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Alliaceae

(Family)

Overview

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Alliaceae is a of herbaceous perennial flowering plants. They are monocots, part of order Asparagales. The family has been widely but not universally recognised; in the past, the plants involved were often treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae, and still are by some botanists[citation needed].

The APG II system of 2003 recognises the family and places it in the order Asparagales in the clade monocots. APG II allows two options of the circumscription of the family:

Note that quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae are assigned to the family Themidaceae by both APG and APG II.

The most important genus is Allium, which includes several important food plants, including onions (Allium cepa), chives (A. schoenoprasum), garlic (A. sativum and A. scordoprasum), and leeks (A. porrum).

Genera

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The following genera are included in the Alliaceae sensu stricto:

The genera Androstephium, Bessera, Bloomeria, Brodiaea, Dandya, Dichelostemma, Milla, Petronymphe, Triteleia, and Triteleiopsis are now treated in the family Themidaceae.

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Family Alliaceae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Agapanthus

Agapanthus , the "Lily of the Nile", is a genus of flower plants with six to ten species depending on how the different species are classified. They are all perennial plants native to South Africa. They have been placed either in the family Alliaceae, or separated into their own monogeneric family Agapanthaceae (e.g. Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium). [more]

Allium

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from tunicate bulbs, with onion odor and taste. Bulbs solitary or clustered, dividing at base, or on rhizomes, reforming annually; outer coats generally brown or gray, smooth, fibrous, or with cellular reticulation (generally important in identification) ; inner coats membranous. Leaves generally withering from tip by anthesis, usually persistent, 1-12, basal; blade usually linear, terete, channeled, or flat (carinate in A. sativum, A. praecox, A. tuberosum, A. rotundum, A. neapolitanum, A. triquetrum, A. unifolium, and A. lacunosum), straight or ± falcate (coiled or circinate in A. nevadense and A. atrorubens), broader in A. victorialis and A. tricoccum, not petiolate (except in A. tricoccum and A. victorialis) . Scape usually persistent, terete or flattened. Inflorescences umbellate, flowering centripetally (centrifugally in A. schoenoprasum), sometimes replaced totally or partially by bulbils, subtended by spathe bracts; bracts conspicuous, ± fused, usually 3+-veined, equaling pedicel except in some introduced species, membranous. Flowers erect (pendent in A. triquetrum) ; tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct, petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting; stamens 6, epipetalous; filaments in all but 1 native species broad at base, fused into ring (some introduced species and A. victorialis appendaged), linear, generally glabrous (A. rotundum and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally) ; anthers and pollen variously colored; ovary superior, 3-lobed, sometimes crested with processes, 3-locular, usually 2 ovules per locule (6-8 in A. nigrum), crest processes 3 or 6, smooth except in A. haematochiton, A. sharsmithiae, and A. lacunosum; style 1; stigma capitate to ± 3-lobed; pedicel erect or spreading (lax in A. triquetrum) . Fruits capsular, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, obovoid, finely cellular-reticulate, cells smooth or minutely roughened, with 1-8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum. x = 7, 8, 9.[1] [more]

Ancrumia

[more]

Androstephium

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves several, basal; blade linear, channeled. Scape solitary, cylindrical. Inflorescences umbellate, terminal, bracteate; bracts 3, lanceolate. Flowers: perianth 6-tepaled, distinctly connate proximally into tube, tube funnelform, slightly less to ca. 1/2 overall length of tepals; tepals similar; stamens 6, epitepalous; filaments erect, dilated their entire length, conate into a nectariferous tube with erect, 2-fid apical filament appendages forming a crown between anthers; anthers basifixed, introrse; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, ovules several; style persistent, long, slender; stigma small, 3-lobed; pedicel not articulate, ± stout. Fruits capsular, 3-angled, subglobose, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, flat, coat with crust.[2] [more]

Beauverdia

[more]

Behria

[more]

