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Cantharellales

(Order)

Overview

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The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi (Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and (Rhizoctonia).

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The order was originally proposed in 1926 by German mycologist Ernst Albert G?umann to accommodate species within the phylum Basidiomycota having "sti chic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). On this basis, he included three families within the Cantharellales: the Cantharellaceae (including the Hydnaceae), the Clavulinaceae, and the Exobasidiaceae.[1] The last group are now placed within the Exobasidiales.[2]

By 1995, the order had been amended (based on micromorphological research) to include not only the Cantharellaceae, but also the Aphelariaceae, Clavariaceae, Clavariadelphaceae, Clavulinaceae, Craterellaceae, Hydnaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, Scutigeraceae, Sparassidaceae, and Typhulaceae.[3]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has redefined the Cantharellales.[4] As well as the Cantharellaceae (chanterelles and their allies, inclusive of the Craterellaceae), the order currently comprises fungi with morphologically diverse sporocarps (fruit bodies) within the Aphelariaceae (clavarioid fungi), Botryobasidiaceae (corticioid fungi), Ceratobasidiaceae (heterobasidiomycetes), Clavulinaceae (clavarioid fungi), Hydnaceae (tooth fungi), and Tulasnellaceae (heterobasidiomycetes). The Clavariaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, and Typhulaceae, previously included within the order, are now placed within the Agaricales; the Clavariadelphaceae are now in the Gomphales; the Sparassidaceae in the Polyporales. The Scutigeraceae have been replaced by the Albatrellaceae within the Russulales.[2] According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 7 families, 38 genera, and 544 species.[5]

Habitat and distribution

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Most fungi within the order are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with certain trees, shrubs, and other vascular plants.[6] Species in the Botryobasidiaceae are believed to be saprotrophs of fallen wood and leaf litter.[7] Species in the Ceratobasidiaceae are also saprotrophs, but some are capable of becoming facultative plant pathogens. Species in the Tulasnellaceae are saprotrophic, but are also associated with orchid mycorrhiza, as are some species in the Ceratobasidiaceae.[8] Distribution is cosmopolitan.

Economic importance

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Sporocarps (fruit bodies) of chanterelles and some Hydnum species, particularly Hydnum repandum, are edible and widely collected on a commercial scale. They are marketed fresh or processed and traded internationally.[6][9] Several species in the Ceratobasidiaceae, notably Rhizoctonia solani, cause significant diseases of cereals and other commercial crops, as well as turf grass.[10][8]

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Habitat and distribution

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Most fungi within the order are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with certain trees, shrubs, and other vascular plants.[6] Species in the Botryobasidiaceae are believed to be saprotrophs of fallen wood and leaf litter.[7] Species in the Ceratobasidiaceae are also saprotrophs, but some are capable of becoming facultative plant pathogens. Species in the Tulasnellaceae are saprotrophic, but are also associated with orchid mycorrhiza, as are some species in the Ceratobasidiaceae.[8] Distribution is cosmopolitan.

Economic importance

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Sporocarps (fruit bodies) of chanterelles and some Hydnum species, particularly Hydnum repandum, are edible and widely collected on a commercial scale. They are marketed fresh or processed and traded internationally.[6][9] Several species in the Ceratobasidiaceae, notably Rhizoctonia solani, cause significant diseases of cereals and other commercial crops, as well as turf grass.[10][8]

References

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  1. ^ G?umann, E. (1926). Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 
  2. ^ a b http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp
  3. ^ Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC, Pegler DN. (eds) (199 5). Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Ed.. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. ISBN 0851988857. 
  4. ^ Moncalvo J-M et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia 98 (6): 937?948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970.  http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco11.pdf
  5. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 116. ISBN 9780851998268. 
  6. ^ a b Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM. (1997). British chanterelles and tooth fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 1900347156. 
  7. ^ Langer G. (1994). Die Gattung Botryobasidium Donk. Berlin: J. Cramer. ISBN 3443590608. 
  8. ^ a b Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 239. ISBN 1900347695. 
  9. ^ Persson O. (1998). The chanterelle book. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 120. ISBN 0898159474. 
  10. ^ Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G. (eds) (1996). Rhizoctonia species: taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology, and disease control. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 578. ISBN 0792336445. 

Taxonomy

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The Order Cantharellales is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

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Botryobasidiaceae

The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains a group of corticioid fungi that form thin, web-like basidiocarps. Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores. All are believed to be wood-rotting or litter-rotting saprotrophs. None is known to be of any economic importance. [more]

Cantharellaceae

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics (gilled mushrooms) but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores (spore-bearing undersurfaces). Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius), the Pacific golden chanterelle (Cantharellus formosus), the horn of plenty (Craterellus cornucopioides), and the trumpet chanterelle (Craterellus tubaeformis), are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale. [more]

Ceratobasidiaceae

[more]

Clavariadelphaceae

[more]

Clavulinaceae

The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others (growing on or parasitizing lichens). [more]

Craterellaceae

[more]

Hydnaceae

The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus Hydnum and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name "pied de mouton". [more]

Tulasnellaceae

The Tulasnellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family comprises mainly effused (patch-forming) fungi formerly referred to the "jelly fungi" or heterobasidiomycetes. Species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs, but many are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids and some have also been thought to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants. [more]

At least 72 species and subspecies belong to the Family Tulasnellaceae.

More info about the Family Tulasnellaceae may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ G?umann, E. (1926). Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 
  2. ^ a b http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp
  3. ^ Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC, Pegler DN. (eds) (1995). Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Ed.. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. ISBN 0851988857. 
  4. ^ Mon calvo J-M et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia 98 (6): 937?948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970.  http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco11.pdf
  5. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 116. ISBN 9780851998268. 
  6. ^ a b Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM. (1997). British chanterelles and tooth fungi< /i>. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 1900347156. 
  7. ^ Langer G. (1994). Die Gattung Botryobasidium Donk. Berlin: J. Cramer. ISBN 3443590608. 
  8. ^ a b Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 239. ISBN 1900347695. 
  9. ^ Persson O. (1998). The chanterelle book. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 120. ISBN 0898159474. 
  10. ^ Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G. (eds) (1996). Rhizoctonia species: taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology, and disease control. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp.& #160;578. ISBN 0792336445. 

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:09:40