Overview
Fucus is a genus of brown algae found in the intertidal zones of rocky seashores almost throughout the world.
The thallus is perennial with an irregular or disc-shaped holdfast or with haptera.[1] The erect portion of the thallus is dichotomous or subpinnately branched, flattened and with a distinct midrib. Gas-filled pneumatocysts (air-vesicles) are present in pairs in some species, one on either side of the midrib. The erect portion of the thallus bears cryptostomata and caecostomata (sterile surface cavities). The base of the thallus is stipe-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. The gametangia develop in conceptacles embedded in receptacles in the apices of the final branches. They may be monoecious or dioecious.[2]
These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. Fertile cavities, the conceptacles, containing the reproductive cells are immersed in the receptacles near the ends of the branches. After meiosis oogonia and antheridia are produced and released, fertilisation follows and the zygote develops directly into the diploid plant. It may be considered to be analogous to the life cycle of the flowering plant,[3][4] but in algae the oogonia are released and fertilised in the sea while in flowering plants the ovules are fertilised while attached to the parent plant and then released as a seed.
Distribution and ecology
Species of Fucus are recorded almost worldwide. They are dominant on the shores of the British Isles,[5] the northeastern coast of North America[6] and California.[3]
In the British Isles these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high water mark to below low water mark. On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur. Pelvetia canaliculata forms a zone at the top of the shore. Just below this Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus and Laminaria form clear zones, one below the other, along the shore down to low water mark. On sheltered shores Ascophyllum nodosum usually forms a broad and dominating zone along the shore at the mid-littoral. On very exposed shores few if, any plants, of these species can be found. Other brown algae can be found at the low-littoral such as Himanthalia, Laminaria saxatilis and Alaria esculenta. Small green and red algae and animals occur, protected under these large brown algae.[7]
Uses
In Scotland and Norway, up until the mid 19th century, several seaweed species from Fucus and other genera were harvested, dried, burned to ash, and further processed to become "kelp", which was a type of soda ash that was less costly in Britain than the barilla imported from Spain. It has an alkali content of about 2.5%?5% that was mainly sodium carbonate (Na2CO3); alkali is essential to soapmaking, glassmaking, and other industries. The seaweed was also used as fertilizer for crop land in the same areas in which it was harvested.[8][Note 1] The purest barilla had a sodium carbonate concentration of about 30%.
In 2005, it was announced that bacteria grown on Fucus have the ability to attack and kill the MRSA superbug.[9]
Taxonomy
This list of species of Fucus excludes names of uncertain status:[10][11]
- Fucus atomarius (Woodward) Bertoloni
- Fucus ceranoides L. *
- Fucus chalonii Feldmann
- Fucus cottonii M. J. Wynne & Magne *(=Fucus cottonii M.J.Wynne & Magne nom. illeg.)
- Fucus distichus L. *
- Fucus evanescens C.Agardh *
- Fucus furcatus Stackhouse, 1801
- Fucus guiryi G. I. Zardi, K. R. Nicastro, E. S. Serr?o, G. A. Pearson *
- Fucus gardneri P. C. Silva
- Fucus lagasca Clemente, 1807
- Fucus mytili Nienburg
- Fucus nereideus Lightfoot
- Fucus radicans L. Bergstr?m & L. Kautsky, 2005
- Fucus serratus L. ? toothed wrack *
- Fucus spermophorus L.
- Fucus spiralis L. *
- Fucus tendo L.
- Fucus vesiculosus L. ? bladder wrack *
- Fucus virsoides J. Agardh
* = Species recorded around the coast of Britain.[5]
Fucus distichus
F. distichus is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib.[12] F. distichus subsp. edentatus was first described from Shetland by B?rgesen in 1903. Powell found F. distichus subsp. anceps on the north coast of Caithness. It had also been recorded from: Orkney, Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; in Ireland it had been recorded from Counties Clare, Donegal and Kerry.[13][14] Two subspecies of F. distichus (subsp. anceps and subsp. edentatus) have been described from the British Isles.[13]
Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
Fucus serratus
F. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus.[15]
Fucus spiralis
F. spiralis is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders as found on F.vesiculosus or toothed edges as found on F. serratus. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus.