Bessera

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Bloomeria

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves 1-8, basal; blade linear-lanceolate, keeled, margins entire. Scape slender, cylindrical, rigid. Inflorescences umbellate, open, 10-35-flowered, bracteate; bracts 2-4, scarious, membranous, not enclosing flower buds. Flowers: tepals 6, persistent, widely spreading, distinct or barely connate at base, golden yellow, striped brownish or green, nearly equal, oblong-linear, subrotate at anthesis; stamens 6, epitepalous, slightly shorter than and inserted at base of tepals; filaments filiform distally, dilated basally, ca. 6 mm, dilated bases sometimes connate into nectariferous cup, cup sometimes having basal filament appendages arising from apex; anthers subbasifixed, versatile; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, ovules anatropous, several per locule; style persistent, splitting with capsule, filiform or clavate, 5 mm; stigma 3-lobed; pedicel long, erect, ray-like, base and apex articulate. Fruits sessile, capsular, 3-angled, subglobose, 5-6 mm, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, angular, subovoid, wrinkled, coat with crust. x = 9 (except for B. clevelandii x = 14).[3] [more]

Brevoortia

Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker and pogy, are of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the family Clupeidae. [more]

Brodiaea

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves 1-6, basal; blade linear, crescent-shaped in cross section. Scape solitary, cylindrical, usually slender, occasionally stout, rigid. Inflorescences umbellate, open, bracteate; bracts scarious, not enclosing flower buds. Flowers: perianth 6-tepaled, distinctly connate proximally into tube, shiny, abaxial perianth usually bluish purple, tube narrowly campanulate or funnelform, outer 3 lobes narrower than inner 3; stamens 3, epitepalous, opposite inner perianth lobes, alternating with 3 staminodia (staminodia absent in B. orcuttii) opposite outer perianth lobes; filaments adnate to perianth tube, linear, base sometimes dilated to form triangular flap, or sometimes with abaxial wings or appendages; anthers basifixed, appressed to style; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, green (purple in B. jolonensis), sessile, 3-locular, ovules several; style erect; stigma 3-lobed, lobes distinctly spreading and recurved; pedicel erect, articulate at base. Fruits capsular, ovoid, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, rounded to flattened, coat with crust with longitudinal surface striations. x = 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, or 24.[4] [more]

Calliprora

[more]

Caloscordum

[more]

Chrysocoryne

[more]

Cyrtanthus

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Dichelostemma

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves 1-5, basal; blade narrowly lanceolate, usually keeled and channeled, margins entire. Scape solitary, usually weak, curved to twining, cylindrical, smooth to scabrous. Inflorescences umbellate or racemose, usually dense, 2-20-flowered, bracteate; bracts 2-4, ± papery, not enclosing flower buds. Flowers: perianth 6-tepaled, distinctly connate proximally into tube, tube cylindrical, ovoid, or campanulate, occasionally globose or urceolate, soft, limb lobes similar; perianth appendages arising from intersection of perianth tube and limb lobes, leaning toward or away from anthers, forming corona; anthers basifixed, held close to style; stamens 3 (6 in Dichelostemma capitatum), epitepalous; filaments entirely adnate to perianth tube; staminodia absent (except in D. volubile) ; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, sessile or stipitate, 3-locular, ovules several; style 1; stigma weakly 3-lobed; pedicel erect or flexuous, articulate beneath perianth, usually shorter than flowers. Fruits capsular, 3-angled, usually ovoid, firm, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, sharply angled, coat with crust. x = 9 (8 in D. ida-maia).[5] [more]

Dipterostemon

[more]

Endymion

Endymion may be: [more]

Erinna

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Eucharis

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Eucrosia

Eucrosia is a genus of , perennial and bulbous plants in the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) distributed from Ecuador to Peru. It contains eight species. Phaedranassa and Rauhia are the genera closest related to Eucrosia. [more]

Eustephia

[more]

