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Anacardiaceae

(Family)

Overview

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Anacardiaceae (the cashew or sumac family) are a family of flowering plants bearing fruits that are drupes and in some cases producing urushiol, an irritant. Anacardiaceae include numerous genera with several of economic importance. Notable plants in this family include cashew (in the type genus Anacardium), mango, poison ivy, sumac, smoke tree, and marula. The genus Pistacia (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) usually is now included, but has sometimes been placed in its own family, Pistaciaceae.1]

Selected genera

Actinocheita
Anacardium (Cashew)
Androtium
Antrocaryon
Apterokarpos
Astronium (=Myracrodruon)
Baronia
Bonetiella
Bouea
Buchanania
Campnosperma
Cardenasiodendron
Choerospondias
Comocladia
Cotinus (Smoke tree)
Cyrtocarpa
Dracontomelon
Drimycarpus
Ebandoua
Euleria
Euroschinus
Faguetia
Fegimanra
Gluta
Haematostaphis
Haplorhus
Harpephyllum
Heeria
Holigarna
Koordersiodendron
Lannea
Laurophyllus
Lithraea
Loxopterigium
Loxostylis
Malosma
Mangifera (Mango)
Mauria
Melanochyla
Metopium
Micronychia
Montagueia
Mosquitoxylum
Nothopegia
Ochoterenaea
Operculicarya
Ozoroa
Pachycormus
Parishia
Pegia
Pentaspadon
Pistacia (Pistachio)
Pleiogynium
Poupartia
Protorhus
Pseudoprotorhus
Pseudosmodingium
Pseudospondias
Rhodosphaera
Rhus (Sumac)
Schinopsis
Schinus (Peppertree)
Sclerocarya (Marula)
Semecarpus
Smodingium
Solenocarpus
Sorindeia
Spondias
Swintonia
Tapirira
Thyrsodium
Toxicodendron (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac)
Trichoscypha

Description

Trees or shrubs each with inconspicuous flowers, highly poisonous, sometimes foul smelling resinous or milky sap.[2] Resin-canals located in the inner fibrous bark of plants fibrovascular system found in the stems, roots and leaves is characteristic of all members of this family; resin-canals located in the pith is a characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family.[3]

The wood of Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia and Anaphrenium argenteum). The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma.(see Vessel element) [3]

Leaves are alternate or rarely opposite[4] and without stipule.[2]

Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[2] Often with this family bisexual and male flowers on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers on others or flowers having both stamens and pistils (perfect). Calyx with 3 to 7 cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlapping each other in the bud. Stamens twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the[4] fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).[2] stamen stalks separate, anthers able to move.[4] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.[2] In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled or sometimes 4-5-celled. 1-3 styles and 1 ovule in each cavity.[4]

Fruits rarely opening at maturity[2] and are most often drupes.[4]

Seed coats are very thin or are crust like. Little or no endosperm. Fleshy cotyledons.[4] Solitary seeds with no albumen around the embryo.[2]

Taxonomy

In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called Terebintace? which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus and Rourea. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.[5]

Robert Brown described a subset of Terebintaceae called Cassuvl? or Anacarde? in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Kingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus.[6]

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvl? or Anacarde?, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia.[7]

John Lindley described the "Essential character" of Anacardiace?, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu but abandoning the name Terebintace?. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardie? and Sumachine?: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus and Mauria.[2]

The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.[1] However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae.[1][8][9]

Lindley, F.R.S., L.S., G.S., John; Torrey, M.D., John (1831). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy (First American ed.). New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill. http://books.google.com/?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 
Turpin, Pierre Jean Fran?ois; Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de (1828). "T?r?bintac?es" (in French). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite M?thodiquement des Diff?rens ?tres de la Nature, Consid?r?s Soit en Eux-M?mes, d?Apr?s l??tat Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement ? l?Utilit? Qu?en Peuvent Retirer la M?decine, l?Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts. Volume 53. Strasbourg: G. Levrault. pp. 120?126. http://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1825) (in plantin). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars Secunda. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. http://books.google.com/?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
Kunth, C. S. (1824). "Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est" (in French). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris: Chez Bechet Jeune) Tome Second. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5751941. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Brown, F.R.S., Robert; Tuckey, James Kingston; Christen, Smith (1818). "Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo". Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows (London: John Murray). http://books.google.com/?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA420. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 
Bernard de, Jussieu (1789) (in Plantin). Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV. Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 

