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Heliantheae

(Tribe)

The Heliantheae are a tribe of closely related genera of the sunflower family that can be readily recognized due to the association of a receptacular bract or chaff scale with each disk floret in the head. The heads usually include bisexual, actinomorphic disk florets with tubular corollas that have 4 or 5 distal lobes and also peripheral zygomorphic female or sometimes sterile florets with strap-shaped corollas that have 3 or fewer distal teeth. However, the ray flowers are sometimes absent and the heads are then discoid, containing only bisexual florets with tubular corollas. The pappus is absent or more commonly ranges from scales to stiff bristles. -- Gerald Carr.

Taxonomy

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The Tribe Heliantheae is a member of the Subfamily Cyrtandroideae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Heliantheae:

The Tribe Heliantheae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Ambrosia

Annuals, perennials, or shrubs, 10-400+ cm (usually rhizomatous). Stems erect, decumbent, or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually cauline; opposite ± throughout or opposite (proximal) and alternate or mostly alternate; sessile or petiolate; blades (or lobes) deltate, elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, obovate, ovate, or rhombic (and most intermediate shapes), usually pinnately, sometimes palmately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces hairy or glabrate, usually gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular. Heads discoid (unisexual, pistillate proximal to or intermixed with staminates, staminates usually in racemiform to spiciform arrays; rarely, single plants all or mostly staminate or pistillate). Pistillate heads: phyllaries 12-30(-80+) in 1-8+ series, outer (1-) 5-8 distinct or ± connate, herbaceous, the rest (sometimes interpreted as paleae) ± connate, usually with free tips forming tubercles, spines, or wings (the whole becoming a hard perigynium or "bur") ; florets 1(-5+), corollas 0. Staminate heads: involucres cup-shaped to saucer-shaped, 1.5-6+ mm diam.; phyllaries 5-16+ in ± 1 series, ± connate; receptacles ± flat or convex; paleae spatulate to linear, membranous, sometimes villous, hirtellous, and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, sometimes none; florets 5-60+; corollas whitish or purplish, ± funnelform, lobes 5, erect or incurved; staminal filaments connate, anthers distinct or weakly coherent. Cypselae (black) ± ovoid or fusiform, enclosed within globose to obovoid, pyramidal, pyriform, obconic, or fusiform, hard, smooth, tuberculate, spiny, or winged "burs"; pappi 0. x = 18.[1] [more]

At least 133 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Ambrosia.

More info about the Genus Ambrosia may be found here.

Amyema

Amyema is a genus of semi-parasitic shrubs (mistletoes) which occur in Malesia and Australia. [more]

At least 314 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Amyema.

More info about the Genus Amyema may be found here.

Arisaema

Herbs, terrestrial or wetland. Corms [rhizomes] nearly globose. Leaves usually appearing with flowers, 1--2(--3), erect; petiole longer than blade; blade medium to dark green, sometimes glaucous adaxially, palmately or pedately [radiately] divided, not peltate, leaflet elliptic to broadly ovate or oblanceolate, base rounded to obtuse or attenuate, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; primary lateral veins of each leaflet pinnate. Inflorescences: peduncle erect, nearly equal to leaves [to very short], apex not swollen; spathe variously colored or striped, distal part open at maturity, exposing tip to 1/2 or more of spadix appendage; spadix ± cylindric, surmounted by sterile appendage of variable shape. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different spadix; pistillate flowers congested; staminate flowers usually scattered, distal to pistillate flowers when both are present; perianth absent. Fruits not embedded in spadix, glossy orange to bright red. Seeds 1--6, mucilage sometimes present (not present in Arisaema triphyllum). x = 13, 14.[2] [more]

At least 447 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Arisaema.

More info about the Genus Arisaema may be found here.

Besleria

Besleria is a genus of ca. 150 species of large herbs and soft-stemmed subshrubs or shrubs in the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The species occur in Central America, South America, and the West Indies. [more]

At least 350 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Besleria.

More info about the Genus Besleria may be found here.

Besseya

Veronica is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Plantaginaceae, with about 500 species; it was formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. Taxonomy for this genus is currently being reanalysed, with the genus Hebe and the related Australasian genera Derwentia, Detzneria, Chionohebe, Heliohebe, Leonohebe and Parahebe included by many botanists. Common names include speedwell, bird's eye, and gypsyweed. [more]

At least 13 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Besseya.

More info about the Genus Besseya may be found here.

Campanula

Plants perennial or annual, erect trailing or decumbent, glabrous, pubescent, or hirsute. Leaves simple, alternate or forming rosettes at the base. Inflorescence 1-many flowered, with racemes or spikes. Flowers blue to purple or white. Sepals 5, with or without reflexed appendages between lobes; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, segments 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, funnel-shaped or tubular. Stamens 5, free, filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 3-locular; style cylindrical; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, elongated to ovoid, obovoid or round, with membran¬ous walls; dehiscence by irregular pores at the bases or the sides. Seeds minute, numerous.[3] [more]

At least 2,250 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Campanula.

More info about the Genus Campanula may be found here.