Fucus vesiculosus
This is one of the most common species of Fucus, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. Readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib.[16]
es, one on either side of the midrib. The erect portion of the thallus bears cryptostomata and caecostomata (sterile surface cavities). The base of the thallus is stipe-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. The gametangia develop in conceptacles embedded in receptacles in the apices of the final branches. They may be monoecious or dioecious.[2]These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. Fertile cavities, the conceptacles, containing the reproductive cells are immersed in the receptacles near the ends of the branches. After meiosis oogonia and antheridia are produced and released, fertilisation follows and the zygote develops directly into the diploid plant. It may be considered to be analogous to the life cycle of the flowering plant,[3][4] but in algae the oogonia are released and fertilised in the sea while in flowering plants the ovules are fertilised while attached to the parent plant and then released as a seed.
Distribution and ecology
Species of Fucus are recorded almost worldwide. They are dominant on the shores of the British Isles,[5] the northeastern coa st of North America[6] and California.[3]
In the British Isles these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high water mark to below low water mark. On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur. Pelvetia canaliculata forms a zone at the top of the shore. Just below this Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus and Laminaria form clear zones, one below the other, along the shore down to low water mark. On sheltered shores Ascophyllum nodosum usually forms a broad and dominating zone along the shore at the mid-littoral. On very exposed shores few if, any plants, of these species can be found. Other brown algae can be found at the low-littoral such as Himanthalia, Laminaria saxatilis and Alaria esculenta. Small green and red algae and animals occur, protected under these large brown algae.[7]
Uses
In Scotland and Norway, up until the mid 19th century, several seaweed species from Fucus and other genera were harvested, dried, burned to ash, and further processed to become "kelp", which was a type of soda ash that was less costly in Britain than the barilla imported from Spain. It has an alkali content of about 2.5%?5% that was mainly sodium carbonate (Na2CO3); alkali is essential to soapmaking, glassmaking, and other industries. The seaweed was also used as fertilizer for crop land in the same areas in which it was harvested.[8]< /a>[Note 1] The purest barilla had a sodium carbonate concentration of about 30%.
In 2005, it was announced that bacteria grown on Fucus have the ability to attack and kill the MRSA superbug.[9]
Taxonomy
This list of species of Fucus excludes names of uncertain status:[10][11]
- Fucus atomarius (Woodward) Bertoloni
- Fucus ceranoides L. *
- Fucus chalonii Feldmann
- Fucus cottonii M. J. Wynne & Magne *(=Fucus cottonii M.J.Wynne & Magne nom. illeg.)
- Fucus distichus L. *
- Fucus evanescens C.Agardh *
- Fucus furcatus Stackhouse, 1801
- Fucus guiryi G. I. Zardi, K. R. Nicastro, E. S. Serr?o, G. A. Pearson *
- Fucus gardneri P. C. Silva
- Fucus lagasca Clemente, 1807
- Fucus mytili Nienburg
- Fucus nereideus Lightfoot
- Fucus radicans L. Bergstr?m & L. Kautsky, 2005
- Fucus serratus L. ? toothed wrack *
- Fucus spermophorus L.
- Fucus spiralis L. *
- Fucus tendo L.
- Fucus vesiculosus L. ? bladder wrack *
- Fucus virsoides J. Agardh
* = Species recorded around the coast of Britain.[5]
Fucus distichus
F. distichus is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib.[12] F. distichus subsp. edentatus was first described from Shetland by B?rgesen in 1903. Powell found F. distichus subsp. anceps on the north coast of Caithness. It had also been recorded from: Orkney, Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; in Ireland it had been recorded from Counties Clare, Donegal and Kerry.[13][14] Two subspecies of F. distichus (subsp. anceps and subsp. edentatus) have been described from the British Isles.[13]
Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
Fucus serratus
F. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus.[15]
Fucus spiralis
F. spiralis is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders as found on F.vesiculosus or toothed edges as found on F. serratus. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus.
