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Taxonomy

Genera

Blackstonia

At least 15 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Blackstonia.

More info about the Genus Blackstonia may be found here.

Campanula

Plants perennial or annual, erect trailing or decumbent, glabrous, pubescent, or hirsute. Leaves simple, alternate or forming rosettes at the base. Inflorescence 1-many flowered, with racemes or spikes. Flowers blue to purple or white. Sepals 5, with or without reflexed appendages between lobes; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, segments 5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, funnel-shaped or tubular. Stamens 5, free, filaments dilated at the base. Ovary 3-locular; style cylindrical; stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule, elongated to ovoid, obovoid or round, with membran¬ous walls; dehiscence by irregular pores at the bases or the sides. Seeds minute, numerous.^[1] [more]

At least 2,250 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Campanula.

More info about the Genus Campanula may be found here.

Centaurium

Annuals. Stems erect, obscurely 4angled. Leaves opposite. Cymes pseudodichotomous, sometimes spicate. Flowers [4 or] 5merous. Calyx lobed nearly to base. Corolla salverform, lobes shorter than tube. Stamens inserted at throat of corolla tube; filaments filiform, erect at first, helically coiled later; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary partly 2-locular. Style linear; stigma lobes orbicular. Capsules 2valved, many seeded. Seed coat alveolate.^[2] [more]

At least 274 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Centaurium.

More info about the Genus Centaurium may be found here.

Chamaecyparis

Trees (rarely shrubs). Branchlets terete or rhombic in cross section, in fan-shaped or pinnately flattened sprays. Leaves opposite in 4 ranks. Adult leaves usually appressed, lateral and facial pairs similar, closely overlapping, scalelike, free portion of long-shoot leaves to ca. 7 mm; abaxial glands present or absent, circular to linear. Pollen cones with 2--3 pairs of sporophylls, each sporophyll with 2--4 pollen sacs. Seed cones maturing and opening in 1--2 years, nearly globose, glaucous, 4--12 mm; scales persistent, 2--5(--6) pairs, valvate, peltate or basifixed, thick and woody, terminal pair often fused. Seeds 1--4 per cone scale, lenticular, equally 2-winged; cotyledons 2--3. x = 11.^[3] [more]

At least 711 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Chamaecyparis.

More info about the Genus Chamaecyparis may be found here.

Cicendia

At least 16 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Cicendia.

More info about the Genus Cicendia may be found here.

Corylopsis

At least 67 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Corylopsis.

More info about the Genus Corylopsis may be found here.

Crocus

Herbs small, perennial, cormous. Corms oblate, covered with a tunic. Leaves few, all basal, green, linear, adaxially with pale, median stripe, base surrounded by membranous, sheathlike leaves. Aerial stem not developed. Flowers emerging from ground, with peduncle and ovary subterranean. Perianth white, yellow, or lilac to dark purple; tube long, slender; segments similar, equal or subequal. Stamens inserted in throat of perianth tube. Style 1, slender, distally with 3 to many branches. Capsule small, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid.^[4] [more]

At least 843 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Crocus.

More info about the Genus Crocus may be found here.

Exacum

Annuals. Stems branched, glabrous. Leaves opposite. Cymes axillary or terminal, paniculate. Flowers 4- or 5-merous. Calyx lobed nearly to base. Corolla rotate, lobes longer than tube. Stamens inserted at throat of corolla tube just below sinus between corolla lobes; anthers cylindric, 2-locular, dehiscing by apical pores. Ovary 2-locular. Capsules 2-valved, many seeded. Seed coat warty.^[5] [more]

At least 174 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Exacum.

More info about the Genus Exacum may be found here.

Frasera

At least 47 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Frasera.

More info about the Genus Frasera may be found here.