Ecology

The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.[4] Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. Pistacias and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe, Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabit South America exclusively.[2]

Uses

Members of this family produce cashew and pistacia nuts and others produce mango and marula fruits.[2]

Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes.[2]

Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.[2]

ma.(see Vessel element) [3]

Leaves are alternate or rarely opposite[4] and without stipule.[2]

Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[2] Often with this family bisexual and male flowers on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers on others or flowers having both stamens and pistils (perfect). Calyx with 3 to 7 cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlapping each other in the bud. Stamens twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the[4] fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).[2] stamen stalks separate, anthers able to move.[4] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.[2] In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled or sometimes 4-5-celled. 1-3 styles and 1 ovule in each cavity.[4]

Fruits rarely opening at maturity[2] and are most often drupes.[4]

Seed coats are very thin or are crust like. Little or no endosperm. Fleshy cotyledons.[4] Solitary seeds with no albumen around the embryo.[2]

Taxonomy

In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called Terebintace? which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus and Rourea. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.[5]

Robert Brown described a subset of Terebintaceae called Cassuvl? or Anacarde? in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Kingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been describe d by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus.[6]

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvl? or Anacarde?, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia.[7]

John Lindley described the "Essential character" of Anacardiace?, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu but abandoning the name Terebintace?. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardie? and Sumachine?: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus and Mauria.[2]

The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.[1] However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae.[1][8][9]

Lindley, F.R.S., L.S., G.S., John; Torrey, M.D., John (1831). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy (First American ed.). New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill. http://books.google.com/?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 
Turpin, Pierre Jean Fran?ois; Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de (1828). "T?r?bintac?es" (in French). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite M?thodiquement des Diff?rens ?tres de la Nature, Consid?r?s Soit en Eux-M?mes, d?Apr?s l??tat Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement ? l?Utilit? Qu?en Peuvent Retirer la M?decine, l?Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts. Volume 53. Strasbourg: G. Levrault. pp. 120?126. http://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1825) (in plantin). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars Secunda. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. http://books.google.com/?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
Kunth, C. S. (1824). "Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est" (in French). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris: Chez Bechet Jeune) Tome Second. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5751941. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Brown, F.R.S., Robert; Tuckey, James Kingston; Christen, Smith (1818). "Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo". Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows (London: John Murray). http://books.google.com/?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA420. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 
Bernard de, Jussieu (1789) (in Plantin). Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV. Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 

Ecology

The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.[4] Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. Pistacias and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe, Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabit South America exclusively.[2]

Uses

Members of this family produce cashew and pistacia nuts and others produce mango and marula fruits.[2]

Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes.[2]

Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Tingshuang Yi, Jun Wen, Avi Golan-Goldhirsh and Dan E. Parfitt (2008). "Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae)". American Journal of Botany 95 (2): 241?251. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.241. PMID 21632348 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Natural System of Botany (1831), pages 125-127
  3. ^ a b Systematic Anatomy, (1908), page 244-248
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Northern United States (1897), page 25
  5. ^ Genera plantarum (1789) pages 368-369
  6. ^ Expedition... (1818) Appendix V, pages 430-431
  7. ^ Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824), pages 62-66
  8. ^ Pistaciaceae Martinov, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010
  9. ^ James L. Reveal, USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names, last revised 25 October 2006

Nothopegia
Ochoterenaea
Operculicarya
Ozoroa
Pachycormus
Parishia
Pegia
Pentaspadon
Pistacia (Pistachio)
Pleiogynium
Poupartia
Protorhus
Pseudoprotorhus
Pseudosmodingium
Pseudospondias
Rhodosphaera
Rhus (Sumac)
Schinopsis
Schinus (Peppertree)
Sclerocarya (Marula)
Semecarpus
Smodingium
Solenocarpus
Sorindeia
Spondias
Swintonia
Tapirira
Thyrsodium
Toxicodendron (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac)
Trichoscypha

Description

[ Back to top ]

Trees or shrubs each with inconspicuous flowers, highly poisonous, sometimes foul smelling resinous or milky sap.[2] Resin-canals located in the inner fibrous bark of plants fibrovascular system found in the stems, roots and leaves is characteristic of all members of this family; resin-canals located in the pith is a characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family.[3]

The wood of Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia and Anaphrenium argenteum). The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma.(see Vessel element) [3]

