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Allioideae

(Subfamily)

Overview

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Allioideae is the botanical name of a monocot subfamily of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae.1] The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Allium.

Successive revisions of the influential Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family. In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.[1]

Note that quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the family Themidaceae in all of the classifications by the APG.

Some of the species of Allium are important food plants for example onions (Allium cepa), chives (A. schoenoprasum), garlic (A. sativum and A. scordoprasum), and leeks (A. porrum).[2] Species of Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, and Tulbaghia are cultivated as ornamentals.[3]

Thirteen of the total of about 20 genera are endemic to temperate South America.[4] Nothoscordum ranges from Argentina to Canada. Allium is indigenous to most of North America, Eurasia, and North Africa.[4]

The largest genera are Allium (260-690 species), Nothoscordum (25), and Tulbaghia (22).[4] Some of the generic limits are not clear. Ipheion, Nothoscordum, and possibly others are not monophyletic.[5]

Allioideae is divided into three tribes: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, and Gilliesieae.[1] Allieae contains only one genus Allium (Milula is merged with Allium in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains only Tulbaghia. Gilliesieae contains the remaining genera. Allieae is sister to a clade composed of Tulbaghia and Gilliesieae.[6]

Genera

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As of May 2011, the following genera are included in the Allioideae:[7]

The genera Androstephium, Bessera, Bloomeria, Brodiaea, Dandya, Dichelostemma, Jaimehintonia, Milla, Muilla, Petronymphe, Triteleia, and Triteleiopsis are now treated in the family Themidaceae. Petromymphe is back in Themidaceae after spending a few years in Anthericaceae[1] (now a segregate of Agavaceae).[8]

History

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In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo defined their Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now there, plus Agapanthus and a group of genera that are now placed in Themidaceae, or its equivalent, the subfamily Brodiaeoideae of Asparagaceae.[9] They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: Agapanthoideae, Allioideae, and Gilliesioideae. Agapanthoideae consisted of Agapanthus and Tulbaghia. Allioideae contained two tribes: Brodiaeeae and a broadly defined Allieae. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed that Agapanthus was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family.[10] They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, Allium and Milula, and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto.

In the APG II system of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato, as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the ICBN conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II.

When the APG III system was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato.[1] Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.[2][11]

ioideae. Agapanthoideae consisted of Agapanthus and Tulbaghia. Allioideae contained two tribes: Brodiaeeae and a broadly defined Allieae. Gilliesioideae was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae.

In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed that Agapanthus was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family.[10] They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae. They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, Allium and Milula, and transferred the rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto.

In the APG II system of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato, as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the ICBN conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II.

When the APG III system was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato.[1] Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank.[2][11]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 132?136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009. 00999.x 
  2. ^ a b Seberg, Ole (2007), "Alliaceae", in Heywood, Vernon H.; Brummitt, Richard K. & Culham, Alastair, Flowering Plant Families of the World, Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, pp. 340?341, ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4 
  3. ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  4. ^ a b c Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas St?tzel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8
  5. ^ Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):367-371. ISSN 0065-6275.
  6. ^ J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):287-304. ISSN 0065-6275.
  7. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Allioideae, http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae 
  8. ^ David J. Bogler, J. Chris Pires and Javier Francisco-Ortega (2006). "Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: implications of molecular data for classification". Aliso 22 (Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution): 313?328. 
  9. ^ Rolf M.T. Dahlgren, H. Trevor Clifford, and Peter F. Yeo. 1985. The Families of the Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. ISBN 978-3-540-13655-2. ISBN 978-0-387-13655-4.
  10. ^ Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. 1996. "Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Agapanthoideae". Taxon 45(3):441-451. (see External links below).
  11. ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Subfamily Allioideae is a member of the Family Alliaceae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Allioideae:

The Subfamily Allioideae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Allium

Allium is a monocot genus of flowering plants, informally referred to as the onion genus. The generic name Allium is the Latin word for garlic. [more]

Caloscordum

[more]

Dandya

[more]

Garaventia

[more]