Galanthus

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from brown, tunicate, ovoid to globose bulbs; offset bulbs often present. Leaves 2(-3), basal, opposite, with sheathing blade, vernation flat and parallel, or convolute; nonsheathing blade erect to recurving at maturity, grayish green, linear-oblanceolate, glaucous; sheathing blade white, tubular, membranous, enclosing leaf bases and scape. Scape erect in flower, prostrate in fruit, green, solid. Inflorescences pendulous, 1-flowered, spathaceous; spathe bracteate, membranous; bracts 2, connate, split on 1 side. Flowers nodding, fragrant; perianath 2.5 cm or shorter; tepals 6, distinct, unequal; outer tepals spreading, white, narrowly obovate to almost orbicular, larger than inner; inner tepals overlapping, appearing tubular, green-spotted at apex only or apex and base, straight to semiorbicular, apex notched; stamens 6, inserted at bases of tepals, distinct; anthers basifixed, longer than filaments, bases lobed, apices tapered, dehiscense introrse, via terminal slits; ovary inferior, green, 3-locular, globose, septal nectaries present; style, white, unbranched, filiform; stigma indistinct to minutely capitate; pedicel wiry, short, slender. Fruits capsular, green, globose, fleshy, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 18-36, light brown, 3.5 mm, oblong to obtuse, elaiosomes fleshy. x = 12.[6] [more]

Garaventia

[more]

Geanthus

[more]

Geboscon

[more]

Gethyllis

[more]

Gethyum

[more]

Gilliesia

[more]

Griffinia

[more]

Habranthus

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from bulbs. Bulbs black or brown, tunicate, ovoid or globose, sometimes with long neck. Leaves deciduous, sessile, erect or recumbent, bases overlapping, sheathing; blade linear, rarely exceeding 2 cm wide, smooth. Scape hollow. Inflorescences umbellate, 1[-4]-flowered, spathaceous; spathe proximally tubular; bracteoles sometimes present. Flowers declinate [to suberect], somewhat zygomorphic; perianth connate proximally, funnelform, shortly tubular basally, 2-8 cm; tepals subequal; filaments inserted on tepals distal to perianth tube, fasciculate [semifasciculate], declinate and recurving distally, filiform, in sets of 4 different lengths; anthers submedially dorsifixed, usually parallel with floral axis, linear-oblong; ovary inferior; style filiform; stigma 3-fid, lobes linear; pedicel rarely absent, hollow. Fruits capsular, 3-locular, thin-walled, subglobose or ± oblate. Seeds numerous, dark brown to black, flat, D-shaped, obliquely winged, lustrous. x = 6.[7] [more]

Haemanthus

Haemanthus is a Southern African genus of with some 22 known species, endemic to South Africa, Namibia and the kingdoms of Lesotho and Swaziland. About 15 species occur in the winter rainfall region of Namaqualand and the Western Cape, the remainder being found in the summer rainfall region, with one species Haemanthus albiflos occurring in both regions. [more]

Hesperoscordum

[more]

Hymenocallis

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from bulbs. Bulb 1, ovoid or globose, tunicate, often extending into neck of clasping, distichous leaf bases. Leaves 2-16, deciduous or evergreen, sessile, rarely petiolate; blade narrowly to widely liguliform or oblanceolate, rarely ovate to elliptic. Scape: bracts 2-3, triangular, ovate, or lanceolate. Inflorescences umbellate, bracteate; each flower with subtending, often narrowly lanceolate bract. Flowers 1-16, usually sessile, erect or slightly diverging, large and starlike, fragrant; perianth connate basally into short or long tube, surmounted by conspicuous staminal corona; tepals extending from base of corona, free portions reflexed or ascending, often distally recurved, linear; stamens adnate basally into showy funnelform or rotate corona, margins between free portions of filaments often dentate or lacerate, portions of filaments inserted on margin of corona, erect to incurved, filiform; anthers versatile, introrse, pollen yellow, often golden, or orange; ovary inferior, globose, ovoid, oblong, or pyriform, ovules 2-10 per locule; style exserted beyond stamens, deflexed laterally, filiform; stigma capitate. Fruits capsular, green, subglobose to elongate, 3-locular, large, leathery. Seeds large, green, fleshy. x = 20, 23.[8] [more]

Ipheion

The plant genus Ipheion belongs to the family and contains about 6 species. [more]