Leaves are alternate or rarely opposite[4] and without stipule.[2]

Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[2] Often with this family bisexual and male flowers on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers on others or flowers having both stamens and pistils (perfect). Calyx with 3 to 7 cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlapping each other in the bud. Stamens twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the[4] fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).[2] stamen stalks separate, anthers able to move.[4] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.[2] In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled or sometimes 4-5-celled. 1-3 styles and 1 ovule in each cavity.[4]

Fruits rarely opening at maturity[2] and are most often drupes.[4]

Seed coats are very thin or are crust like. Little or no endosperm. Fleshy cotyledons.[4] Solitary seeds with no albumen around the embryo.[2]

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called Terebintace? which contained a suborder that includ ed Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus and Rourea. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.[5]

Robert Brown described a subset of Terebintaceae called Cassuvl? or Anacarde? in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Kingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus.[6]

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvl? or Anacarde?, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia.[7]

John Lindley described the "Essential character" of Anacardiace?, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu but abandoning the name Terebintace?. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardie? and Sumachine?: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus and Mauria.[2]

The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.[1] However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae.[1][8][9]

Lindley, F.R.S., L.S., G.S., John; Torrey, M.D., John (1831). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy (First American ed.). New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill. http://books.google.com/?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 
Turpin, Pierre Jean Fran?ois; Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de (1828). "T?r?bintac?es" (in French). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite M?thodiquement des Diff?rens ?tres de la Nature, Consid?r?s Soit en Eux-M?mes, d?Apr?s l??tat Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement ? l?Utilit? Qu?en Peuvent Retirer la M?decine, l?Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts. Volume 53. Strasbourg: G. Levrault. pp. 120?126. http://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1825) (in plantin). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars Secunda. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. http://books.google.com/?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
Kunth, C. S. (1824). "Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est" (in French). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris: Chez Bechet Jeune) Tome Second. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5751941. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Brown, F.R.S., Robert; Tuckey, James Kingston; Christen, Smith (1818). "Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo". Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows (London: John Murray). http://books.google.com/?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA420. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 
Bernard de, Jussieu (1789) (in Plantin). Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV. Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 

Ecology

[ Back to top ]

The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.[4] Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. Pistacias and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe, Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabit South America exclusively.[2]

Uses

[ Back to top ]

Members of this family produce cashew and pistacia nuts and others produce mango and marula fruits.[2]

Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes.[2]< /a>

Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.[2]

ma.(see Vessel element) [3]

Leaves are alternate or rarely opposite[4] and without stipule.[2]

Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.[2] Often with this family bisexual and male flowers on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers on others or flowers having both stamens and pistils (perfect). Calyx with 3 to 7 cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlapping each other in the bud. Stamens twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the[4] fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).[2] stamen stalks separate, anthers able to move.[4] Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx.[2] In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are 1-celled or sometimes 4-5-celled. 1-3 styles and 1 ovule in each cavity.[4]

Fruits rarely opening at maturity[2] and are most often drupes.[4]

Seed coats are very thin or are crust like. Little or no endosperm. Fleshy cotyledons.[4] Solitary seeds with no albumen around the embryo.[2]

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called Terebintace? which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Ana cardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus and Rourea. In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.[5]

Robert Brown described a subset of Terebintaceae called Cassuvl? or Anacarde? in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Kingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus.[6]

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvl? or Anacarde?, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia.[7]

John Lindley described the "Essential character" of Anacardiace?, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu but abandoning the name Terebintace?. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardie? and Sumachine?: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus and Mauria.[2]

The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers.[1] However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae.[1][8][9]

