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Polyporales

(Order)

Overview

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The Polyporales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes some (but not all) polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics (mainly in the genus Lentinus). Species within the order are saprotrophic, most of them wood-rotters. Those of economic importance include several important pathogens of forest and amenity trees and a few species that cause damage by rotting structural timber. Some of the Polyporales are commercially cultivated and marketed for use as food items or in traditional Chinese medicine.

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History

The order was originally proposed in 1926 by German mycologist Ernst Albert G?umann to accommodate species within the phylum Basidiomycota producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) showing a gymnocarpous mode of development (forming the spore-bearing surface externally). As such, the order included the ten families Brachybasidiaceae, Corticiaceae, Clavariaceae, Cyphellaceae, Dictyolaceae, Fistulinaceae, Polyporaceae, Radulaceae, Tulasnellaceae, and Vuilleminiaceae, representing a mix of poroid, corticioid, cyphelloid, and clavarioid fungi.[1]

The order was not widely adopted by G?umann's contemporaries, most mycologists and reference works preferring to use the catch-all, artificial order Aphyllophorales for polypores and other "non-gilled fungi". When an attempt was made to introduce a more natural, morphology-based classification of the fungi in the 1980s and 1990s, the order was still overlooked. A standard 1995 reference work placed most polypores and corticioid fungi in the Ganodermatales, Poriales, and Stereales.[2]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has resurrected and redefined the Polyporales (also known as the polyporoid clade).[3][4][5] Though the precise boundaries of the order and its constituent families are yet to be resolved, it retains the core group of polypores in the family Polyporaceae, with additional species in the Fomitopsidaceae and Meripilaceae. It also includes polypores in the Ganodermataceae which were previously assigned to their own separate order, the Ganodermatales, based on their distinctive basidiospore morphology. Corticioid fungi belonging to the Cystostereaceae, Meruliaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, and Xenasmataceae are also included, as are the cauliflower fungi in the Sparassidaceae.[6]

Habitat and distribution

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The order is cosmop olitan and contains around 1800 species of fungi worldwide.[5] All species in the Polyporales are saprotrophs, most of them wood-rotters. They are therefore typically found on living or moribund trees or on dead attached or fallen wood.

Economic importance

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Many wood decay fungi in the genera Fomes, Fomitopsis and Ganoderma are pathogenic, causing butt and root rot of living trees and consequent losses in forestry plantations. Several species, such as the mine fungus Antrodia vaillantii, can rot and damage structural timber.[7] Some of the Polyporales, notably Ganoderma lucidum (ling-zhi),[8] Grifola frondosa (maitake),[9] and Trametes versicolor (yun-zhi),[10] are commercially cultivated and marketed for use in traditional Chinese medicine.

aceae.[6]

Habitat and distribution

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The order is cosmopolitan and contains around 1800 species of fungi worldwide.[5] All species in the Polyporales are saprotrophs, most of them wood-rotters. They are therefore typically found on living or moribund trees or on dead attached or fallen wood.

Economic i mportance

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Many wood decay fungi in the genera Fomes, Fomitopsis and Ganoderma are pathogenic, causing butt and root rot of living trees and consequent losses in forestry plantations. Several species, such as the mine fungus Antrodia vaillantii, can rot and damage structural timber.[7] Some of the Polyporales, notably Ganoderma lucidum (ling-zhi),[8] Grifola frondosa (maitake),[9] and Trametes versicolor (yun-zhi),[10] are commercially cultivated and marketed for use in traditional Chinese medicine.

References

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  1. ^ G?umann, E. (1926). Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 
  2. ^ Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC, Pegler DN. (eds) (1995). Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Ed.. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. ISBN 0851988857. 
  3. ^ Hibbett DS. (2006). "A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina". Mycologia 98: 917?925.  http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco09.pdf
  4. ^ Binder M. et al. (2005). "The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)". Systematics and Biodiversity' 3: 113?157. 
  5. ^ a b Sj?kvist E, Larsson E, Larsson K-H. (2009). "A multi-locus phylogeny of the Polyporales (abstract)". Abstract Book, Botany & Mycology, Snowbird, Utah, July 25?29, 2009.  http://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:112581?tab2=abs&language=en
  6. ^ http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp
  7. ^ http://www.buildingpreservation.com/Rots.htm
  8. ^ http://www.ganoderma-online.com/
  9. ^ http://www.adaptogeno.com/productos/maitake_ing.asp
  10. ^ http://psp-research.com/psp9.htm

Media related to Polyporales at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Polyporales at Wikispecies

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Order Polyporales is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

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Albatrellaceae

The Albatrellaceae are a family of fungi in the Polyporales order. The family contains 7 genera and 45 species. [more]

Cyphellaceae

The Cyphellaceae are a family of fungi in the Agaricales order. The family contains 16 genera and 31 species. [more]

Cystostereaceae

The Cystostereaceae are a family of fungi in the Agaricales order. [more]

Epitheliaceae

[more]

Fomitopsidaceae

The Fomitopsidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. Most species are parasitic on woody plants, and tend to cause brown rots. [more]

Ganodermataceae

The Ganodermataceae are a family of fungi in the Polyporales order. [more]

Hapalopilaceae

The Hapalopilaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

Hyphodermataceae

The Hyphodermataceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

Meripilaceae

The Meripilaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

Meruliaceae

The Meruliaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 47 genera and 420 species. The family was formally circumscribed by English mycologist Carleton Rea in 1922. [more]

Phanerochaetaceae

The Phanerochaetaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

Podoscyphaceae

[more]

Polyporaceae

The Polyporaceae are a family of bracket fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruiting bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the Dryad's Saddle illustrated) to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. Panus) or gill-like structures (such as Daedaleopsis, whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth). Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe - for example: Polyporus badius. [more]

Sistotremataceae

The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus Hydnum and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name "pied de mouton". [more]

Sparassidaceae

The Sparassidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

Steccherinaceae

The Meruliaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 47 genera and 420 species. The family was formally circumscribed by English mycologist Carleton Rea in 1922. [more]

Tubulicrinaceae

[more]

Xenasmataceae

The Xenasmataceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. [more]

At least 65 species and subspecies belong to the Family Xenasmataceae.

More info about the Family Xenasmataceae may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ G?umann, E. (1926). Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 
  2. ^ Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC, Pegler DN. (eds) (1995). Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Ed.. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. ISBN 0851988857. 
  3. ^ Hibbett DS. (2006). "A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina". Mycologia 98: 917?925.  http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco09.pdf
  4. ^ Binder M. et al. (2005). "The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)". Systematics and Biodiversity' 3: 113?157. 
  5. ^ a b Sj?kvist E, Larsson E, Larsson K-H. (2009). "A multi-locus phylogeny of the Polyporales (abstract)". Abstract Book, Botany & Mycology, Snowbird, Utah, July 25?29, 2009.  http://swepub.kb.se/bib/swepub:oai:services.scigloo.org:112581?tab2=abs&language=en
  6. ^ http://www.indexfu ngorum.org/Names/Names.asp
  7. ^ http://www.buildingpreservation.com/Rots.htm
  8. ^ http://www.ganoderma-online.com/
  9. ^ http://www.adaptogeno.com/productos/maitake_ing.asp
  10. ^ http://psp-research.com/psp9.htm

Sources

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Last Revised: February 23, 2012
2012/02/23 21:54:07