Fucus vesiculosus
This is one of the most common species of Fucus, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. Readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib.[16]
Notes
* = Species recorded around the coast of Britain.[5]
Fucus distichus
F. distichus is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib.[12] F. distichus subsp. edentatus was first described from Shetland by B?rgesen in 1903. Powell found F. distichus subsp. anceps on the north coast of Caithness. It had also been recorded from: Orkney, Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; in Ireland it had been recorded from Counties Clare, Donegal and Kerry.[13][14] Two subspecies of F. distichus (subsp. anceps and subsp. edentatus) have been described from the British Isles.[13]
Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
Fucus serratus
F. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus.[15]
Fucus spiralis
F. spiralis is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders as found on F.vesiculosus or toothed edges as found on F. serratus. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus.
Fucus vesiculosus
This is one of the most common species of Fucus, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. Readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib.[16]
es, one on either side of the midrib. The erect portion of the thallus bears cryptostomata and caecostomata (sterile surface cavities). The base of the thallus is stipe-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. The gametangia develop in conceptacles embedded in receptacles in the apices of the final branches. They may be monoecious or dioecious.[2]These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. Fertile cavities, the conceptacles, containing the reproductive cells are immersed in the receptacles near the ends of the branches. After meiosis oogonia and antheridia are produced and released, fertilisation follows and the zygote develops directly into the diploid plant. It may be considered to be analogous to the life cycle of the flowering plant,[3][4] but in algae the oogonia are released and fertilised in the sea while in flowering plants the ovules are fertilised while attached to the parent plant and then released as a seed.
Distribution and ecology
Species of Fucus are recorded almost worldwide. They are dominant on the shores of the British Isles,[5] the northeastern coast of North America[6] and California.[3]
In the British Isles these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high water mark to below low water mark. On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur. Pelvetia canaliculata forms a zone at the top of the shore. Just below this Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus and Laminaria form clear zones, one below the other, along the shore down to low water mark. On sheltered shores Ascophyllum nodosum usually forms a broad and dominating zone along the shore at the mid-littoral. On very exposed shores few if, any plants, of these species can be found. Other brown algae can be found at the low-littoral such as Himanthalia, Laminaria saxatilis and Alaria esculenta. Small green and red algae and animals occur, protected under these large brown algae.[7]
Uses
In Scotland and Norway, up until the mid 19th century, several seaweed species from Fucus and other genera were harvested, dried, burned to ash, and further processed to become "kelp", which was a type of soda ash that was less costly in Britain than the barilla imported from Spain. It has an alkali content of about 2.5%?5% that was mainly sodium carbonate (Na2CO3); alkali is essential to soapmaking, glassmaking, and other industries. The seaweed was also used as fertilizer for crop land in the same areas in which it was harvested.[8][Note 1] The purest barilla had a sodium carbonate concentration of about 30%.
In 2005, it was announced that bacteria grown on Fucus have the ability to attack and kill the MRSA superbug.[9]
Taxonomy
This list of species of Fucus excludes names of uncertain status:[10][11]
- Fucus atomarius (Woodward) Bertoloni
- Fucus ceranoides L. *
- Fucus chalonii Feldmann
- Fucus cottonii M. J. Wynne & Magne *(=Fucus cottonii M.J.Wynne & Magne nom. illeg.)
- Fucus distichus L. *
- Fucus evanescens C.Agardh *
- Fucus furcatus Stackhouse, 1801
- Fucus guiryi G. I. Zardi, K. R. Nicastro, E. S. Serr?o, G. A. Pearson *
- Fucus gardneri P. C. Silva
- Fucus lagasca Clemente, 1807
- Fucus mytili Nienburg
- Fucus nereideus Lightfoot
- Fucus radicans L. Bergstr?m & L. Kautsky, 2005
- Fucus serratus L. ? toothed wrack *
- Fucus spermophorus L.
- Fucus spiralis L. *
- Fucus tendo L.