Lindley, F.R.S., L.S., G.S., John; Torrey, M.D., John (1831). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany: or A Systematic View of the Organization, Natural Affinities, and Geographical Distribution of the Whole Vegetable Kingdom; Together with the Uses of the Most Important Species in Medicine, the Arts and Rural or Domestic Economy (First American ed.). New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill. http://books.google.com/?id=Q2QaAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 
Turpin, Pierre Jean Fran?ois; Jussieu, Antoine-Laurent de (1828). "T?r?bintac?es" (in French). Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Dans Lequel on Traite M?thodiquement des Diff?rens ?tres de la Nature, Consid?r?s Soit en Eux-M?mes, d?Apr?s l??tat Actuel de nos Connoissances, soit Relativement ? l?Utilit? Qu?en Peuvent Retirer la M?decine, l?Agriculture, le Commerce et les Arts. Volume 53. Strasbourg: G. Levrault. pp. 120?126. http://books.google.com/books?id=ux4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de; Candolle, Alphonse de (1825) (in plantin). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis: sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. Pars Secunda. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson. http://books.google.com/?id=hBEAAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
Kunth, C. S. (1824). "Terebintacearum Genera: denuo ad examen revocare, characteribus magis accuratis distinguere, inque spetem familias, distribuere conatus est" (in French). Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris: Chez Bechet Jeune) Tome Second. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5751941. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Brown, F.R.S., Robert; Tuckey, James Kingston; Christen, Smith (1818). "Observations, Systematical and Geographical, on Professor Christian Smith's Collection of Plants from the Vicinity of the River Congo". Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, Under the Direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N., to Which is Added, the Journals of Professor Smith; Some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: Containing the Natural History of that Part of the Kingdom Congo Through Which the Zaire Flows (London: John Murray). http://books.google.com/?id=aj1kAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA420. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 
Bernard de, Jussieu (1789) (in Plantin). Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV. Paris: Apud Viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000471463. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 

Ecology

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The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones.[4] Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. Pistacias and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe, Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabit South America exclusively.[2]

Uses

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Members of this family produce cashew and pistacia nuts and others produce mango and marula fruits.[2]

Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes.[2]

Medicinally the edible nuts from this family have a reputation for being good for the brain.[2]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Tingshuang Yi, Jun Wen, Avi Golan-Goldhirsh and Dan E. Parfitt (2008). "Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae)". American Journal of Botany 95 (2): 241?251. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.241. PMID 21632348 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Natural System of Botany (1831), pages 125-127
  3. ^ a b Systematic Anatomy, (1908), page 244-248
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Northern United States (1897), page 25
  5. ^ Genera plantarum (1789) pages 368-369
  6. ^ Expedition... (1818) Appendix V, pages 430-431
  7. ^ Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824), pages 62-66
  8. ^ Pistaciaceae Martinov, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010
  9. ^ James L. Reveal, USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names, last revised 25 October 2006

References

[ Back to top ]
Solereder, Dr. Hans (1908). Boodle, F.L.S., L. A.; Fritsch D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., F. E.; Scott, M.A., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., D. H.. eds. Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, A Handbook for Laboratories of Pure and Applied Botany. Volume I, Introduction, Polypetalae, Gamopetalae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. http://books.google.com/?id=VagUAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
M?ller, Hermann; Knuth, Dr. Paul; Davis, James Richard Ainsworth (1908). "XXXII. Order Anacardiaceae". Handbook of Flower Pollination Based Upon Hermann M?ller's Work ?The Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects?. Volume II, Ranunculaceae to Stylidieae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 258?259. http://books.google.com/books?id=zagXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Britton, Ph.D., Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Hon. Addison (1897). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102D Meridian. Volume II, Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae. Charles Scribner's Sons. http://books.google.com/?id=6_IKAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 

External links

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Media related to Anacardiaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Anacardiaceae at Wikispecies

Taxonomy

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The Family Anacardiaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Abrahamia

[more]

Acajuba

[more]

Actinocheita

[more]

Allospondias

[more]

Amphipterygium

[more]

Anacardia

[more]

Anacardium

Anacardium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas. [more]

Anaphrenium

[more]

Anasyllis

[more]

Anauxanopetalum

[more]

Androtium

[more]

Antrocaryon

Antrocaryon micraster (also called Antrocaryon) is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. It is threatened by habitat loss. [more]

Apterokarpos

[more]

Astronium

Astronium (syn. Myracrodruon ) is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. [more]

Attilaea

[more]

Baronia

Baronia brevicornis, the Short-horned Baronia is a species of butterfly in the Papilionidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Baronia.[] It is endemic to Mexico. [more]

Blepharocarya

[more]

Bonetiella

[more]

Botryceras

[more]

Bouea

[more]

Buchanania

Buchanania is a genus of plant in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Calesiam

[more]

Calesium

[more]

Calsiama

[more]

Cambessedea

[more]

Campnospera

[more]

Campnosperma

Campnosperma is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Campylopetalum

[more]

Cardenasiodendron

[more]

Cassuvium

[more]

Catutsjeron

[more]

Choerospondias

[more]

Chrysomelon

[more]

Comeurya

[more]

Comocladia

[more]