Gastrorchis

Phaius is a genus of large, mostly terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae). The genus has about 20 species. These species are found in tropical Asia, into China, Japan, Australia, and west to Africa and Madagascar. The genus is abbreviated Phaius in trade journals. [more]

Hesperoscordum

[more]

Ipheion

The plant genus Ipheion belongs to the family and contains about 6 species. [more]

Latace

[more]

Leucocoryne

Leucocoryne () is a genus of bulbous perennials of the family Alliaceae. There are twelve species, all native to Chile. The foliage of all species is long and narrow and has an onion-like scent. The blue, white or lilac flowers are held in umbels. [more]

Milla

Milla is a genus of plant belonging to the family Themidaceae and contains the following species of plants. [more]

Milula

Herbs perennial, with strong, onionlike odor. Bulb cylindric, enveloped by fibers derived from disintegrated leaf sheaths, usually with a short rhizome at base. Leaves linear, base sheathing. Inflorescence a terminal spike, many flowered, enveloped while young by a membranous spathe. Flowers crowded, small. Perianth segments usually 6, connate for 1/3--2/3 their length into a tube. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, exserted; inner ones strongly dilated in basal 1/2, with 1 tooth on each side; anthers subdorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style columnar, slender; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, several seeded, loculicidal.[1] [more]

Nectaroscordum

[more]

Neillia

Shrubs, rarely subshrubs, deciduous. Branchlets spreading, slender, terete or angled; buds ovoid, scales imbricate, apex acute. Leaves often 2-ranked; stipules conspicuous, deciduous; leaf blade simple, margin doubly serrate and usually 3-parted or shallowly 3-5(-7) -lobed. Inflorescence a terminal or sometimes axillary raceme or panicle; bracts linear-lanceolate to ovate, small, caducous. Flowers bisexual. Hypanthium campanulate, urceolate-campanulate, or cylindric. Sepals 5, erect, persistent in fruit and becoming densely pubescent and stipitate glandular abaxially. Petals white or pink-red, subequaling sepals. Stamens 10-30, irregularly 2-whorled on rim of hypanthium, not exceeding petals. Carpels 1(-5) ; ovary with 2-10 ovules; style erect. Follicles enclosed by persistent hypanthium, dehiscent along adaxial suture. Seeds several, obovoid; testa lustrous; caruncle convex.[2] [more]

Nothoscordum

The genus Nothoscordum belongs to the Alliaceae family and contains the following species of plants. [more]

Petronymphe

[more]

More info about the Genus Petronymphe may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 132?136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x 
  2. ^ a b Seberg, Ole (2007), "Alliaceae", in Heywood, Vernon H.; Brummitt, Richa rd K. & Culham, Alastair, Flowering Plant Families of the World, Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, pp. 340?341, ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4 
  3. ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
  4. ^ a b c Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas St?tzel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8
  5. ^ Michael F. Fay, Paula J. Rudall, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Molecular studies of subfamily Gilliesioideae (Alliaceae)". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):367-371. ISSN 0065-6275.
  6. ^ J. Chris Pires, Ivan J. Maureira, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, Paula J. Rudall, Michael F. Fay, and Mark W. Chase. 2006. "Phylogeny, genome size, and chromosome evolution of Asparagales". Aliso 22(Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution):287-304. ISSN 0065-6275.
  7. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Allioideae, http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Alliaceae 
  8. ^ David J. Bogler, J. Chris Pires and Javier Francisco-Ortega (2006). "Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: implications of molecular data for classification". Aliso 22 (Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution): 313?328. 
  9. ^ Rolf M.T. Dahlgren, H. Trevor Clifford, and Peter F. Yeo. 1985. The Families of the Monocotyledons. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo. ISBN 978-3-540-13655-2. ISBN 978-0-387-13655-4.
  10. ^ Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. 1996. "Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Am aryllidaceae, and Agapanthoideae". Taxon 45(3):441-451. (see External links below).
  11. ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.

Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. Chen Sing-chi, Nicholas J. Turland "Milula". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 202. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. Ku Tsue-chih, Crinan Alexander "Neillia". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 77. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:46:20