- Fucus vesiculosus L. ? bladder wrack *
- Fucus virsoides J. Agardh
* = Species recorded around the coast of Britain.[5]
Fucus distichus
F. distichus is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib.[12] F. distichus subsp. edentatus was first described from Shetland by B?rgesen in 1903. Powell found F. distichus subsp. anceps on the north coast of Caithness. It had also been recorded from: Orkney, Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; in Ireland it had been recorded from Counties Clare, Donegal and Kerry.[13][14] Two subspecies of F. distichus (subsp. anceps and subsp. edentatus) have been described from the British Isles.[13]
Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
Fucus serratus
F. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus.[15]
Fucus spiralis
F. spiralis is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders as found on F.vesiculosus or toothed edges as found on F. serratus. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus.
Fucus vesiculosus
This is one of the most common species of Fucus, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. Readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib.[16]
Notes
References
- ^ H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. And erson (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium Volume 18. Rondebosch: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. ISBN 0-7992-1793-X.
- ^ Michael Guiry. "Fucus". National University of Ireland, Galway. Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070304122548/http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/fucus.lasso. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ a b I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976). Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3.
- ^ C. van den Hoek, D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-39419-9.
- ^ a b F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006). A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X.
- ^ W. R. Taylor (1972). Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-04904-6.
- ^ J. R. Lewis (1964). The Ecology of Rocky Shores. The English Universities Press Ltd, London.
- ^ a b A. Clow & N. L. Clow (1952). Chemical Revolution. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. pp. 65?90. ISBN 0-836-91909-2.
- ^ "Sponge puzzles superbug experts". BBC News. December 26, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4561062.stm.
- ^ M. D. Guiry (2006). "Fucus Linnaeus 1753: 1158". AlgaeBase. http://www.algaebase.org/generadetail.lasso?genus_id=71. Retrieved August 21, 2006.
- ^ Guiry, M.D. (2011). "Fucus Linnaeus, 1753". World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=144129. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ G. Russell (1978). D. E. G. Irvine & J. H. Price. ed. Modern Approaches to the Taxonomy of Red and Brown Algae. Systematics Association. pp. 339?369.
- ^ a b H. T. Powell (1957). "Studies in the genus Fucus L. II. Distribution and ecology of forms of Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell in Britain and Ireland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36 (03): 663?693. doi:10.1017/S0025315400025923.
- ^ H. T. Powell (1957). "Studies in the genus Fucus L. I. Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell". Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 36 (02): 407?432. doi:10.1017/S002531540001688X.
- ^ H. T. Powell (1963). "Speciation in the genus Fucus L., and related genera". In J. P. Harding & N. Tebble. Speciation in the Sea. Systematics Association Publications. 5. pp. 63?77.
- ^ Lily Newton (1931). A Handbook of the British Seaweeds. London: British Museum.
External links
Taxonomy