Coreopsis

Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 10-80(-200+) cm (often rhizomatous or with cormiform bases, stoloniferous in C. auriculata). Stems usually 1, erect, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; opposite or alternate or both; petiolate or sessile; blades simple and entire (dentate in C. latifolia), or ± pinnately or pedately lobed, faces glabrous or hairy. Heads radiate, borne singly or in open, ± corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of (3-) 8+, distinct, ± herbaceous bractlets. Involucres ± globose to cylindric, 4-25+ mm diam. Phyllaries usually ± 8 in ± 2 series (usually distinct, rarely connate ± 1/10 their lengths, mostly oblong to linear, ± membranous, margins ± scarious). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate; paleae falling, ovate to linear or subulate, ± flat, ± scarious (not adnate to and not falling with cypselae except in C. bigelovii). Ray florets mostly (5-) 8(-12+, more in "double" cultivars), neuter, or styliferous and sterile, or pistillate and fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes red-brown to purple proximally, sometimes wholly purple or pink to white. Disc florets 8-150+, bisexual, fertile; corollas usually yellow, sometimes red-brown to purple at tips or throughout, tubes equaling or shorter than narrowly funnelform throats, lobes 4 or 5 (adaxial sinus seldom deeper than others). Cypselae obcompressed, ± orbiculate to ovate, oblong, or linear, usually thin-margined or winged, wings membranous to chartaceous or corky, entire or lobed to toothed, sometimes ciliolate; faces smooth or ± papillate to tuberculate; pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 bristly cusps or scales (sometimes pappi 0 and shoulders of cypsela wings ± bristly, pappus-like). x = 14.[4] [more]

At least 480 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Coreopsis.

More info about the Genus Coreopsis may be found here.

Cornus

Shrubs, trees, or herblike shrubs, precocious, coetaneous, or serotinous. Young shoots pubescent, rarely glabrous; trichomes curly or straight, raised or appressed. Stem sympodial, rarely monopodial. Winter buds terminal or axillary, mixed or separate, covered or exposed. Petiole slightly furrowed adaxially; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, oblong, or ovate, glabrous to densely pubescent, lateral veins actinodromous, often raised abaxially. Inflorescence formed in previous or current year; bracts covering inflorescence or not. Sepals 4, fused; teeth absent, minute, or variously triangular. Petals 4, free, spreading, oblong to orbicular, valvate. Filaments filiform or awn-shaped, longer than style, longer or shorter than petals; anthers whitish or yellow, rarely blue, red, or purplish, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid or oblong, 2-loculed. Ovary obovoid, crowned by a disk. Fruit globose, ovoid, oblong, or ellipsoid, crowned by persistent calyx, disk, and style; stones globose, ovoid, ellipsoid, oblong, sometimes asymmetric, surface smooth or ribbed, apex rarely pitted.[5] [more]

At least 848 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Cornus.

More info about the Genus Cornus may be found here.

Cosmos

Annuals [perennials or subshrubs], 30-250 cm. Stems usually 1, erect or ascending, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 1-3-pinnately lobed [undivided], ultimate margins usually entire, faces usually glabrous, sometimes glabrate, hispid, puberulent, or scabridulous. Heads radiate, borne singly or in corymbiform arrays. Calyculi of [5-]8 basally connate, ± linear to subulate, herbaceous (striate) bractlets. Involucres hemispheric or subhemispheric [cylindric], 3-15 mm diam. Phylla­ries persistent, [5-]8 in ± 2 series, distinct, lanceolate, lance-oblong, lance-ovate, or oblong, ± equal, membranous or herbaceous, margins ± scarious. Receptacles flat, paleate; paleae falling, linear, flat or slightly concave-convex, scarious (entire). Ray florets [0, 5] 8 (more in "double" cultivars), neuter; corollas white to pink or purple, or yellow to red-orange. Disc florets 10-20[-80+], bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow [orange] (at least distally), tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (staminal filaments hairy near anthers; style branches linear, flattened, thicker distally, hirtellous, appendages relatively slender). Cypselae (dark brown or black) relatively slender, quadrangular-cylindric or -fusiform [outer somewhat obcompressed], sometimes slightly arcuate, attenuate-beaked, not winged [winged], faces glabrous or hispid to scabridulous or ± setose, sometimes papillate, usually with 1 groove; pappi persistent [falling], of 2-4[-8] retrorsely [antrorsely] barbed awns, sometimes 0. x = 12.[6] [more]

At least 165 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Cosmos.

More info about the Genus Cosmos may be found here.

Crocosmia

Herbs, perennial, from corms. Stems usually branched, branching often strongly divaricate. Leaves several, forming fan; blade plane [or plicate], ensiform. Inflorescences spicate, axes inclined to ± horizontal, 4-8-flowered[-many-flowered]; bracts orange to reddish [green], unequal, outer bract usually exceeding inner, inner bifid, firm textured. Flowers odorless, zygomorphic [actinomorphic]; tepals connate into tube, orange to red, subequal [unequal], outer tepals slightly larger than inner with dorsal largest [dorsal tepal much larger than others]; stamens unilateral; perianth tube funnel-shaped [nearly cylindric]; anthers parallel [radially disposed]; style arching over filaments [central], dividing into 3 filiform branches, usually notched apically [undivided]. Capsules globose, 3-lobed, cartilaginous. Seeds 2-4 per locule, globose [compressed]; seed coats hard, shiny or matte. x = 11.[7] [more]

At least 343 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Crocosmia.