Coniogeton

[more]

Cotinus

Smoketree or Smoke bush (Cotinus ) is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae, closely related to the sumacs (Rhus). [more]

Cotynus

[more]

Cyrtocarpa

[more]

Cyrtospermum

[more]

Cytheraea

[more]

Daphnitis

[more]

Dasycarya

[more]

Dobinea

[more]

Dracontomelon

Dracontomelon (Vietnamese:Chi S?u) is a genus of flowering plants in the family . [more]

Dracontomelum

Drepanospermum

[more]

Drimycarpus

[more]

Duckera

[more]

Dupuisia

[more]

Duvaua

[more]

Emiliomarcelia

[more]

Euleria

[more]

Euroschinus

Euroschinus is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Evia

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Evrardia

[more]

Faguetia

[more]

Fegimanra

[more]

Festania

[more]

Garugandra

Gluta

Gluta is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Glycycarpus

[more]

Haberlia

[more]

Hadestaphylum

[more]

Haematostaphis

[more]

Haplorhus

Haplorhus is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Haplospondias

[more]

Harpephyllum

[more]

Heeria

[more]

Hitzera

[more]

Holigarna

[more]

Joncquetia

[more]

Juliania

[more]

Kokkia

[more]

Koordersiodendron

[more]

Lannea

Lannea is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Lanneoma

[more]

Lanzana

[more]

Laurophyllum

Laurophyllus

[more]

Lentiscus

[more]

Lithraea

Lithraea ( Lithrea Hook.) is a genus of flowering plants in the soapberry family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Lithrea

Lithraea ( Lithrea Hook.) is a genus of flowering plants in the soapberry family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Lobadium

[more]

Loxopterygium

Loxopterygium is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Loxostylis

[more]

Malosma

Malosma is a plant genus which contains only a single species, Malosma laurina, with the common names Laurel sumac and Lentisco (Spanish). Malosma laurina is found along the Southern California and Baja California Peninsula coasts of the Pacific Ocean. [more]

Manga

Manga (kanji: ; hiragana: ???; katakana: ???; About this sound  ; English /'m???g?/ or /'m??g?/) is the Japanese word for "comics/cartoons" and consists of comics and print cartoons (sometimes also called komikku ????). In the West, the term "manga" has been appropriated to refer specifically to comics created in Japan, or by Japanese authors, in the Japanese language and conforming to the style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. In their modern form, manga date from shortly after World War II,[citation needed] but they have a long, complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art. [more]

Mangifera

Mangifera is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains approximately 69 species, with the most well-known being the Common Mango (Mangifera indica). The center of diversity is in subtropical and tropical southeast Asia, while the highest number of species occur in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra. They are generally canopy trees in lowland rainforests, reaching a height of 30?40 m (98?130 ft). [more]

Mauria

Mauria is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Melanochyla

Melanochyla is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Melanococca

[more]

Melanocommia

[more]

Melanorrhea

[more]

Melanorrhoea

[more]

Metopium

[more]

Micronychia

[more]

Microstemon

[more]

Monodynamus

[more]

Mosquitoxylum

[more]

Myracrodruon

Astronium ( Myracrodruon M.Allemão) is a plant genus in the family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Neostyphonia

[more]

Nothopegia

Nothopegia is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Nothopegiopsis

[more]

Nothoprotium

[more]

Nothospondias

Nothospondias is a genus of in family Simaroubaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Ochoterenaea

[more]

Odina

[more]

Oncocarpus

[more]

Operculicarya

Operculicarya (also Operculicaria) is a plant of the family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Orthopterygium

[more]

Ozoroa

Ozoroa is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Pachycormus

[more]

Parishia

[more]

Pegia

[more]

Pentaspadon

Pentaspadon is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Phanrangia

[more]

Philostemon

[more]

Phlebochiton

[more]

Phus

[more]

Pistacia

Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains ten to twenty species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands, whole Africa, and southern Europe, warm and semi-desert areas across Asia, and also North America from Mexico to warm and semi-desert United States, like Texas or California. [more]

Pistacioxylon

[more]

Plectomirtha

[more]

Pleiogynium

[more]

Poupartia

Poupartia is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Poupartiopsis

[more]

Protorhus

[more]

Pseudosmodingium

[more]

Pseudospondias

[more]

Quebrachia

[more]

Rhinocarpus

[more]

Rhodosphaera

[more]