Jaimehintonia

[more]

Latace

[more]

Leucocoryne

Leucocoryne () is a genus of bulbous perennials of the family Alliaceae. There are twelve species, all native to Chile. The foliage of all species is long and narrow and has an onion-like scent. The blue, white or lilac flowers are held in umbels. [more]

Leucojum

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from brown, globose to ovoid, tunicate bulb. Leaves several; blade linear-ligulate, base sheathing. Scape stout, hollow [slender, solid]. Inflorescences umbellate, 2-5(-7) -flowered, spathaceous; spathe bracts 2, free or entirely adnate on 1 side, appearing monophyllous. Flowers nodding; perianth campanulate; tepals 6, distinct, oblanceolate to ovate, equal; stamens 6, distinct; anthers basifixed, conic, longer than filaments, blunt apically, dehiscing by terminal pores; ovary inferior, green, 3-locular, globose, septal nectaries present; style filiform or clavate, exceeding anthers; stigma minutely capitate. Fruits capsular, erect, pyriform to subglobose, dehiscence loculicidal; pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seeds numerous, black, appendages absent. x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.[9] [more]

Miersia

[more]

Milla

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from corms. Corm solitary, coated with membrane. Leaves 2-7, basal; blade linear, channeled to terete; veins sometimes scabrous, particularly proximally. Scapes 1 or rarely 2, persistent, terete, sometimes scabrous, particularly proximally. Inflorescences falsely umbellate, 1-30-flowered, subtended by 4 narrowly triangular bracts that do not enclose flowers in bud. Flowers sessile but appearing pedicellate, 4-15 cm; perianth salverform; tepals 6, connate basally into long, slender tube; perianth lobes white with green, pink, or blue abaxial stripes, shorter than tube; stamens 6, inserted on perianth tube, distinct; ovary superior, 3-locular, long-stipitate, stipe adnate to perianth tube on 3 angles; style usually exserted; stigma obscurely 3-lobed; pseudopedicel formed by elongate perianth tube ± enlarged around ovary. Fruits capsular, beaked by persistent style base, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds numerous, black, flattened, minutely cellularly reticulate.[10] [more]

Milula

Herbs perennial, with strong, onionlike odor. Bulb cylindric, enveloped by fibers derived from disintegrated leaf sheaths, usually with a short rhizome at base. Leaves linear, base sheathing. Inflorescence a terminal spike, many flowered, enveloped while young by a membranous spathe. Flowers crowded, small. Perianth segments usually 6, connate for 1/3--2/3 their length into a tube. Stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth tube, exserted; inner ones strongly dilated in basal 1/2, with 1 tooth on each side; anthers subdorsifixed. Ovary 3-loculed; ovules 2 per locule. Style columnar, slender; stigma small. Fruit a capsule, several seeded, loculicidal.[11] [more]

Moenchia

Herbs, annual. Taproots slender. Stems ascending to erect, simple or sometimes branched proximally, terete. Leaves: cauline leaves connate proximally, sessile or sometimes petiolate (basal leaves) ; blade 1-veined, linear to linear-oblanceolate, not succulent, apex acute. Inflorescences terminal, 1-3-flowered, spreading cymes or flowers solitary; bracts paired, foliaceous, those of axillary flowers with scarious margins. Pedicels erect. Flowers: perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals 4, distinct, green, lanceolate, 3.8-7 mm, herbaceous, margins white or silvery, scarious, apex acute; petals 4 or rarely absent, white, claw absent, blade apex entire; nectaries at base of filaments opposite sepals; stamens 4, inserted at base of ovary; filaments distinct nearly to base; staminodes absent; styles 4, filiform, 0.7-1 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 4, linear along adaxial surface of styles, minutely papillate (50×). Capsules cylindric, opening by 8 revolute teeth, shorter than or equaling sepals; carpophore absent. Seeds 35-55, brown, reniform with deep abaxial groove, laterally compressed, papillate, marginal wing absent, appendage absent. x = 19.[12] [more]