Gentiana

Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Rootstock with a fibrous primary root and secondary rootlets, with a stout ± fleshy or woody taproot, or with several linear-cylindric roots from a collar. Stems ascending to erect, striate or angled, in perennial species sometimes both flowering and vegetative. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, sometimes forming a basal rosette. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, 1 to few-flowered cymes, sometimes in terminal clusters and/or axillary whorls. Flowers (4 or) 5- (or 6-8) -merous. Calyx lobes filiform to ovate, with a prominent midvein. Corolla tubular, salverform, funnelform, obconic, or urceolate, very rarely rotate; tube usually much longer than lobes; plicae between lobes. Stamens inserted on corolla tube; filaments basally ± winged; anthers free or rarely contiguous. Glands 5-10 at ovary base. Pistil sessile or on a long gynophore. Style usually short, linear, less often long and filiform; stigma lobes free or connate, recurved, usually oblong to linear, rarely expanded and rounded. Capsule cylindric to ellipsoid and wingless or narrowly obovoid to obovoid (narrowly ellipsoid in G. winchuanensis) and winged, many seeded. Seeds wingless or winged; seed coat minutely reticulate, rugose, simply areolate, or with complex spongy areolation.^[6] [more]

At least 2,221 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Gentiana.

More info about the Genus Gentiana may be found here.

Gentianella

Herbs annual, biennial [or perennial]. Leaves opposite [or whorled]. Flowers terminal, solitary or in cymes, 4 or 5-merous. Calyx without intracalycular membrane. Corolla tubular or funnelform, either without appendages or with a vascularized fringed scale across base of each lobe, plicae absent. Nectaries at base of corolla tube. Stamens inserted on corolla tube. Capsules 2-valved, many seeded. Seeds smooth to warty.^[7] [more]

At least 517 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Gentianella.

More info about the Genus Gentianella may be found here.

Gentianopsis

Herbs annual, biennial [or perennial]. Roots slender, fibrous. Stems subquadrangular. Flowers terminal, solitary, 4-merous; flower bud slightly flattened, 4-angled. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with triangular discontinuous intracalycular membranes, 2 outer calyx lobes narrower than and basally overlapping 2 inner lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate to funnelform, lobes frequently toothed to fringed, plicae absent. Nectaries on corolla tube. Stamens inserted on corolla tube; anthers yellow. Capsules 2-valved, many seeded. Seeds angular-papillate.^[8] [more]

At least 62 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Gentianopsis.

More info about the Genus Gentianopsis may be found here.

Halenia

Herbs annual [or perennial]. Roots slender, fibrous. Sometimes with elongated rhizomes. Leaves opposite [or whorled]. Inflorescences terminal and axillary, in clusters or sometimes in lax panicles of cymes. Terminal clusters umbel-like, subtended by a whorl of 4 leaves, often on short axillary branches. Flowers 4merous. Calyx lobed nearly to base. Corolla campanulate, lobed to below middle, with spurs near base of corolla tube. Stamens inserted on corolla tube. Ovary 1celled. Style very short. Stigma 2lobed. Capsules ovoid, 2valved, 1.1-1.3 cm, many seeded. Seeds ellipsoid to subglobose; seed coat almost smooth.^[9] [more]

At least 152 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Halenia.

More info about the Genus Halenia may be found here.

Imperata

Perennials, strongly rhizomatous. Culms erect, unbranched. Leaf blades mainly basal, linear, flat or rolled; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a terminal, silky-white, spikelike panicle, branches bearing numerous very short racemes; racemes with tough rachis, spikelets of a pair both pedicelled with one pedicel longer than the other, deciduous at maturity within a plumose involucre of hairs; rachis internodes and pedicels persistent, densely silky hairy, tips expanded. Spikelets small, delicate, ± terete, enveloped in hairs; callus very small, pilose with long hairs usually exceeding the spikelet; glumes subqual, lanceolate, membranous or lower glume herbaceous, back long-pilose; lower floret reduced to an empty hyaline veinless lemma, shorter than spikelet; upper lemma similar to lower, apex obtuse, denticulate, ciliate, awnless; palea short, broad. Lodicules absent. Stamens 1 or 2. x = 10.^[10] [more]

At least 59 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Imperata.

More info about the Genus Imperata may be found here.