Rhoeidium

[more]

Rhus

Sumac ( or /'?u?m?k/; also spelled sumach) is any one of approximately 250 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus and related genera, in the family Anacardiaceae. Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, especially in Africa and North America. [more]

Rumphia

[more]

Scassellatia

[more]

Schinopsis

Schinopsis is a genus of South American trees in the family Anacardiaceae. The species within this genus inhabit different regions of the Gran Chaco ecoregion including parts of northern Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Their common name is quebracho, from Spanish quiebra-hacha, "axe-breaker", a recognition to the hardness of their wood. [more]

Schinus

Schinus is a genus of trees in the family Anacardiaceae comprising the pepper trees, most notably Schinus molle, the Peruvian pepper tree and Schinus terebinthifolius, the Brazilian pepper tree or Christmas berry. The latter is a serious invasive species in at least Florida and Hawaii, and the former locally so in southern California and parts of the Mediterranean region. In fact, the species has increased more than tenfold in southern Florida over the past decade--as can be seen by IFAS's SRFer Mapserver. Other species are Schinus latifolius and Schinus montanus growing in Chile and Argentina. [more]

Schmaltzia

[more]

Schmalzia

[more]

Sclerocarya

Sclerocarya is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Searsia

[more]

Semecarpus

Semecarpus is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Shakua

[more]

Smodingium

[more]

Solenocarpus

[more]

Sorindeia

Sorindeia is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Spondias

Spondias or Makok is a genus of of the family Anacardiaceae. The genus consists of 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the Neotropics and about 10 are native to tropical Asia. They are commonly named hog plums, Spanish plums and in some cases golden apples for their brightly-colored fruit which resemble an apple or large plum at a casual glance. They are only distantly related to apple and plum trees, however. A more unequivocal common name is mombins. [more]

Stagmaria

[more]

Styphonia

[more]

Swintonia

Swintonia is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Syndesmis

[more]

Tapirira

Tapirira is a of flowering plants in the soapberry family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Terminthia

[more]

Thyrsodium

Thyrsodium is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Toxicodendron

Toxicodendron a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It contains woody trees, shrubs and vines, including poison ivy, poison oak, and the lacquer tree. All members of the genus produce the skin-irritating oil urushiol, which can cause a severe allergic reaction. The generic name is derived from the Greek words (toxikos), meaning "poison," and d??d??? (dendron), meaning "tree". [more]

Trichoscypha

Trichoscypha is a genus of in family Anacardiaceae. [more]

Veatchia

[more]

Warmingia

[more]

Wirtgenia

[more]

At least 7 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Wirtgenia.

More info about the Genus Wirtgenia may be found here.

References

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Solereder, Dr. Hans (1908). Boodle, F.L.S., L. A.; Fritsch D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., F. E.; Scott, M.A., LL.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., D. H.. eds. Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, A Handbook for Laboratories of Pure and Applied Botany. Volume I, Introduction, Polypetalae, Gamopetalae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. http://books.google.com/?id=VagUAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
M?ller, Hermann; Knuth, Dr. Paul; Davis, James Richard Ainsworth (1908). "XXXII. Order Anacardiaceae". Handbook of Flower Pollination Based Upon Hermann M?ller's Work ?The Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects?. Volume II, Ranunculaceae to Stylidieae . Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 258?259. http://books.google.com/books?id=zagXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA258. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 
Britton, Ph.D., Nathaniel Lord; Brown, Hon. Addison (1897). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions From Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102D Meridian. Volume II, Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae. Charles Scribner's Sons. http://books.google.com/?id=6_IKAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c Tingshuang Yi, Jun Wen, Avi Golan-Goldhirsh and Dan E. Parfitt (2008). "Phylogenetics and reticulate evolution in Pistacia (Anacardiaceae)". American Journal of Botany 95 (2): 241?251. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.241. PMID 21632348 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Natural System of Botany (1831), pages 125-127
  3. ^ a b Systematic Anatomy, (1908), page 244-248
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Northern United States (1897), page 25
  5. ^ Genera plantarum (1789) pages 368-369
  6. ^ Expedition... (1818) Appendix V, pages 430-431
  7. ^ Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (1824), pages 62-66
  8. ^ Pistaciaceae Martinov, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed 28 March 2010
  9. ^ James L. Reveal, USDA - APHIS -- Concordance of Family Names, last revised 25 October 2006

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:23:36