Muilla

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves 1-10, strictly basal; blade linear, elongate, flat, not keeled or channeled, surrounded by fibrous sheath. Scapes 1-2, cylindrical. Inflorescences umbellate, terminal, bracteate; bracts several, white or greenish white, scarious. Flowers: perianth subrotate, narrowly oblong; tepals 6, spreading, mostly distinct, only shortly connate at base, white to greenish white or bluish, sometimes tinged with lilac, subequal; stamens 6, epitepalous, inserted near base of tepals; filaments filiform, subulate, or conspicuously dilated, sometimes overlapping or connate; anthers versatile, introrse; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular, ovules several; style persistent, clavate; stigma 3-lobed, minute; pedicel slender, not articulate. Fruits capsular, slightly lobed, globose, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, angled, coat with crust. x = 7, 8, 10.[13] [more]

Nectaroscordum

[more]

Nothoscordum

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from bulbs. Bulbs in general appearance very similar to some species of Allium, without alliaceous odor; outer coats membranous. Leaves usually present at flowering time, basal, imbricate, sheathing basally; blade filiform to linear. Inflorescences umbellate, subtended by spathe bracts; bracts 2, membranous. Flowers fastigiate, withering-persistent; tepals 6, 2-whorled, connate proximal 1/3, 1-veined, subequal; stamens 6, adnate to tepal bases, included; filaments distinct, ± dilated basally, subulate and entire apically; anthers dorsifixed, oblong, introse; ovary superior, sessile, 3-locular; ovules several(-12) ; style filiform; stigma terminal, small. Fruits capsular, 3-lobed, membranous, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, angled [compressed or almost flat].[14] [more]

Oligosma

[more]

Pabellonia

[more]

Pancratium

Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Leaves basal, sessile, linear or ligulate. Flowering stem solid. Inflorescences umbellate, 1- to many flowered; involucres 2. Pedicel often short. Perianth subfunnelform; lobes 6, spreading, lanceolate or linear. Stamens inserted at throat of perianth tube; filaments connate into a cup for most of their length but apically free; anthers versatile, linear. Ovary with many ovules. Style filiform; stigma capitate, sometimes somewhat 3-lobed to -branched, small. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds black, angular.[15] [more]

Petronymphe

[more]

Phaedranassa

Phaedranassa is a genus of in family Amaryllidaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Placea

[more]

Pyrolirion

[more]

Rhodophiala

[more]

Scadoxus

[more]

Solaria

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Speea

Steinmannia

[more]

Stemmatium

[more]

Sternbergia

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Stropholirion

[more]

Strumaria

Strumaria is a genus of in family Amaryllidaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete): [more]

Trichlora

[more]

Tristagma

[more]

Triteleia

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves 1-3, basal; blade narrowly lanceolate (linear in Triteleia ixioides), keeled, channeled, glabrous, margins entire. Scape erect, cylindrical, 1-5 mm diam., rigid. Inflorescences umbellate, open, bracteate; bracts green (purplish in T. lemmoniae), ± lanceolate, scarious. Flowers: perianth 6-tepaled, connate proximally into tube of varying length and shape, usually funnelform, lobes similar, usually ascending to spreading; stamens 6, epitepalous; filaments distinct, adnate to perianth tube in 1 or 2 rows, equal or of 2 unequal lengths, free portions flattened, sometimes dilated at base to form triangle, apical appendages usually absent, when present sometimes forming a crown; anthers versatile, usually curving away from stigma; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, green or colored like perianth (yellow in T. peduncularis, white in T. clementina), stipitate, 3-locular, ovules anatropous, 2-several per locule; style 2-4 mm; stigma weakly 3-lobed; pedicel ± erect, often articulate, usually longer than perianth (shorter in T. crocea). Fruits capsular, ovoid, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, ridged on 1 side, subglobose, rounded, coarsely and irregularly pitted, minutely granulate or granulate-reticulate, coat with crust. x = 7, 8.[16] [more]