Polypodium

Plants on rock, occasionally terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems creeping, usually branched, 3--15 mm diam., sometimes whitish pruinose; scales concolored to bicolored, lanceolate to ovate-acuminate, not clathrate to strongly clathrate, glabrous, margins entire to denticulate. Leaves monomorphic, closely spaced to distant, not conspicuously narrowed at tip, to 90 cm. Petiole articulate to stem, straw-colored, somewhat flattened or grooved to nearly terete, winged distally. Blade broadly ovate to deltate, pinnatifid to 1-pinnate at base, not pectinate, usually with fewer than 25 pairs of pinnae, not glaucous or conspicuously scaly; rachis sparsely scaly to glabrescent abaxially, puberulent to glabrous adaxially; scales ovate-lanceolate to linear, not peltate or clathrate. Segments linear to oblong; margins entire to serrate; apex rounded to attenuate. Venation free to anastomosing, if strongly anastomosing, then never with more than 1 included veinlet in fertile areoles. Sori often confined to distal region of leaf, discrete, circular to oval when immature, borne at tips of single veins, in 1--3 rows on either side of midrib; indument absent or of modified sporangia (sporangiasters), often bearing glandular hairs on bulbous head. Spores monolete, rugose to tuberculate. x = 37.^[11] [more]

At least 3,206 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Polypodium.

More info about the Genus Polypodium may be found here.

Swertia

Herbs annual or perennial. Roots fibrous or woody; primary roots with few secondary rootlets or rhizomes short and with few fleshy adventitious rootlets. Stems absent, scapiform, or well developed, ascending or erect, terete, striate or angled, simple or branched. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, margin entire. Inflorescences cymose, usually grouped into simple or paniculate thyrses, rarely strictly dichotomous, sometimes reduced to single flowers and inflorescences racemelike or flowers solitary and terminal. Flowers 4- or 5-merous. Calyx and corolla rotate, lobed to base, tubes less than 3 mm. Nectaries 1 or 2 per corolla lobe, with fimbriate margin or represented by naked spotlike gland patches. Stamens inserted at base of corolla tube. Ovary 1-celled. Style short to elongate. Capsules 2-valved, few to many seeded. Seeds small.^[12] [more]

At least 403 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Swertia.

More info about the Genus Swertia may be found here.

Bibliography

• Cranfill, R. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Typification within the Polypodium virginianum complex (Polypodiaceae). Taxon 32: 557--560.
• Evans, A. M. 1971. Polypodium. In: A. M. Evans, ed. 1971. A Review of Systematic Studies of the Pteridophytes of the Southern Appalachians. Blacksburg.
• Haufler, C. H. and M. D. Windham. 1991. New species of North American Cystopteris and Polypodium, with comments on their reticulate relationships. Amer. Fern J. 81: 7--23.
• Haufler, C. H. and Wang Z. R. 1991. Chromosomal analyses and the origin of allopolyploid Polypodium virginianum. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 624--629.
• Lang, F. A. 1971. The Polypodium vulgare complex in the Pacific Northwest. Madroño 21: 235--254.
• Whitmore, S. A. and A. R. Smith. 1991. Recognition of the tetraploid, Polypodium calirhiza (Polypodiaceae), in western North America. Madroño 38: 233--248.
• Zhao Yu-tang. 1985. Iridaceae. In: Pei Chien & Ting Chih-tsun, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 16(1): 120--198.

Footnotes

1. E. Nasir "Campanula". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
2. "Centaurium". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 4. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
3. David C. Michener "Chamaecyparis". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
4. "Crocus". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 313. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
5. "Exacum". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 2. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
6. "Gentiana". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 15. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
7. "Gentianella". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 136. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
8. "Gentianopsis". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 130. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
9. Ting-nung Ho & James S. Pringle "Halenia". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 100. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
10. Shou-liang Chen & Sylvia M. Phillips "Imperata". in Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 571, 583. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
11. Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D. Windham, Frank A. Lang, S. A. Whitmore "Polypodium". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
12. "Swertia". in Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 101. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.

Sources

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