody lianas, villous or rusty tomentose, rarely glabrous.Cymesaxillary, umbel-like. Sepalssmall, sometimes with minute basalglands.Corolla usually yellow or yellowish, rotate or rarely campanulate; tube very short; lobes patent-reflexed, overlapping to left, rarely to right.Corona lobes 5, inserted at back of gynostegium, dorsallycompressed, slightly exceeding stamens. Anthers small, retuse, sometimes with minute apicalappendagesappressed to stigmahead; pollinia 4 on each pollinarium, erect or horizontal. Styles short; stigma head exserted beyond anthers, beaked or swollen. Folliclesdivaricate, terete, usually villous.Seeds flat, beaked; comawhite.[29][more]
Trachelospermum
Trachelospermum is a genus of about 15 species of evergreen woody vines in the family Apocynaceae, native to southern and eastern Asia (14 species) and southeastern North America (one species, T. difforme). [more]
Hypericum is a of about 400 species of flowering plants in the family Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae (formerly often considered a full family Hypericaceae). [more]
Tylophora
Tylophora is a genus of plant in family Asclepiadaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]
Vinca (; Latin: vincire "to bind, fetter") is a genus of six species in the family Apocynaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The English name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus (and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea). In India the plant is known as sadaphuli meaning "always flowering". [more]
Voacanga
Trees orrobusterectshrubs, latex present, branches dichotomous. Leaves opposite; petioles or leafbases of a node often connate into a short ocrea, with a single
row of colleters in axils. Cymesterminal, pedunculate.Flowers often fragrant. Calyxcampanulate to cylindric, with many basalglands inside. Corollawhite or yellow, salverform, large, tube widened at base and at or
abovemiddle, shorter or only slightly longer than calyx, throat with a fleshyring, not scaly, lobesspreading or recurved, overlapping to left. Stamensinserted in distal widening of corolla tube, exserted or included; antherssessile, sagittate, coherent to pistilhead; disc ringlike or of five lobes adnate to ovaries. Ovaries 2, free or fused basally; ovulesnumerous. Pistil head lampshade-shaped, apex shortly 2-cleft. Follicles 2, pendulous.Seedsnumerous, embedded in
pulp, not comose.[30][more]
Wrightia is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the Apocynaceae (dogbane) family, native to tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. The species are all small trees or shrubs. [more]
^ Mary E. Endress and Peter V. Bruyns (2000). "A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l.". Botanical Review66 (1): 1?56. doi:10.1007/BF02857781.
^ S. H. J. V. Rapanarivo & A. J. M. Leeuwenberg (1999). "Taxonomic revision of Pachypodium Series of revisions of Apocynaceac XLVIII". In S. H. J. V. Rapanarivo. Pachypodium (Apocynaceae): Taxonomy, Habitats and Cultivation. Balkema. pp. 1?82. ISBN 9789054104858. "... Adenium species have either clear sap or white latex. Pachypodium ... always has clear sap""
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Data related to