Triteleiopsis

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms. Leaves alternate, crowded at base; blade planate, keeled, linear, base expanded, margins entire. Scape solitary (rarely 2), cylindrical, stout, 4.5-6 dm × 7-15 mm, pithy, glaucous distally. Inflorescences umbellate, open, many-flowered, bracteate; involucral bracts 7-10, scarious, apex acuminate. Flowers: perianth 6-tepaled, funnelform, distinctly connate proximally into tube; perianth appendages arising at intersection of perianth tube and lobes; stamens 6, epitepalous; filaments inserted in distal part of perianth tube; anthers basifixed, distant from style; pistil 3-carpellate; ovary superior, stipitate, 3-locular, ovules several; style erect, slender; stigma not evidently lobed; pedicel articulate, 1.5-5 cm. Fruits capsular, rounded at apex, equaling withered perianth, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds black, elongate, thin, flat, surface minutely and irregularly roughened, coat with crust. 2n = 33.[17] [more]

Tulbaghia

[more]

Veatchia

[more]

Zephyranthes

Herbs, perennial, scapose, from bulbs. Bulbs black or brown, tunicate, ovoid or globose, sometimes with long neck. Leaves sessile, erect or recumbent, with overlapping sheathing bases; blade linear, rarely exceeding 1 cm wide, smooth. Scape hollow. Inflorescence 1-flowered (rarely 2-flowered in Z. drummondii), spathaceous, otherwise ebracteate; spathe proximally tubular. Flowers erect to declinate, actinomorphic; perianth subrotate to funnelform to salverform, connate basally into tube, 2-16 cm; tepals subequal; stamens 6, of 2 different lengths, appearing equal or subequal (anthers in 2 overlapping sets of 3) to unequal (anthers of the sets not overlapping in Z. longifolia) ; filaments inserted just above perianth tube, erect, diverging except when shorter than tube, long-filiform to short-subulate, those inserted on distal tepals usually 1+ mm longer than those inserted on proximal ones; anthers submedially dorsifixed, usually parallel with floral axis, linear-oblong; ovary inferior; style filiform; stigma capitate or 3-fid with lobes linear; pedicel sometimes absent, hollow. Fruits capsular, thin-walled, 3-locular, subglobose or ± oblate. Seeds numerous, black, flat, D- or wedge-shaped, lustrous. x = 6.[18] [more]

At least 206 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zephyranthes.

More info about the Genus Zephyranthes may be found here.

References

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Bibliography

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Footnotes

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  1. Dale W. McNeal Jr. & T. D. Jacobsen "Allium". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 224, 225, 259, 334, 336. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  2. J. Chris Pires & James. L. Reveal "Androstephium". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. J. Chris Pires "Bloomeria". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 321, 332, 334, 336, 338. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  4. J. Chris Pires "Brodiaea". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 20, 53, 55, 321, 326, 328, 331, 332, 336, 3. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  5. J. Chris Pires "Dichelostemma". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 321, 328, 329, 331, 332. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  6. Gerald B. Straley  & Frederick H. Utech "Galanthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 280, 293. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  7. Raymond O. Flagg, Gerald L. Smith & Walter S. Flory "Habranthus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 281. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  8. Gerald L. Smith & Walter S. Flory "Hymenocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 54, 283, 284. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  9. Gerald B. Straley  & Frederick H. Utech "Leucojum". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 280, 293. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  10. Dale W. McNeal Jr. "Milla". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 332, 346. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  11. Chen Sing-chi, Nicholas J. Turland "Milula". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 202. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  12. Richard K. Rabeler, Ronald L. Hartman "Moenchia". in Flora of North America Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  13. J. Chris Pires & James L. Reveal "Muilla". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  14. T. D. Jacobsen & Dale W. McNeal Jr. "Nothoscordum". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 276, 277. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  15. "Pancratium". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 266. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  16. J. Chris Pires "Triteleia". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 321, 332, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339,. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  17. J. Chris Pires "Triteleiopsis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 55, 332. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  18. Raymond O. Flagg, Gerald L. Smith & Walter S. Flory "Zephyranthes". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 55, 281, 282, 296, 297, 298, 299, 303. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 12:22:23