More info about the Genus Crocosmia may be found here.

Echeveria

At least 606 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Echeveria.

More info about the Genus Echeveria may be found here.

Echinacea

Perennials, to 140 cm (caudices vertical or horizontal; plants usually taprooted, fibrous rooted in E. purpurea). Stems erect, unbranched or ± branched (glabrous or hairy, hairs appressed, ascending, or spreading, uniseriate). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate (at least basal and proximal cauline, petioles progressively shorter distally) ; blades (1-, 3-, or 5-nerved) linear to lanceolate or elliptic to ovate (distal smaller), bases mostly attenuate (decurrent on petioles) to cuneate, sometimes rounded or cordate, margins usually entire, sometimes dentate or serrate, faces usually hairy (hairs uniseriate, usually with 1-4 rings of cells surrounding bases), sometimes glabrate or glabrous. Heads radiate, borne singly (on relatively long peduncles). Involucres crateriform to hemispheric, 12-40 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 15-50 in 2-4 series (spreading, recurved, or reflexed, linear or lanceolate to ovate, subequal to unequal, mostly herbaceous, apices mostly attenuate, abaxial faces usually hairy, sometimes glabrate or glabrous). Receptacles hemispheric to conic, paleate (paleae orange to reddish purple distally, surpassing disc corollas, bases partially surrounding cypselae, bodies keeled, apices abruptly constricted to awnlike tips; discs 10-45 × 15-40 mm). Ray florets 8-21, neuter; corollas dark purple to pale pink, white, or yellow (tubes glabrous or sparsely hairy, laminae spreading, reflexed, or drooping, linear to elliptic or obovate, abaxial faces glabrous or moderately hairy). Disc florets 200-300+, bisexual, fertile; corollas pinkish, greenish, reddish purple, or yellow, tubes shorter than throats (often sparsely hairy), lobes 5 (erect or spreading to recurved), triangular (pollen usually yellow, usually white in E. pallida). Cypselae (tan or bicolored with dark brown band distally) 3- or 4-angled (faces smooth to finely tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely hairy) ; pappi persistent, ± coroniform (with 0-4 ± prominent teeth). x = 11.[8] [more]

At least 128 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Echinacea.

More info about the Genus Echinacea may be found here.

Echinops

Echinops is a genus of about 120 species of thistles in the daisy family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They are native to Europe east to central Asia and south to the mountains of tropical Africa. [more]

At least 399 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Echinops.

More info about the Genus Echinops may be found here.

Enceliopsis

Perennials 15-100+ cm (caudices or taproots woody). Stems erect, branched from bases. Leaves basal; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades 3-nerved, elliptic, ovate, rhombic, or suborbiculate, bases ± cuneate to nearly truncate, margins entire (sometimes corrugate or ruffled), faces densely puberulent or silky-velutinous. Heads radiate, borne singly (peduncles much longer than involucres). Involucres ± hemispheric or broader, 10-30+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 30-65+ in 3-6 series. Receptacles convex, paleate (paleae ± conduplicate, folded around and falling with cypselae). Ray florets (11-) 20-35+, neuter; corollas yellow. Disc florets (50-) 200-500+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than to equaling abruptly expanded throats, lobes 5, triangular. Cypselae strongly compressed or flattened, ± cuneate (margins ± white, corky, usually ciliate, faces black, glabrous or ± silky-villous) ; pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 awns (often with 2-10+, often connate, minute scales or teeth as well). x = 18.[9] [more]

At least 11 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Enceliopsis.

More info about the Genus Enceliopsis may be found here.

Eriophyllum

Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 1-200 cm. Stems erect or decumbent, usually branched (proximally, distally, or ± throughout). Leaves mostly cauline; mostly alternate (proximal sometimes opposite) ; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 1-2(-3) -pinnately lobed, ultimate margins toothed, serrate, or entire, faces usually densely to sparsely woolly (abaxial or both, adaxial sometimes glabrescent). Heads radiate or discoid, borne singly or in loose to tight, corymbiform or compound-corymbiform arrays. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 3-12+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 4-13(-15) in 1+ series (± erect in fruit, distinct or basally connate, lanceolate to oblanceolate, herbaceous or indurate, slightly to deeply concave, usually carinate, margins sometimes scarious, abaxial faces densely to sparsely woolly). Receptacles flat or convex to conic, smooth or pitted, glabrous, usually epaleate (with 1-6 hyaline paleae in E. ambiguum, obscurely setose in E. mohavense). Ray florets 0, or 4-13(-15), pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or white (sometimes with reddish veins in E. lanosum). Disc florets (3-) 10-300, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, tubes shorter than or about equaling funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae linear-clavate to