The Genus Fucus is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 548 species and subspecies in the Genus Fucus: F. abies-marinus · F. abrotanifolius · F. abscissus · F. acanthophorus · F. acerosus · F. acicularis · F. acinarius · F. aculeatus · F. aeruginosus · F. agarum · F. alatus · F. alatus angustissimus · F. albidus · F. albus · F. alveatus · F. amansii · F. ambiguus · F. amphibius · F. amylaceus · F. anceps · F. angustifolius · F. anomalus · F. antarcticus · F. aquifolius · F. arbuscula · F. areschougi · F. areschougii · F. areschougii f. nanus · F. areschougii forma nanus · F. articulatus · F. asparagoides · F. asplenioides · F. atomarius · F. australis · F. axillaris · F. babingtonii · F. baccatus · F. baccifer · F. bacciferus · F. baccularia · F. baillouviana · F. balticus · F. bangi · F. banksii · F. barbatus · F. bastera · F. bifidus · F. bifurcatus · F. biserratus · F. botryocarpus · F. botryoides · F. bracteatus · F. brodiei · F. brownii · F. bryum · F. buccinalis · F. bulbosus · F. bullatus · F. bursa-pastoris · F. bursigerus · F. bursus · F. byssoides · F. cabrerae · F. cactoides · F. caespitosus · F. canaliculatus · F. capensis · F. capillaceus · F. capillaris · F. capitatus · F. caprinus · F. carnosus · F. cartilagineus · F. caudata · F. cephalornithos · F. ceranoides (Horned Wrack) · F. ceranoides f. ramosissima · F. ceranoides forma ramosissima · F. ceranoides var. glomerata · F. ceranoides var. harveyanus · F. ceranoides var. linearis · F. cervicornis · F. chalonii · F. chemnitzia · F. chondrophyllus · F. ciliatus · F. cirrhosus · F. clathrus · F. claudei · F. clavellosus · F. clavifer · F. coccineus · F. coccineus var. cartilagineus · F. comosus · F. complanatus · F. compressus · F. concatenatus · F. concinnus · F. confertus · F. confervoides · F. confluens · F. congestus · F. constrictus · F. contortus · F. corallinus · F. coralloides · F. corallorhiza · F. cordatus · F. corneus · F. corniculatus · F. cornucopiae · F. cornutus · F. coronopifolius · F. corymbiferus · F. costatus · F. cottonii · F. crassipes · F. crenatus · F. crenulatus · F. crinalis · F. crinitus · F. crispatus · F. crispus · F. crispus var. brunneus · F. crispus var. equalis · F. crispus var. stellatus · F. crispus var. virens · F. cristatus · F. cristatus articulatus · F. cuneiformis · F. cupressoides · F. dasyphyllus · F. debilis · F. decipiens · F. decurrens · F. delicatulus · F. dentatus · F. denticulatus · F. dentifolius · F. desfontainesii · F. desvauxii · F. devoniensis · F. dichotomus · F. digitatus · F. dilatatus · F. discors · F. distentus · F. distichus · F. distichus anceps · F. distichus edentatus · F. distichus edentatus f. abbreviatus · F. distichus evanescens · F. divaricatus · F. divergens · F. diversifolius · F. dorycarpus · F. dulcis · F. edentatus · F. edentatus var. hesperius · F. edulis · F. elongatus · F. endiviaefolius · F. endiviifolius · F. epiphyllus · F. ericifolius · F. ericoides · F. erinaceus · F. esculentus · F. evanescens (Hibatsunomata) · F. evanescens dendroides · F. evanescens f. angustus · F. evanescens forma angustus · F. evanescens macrocephalus · F. evanescens var. edentatus · F. excisus · F. fascia · F. fasciola · F. fastigiatus · F. fibrosus · F. filamentosus · F. filicinus · F. filiformis · F. filiformis f. gmelini · F. filiformis f. nanus · F. filiformis f. pylaisei · F. filiformis forma gmelini · F. filiformis forma nanus · F. filiformis forma pylaisei · F. filiformis var. gmelini · F. filiformis var. pylaisei · F. filum · F. fimbriatus · F. flaccidus · F. flagelliformis · F. flagellum · F. flavicans · F. flavus · F. flexuosus · F. floccosus · F. floresii · F. floresius · F. foeniculaceus · F. foliaceus · F. foliifer · F. foliosissimus · F. forsskalii · F. forsteri · F. fragilis · F. fraxinifolius · F. fruticulosus · F. fueci · F. fulvellus · F. fungiformis · F. furcatus · F. furcellatus · F. gaertnera · F. gardneri · F. gelatinosus · F. gelatinus · F. geniculatus · F. giganteus · F. gigartinus · F. gladiatus · F. glandulosus · F. gracilis · F. gramineus · F. graminifolius · F. granateus · F. granulatus · F. griffithsiae · F. gulaman · F. hamulosus · F. harveyanus · F. helminthocorton · F. helminthoides · F. hemiphyllus · F. herbaceus · F. heredius · F. heterophyllus · F. hirsutus · F. horneri · F. hybridus · F. hyperboreus · F. hypnoides · F. hypoglossoides · F. hypoglossum · F. ilicifolius · F. implexus · F. incisifolius · F. incurvus · F. inflatus · F. intermedius · F. intricatus · F. jubatus · F. kaliformis · F. labillardieri · F. laceratus · F. lacerifolius · F. laciniatus · F. lacinulatus · F. lambertii · F. lamourouxii · F. lanceolatus · F. langsdorfii · F. lanosus · F. larix · F. latifolius · F. laxus · F. lendigerus · F. lichenastrum · F. lichenoides · F. ligulatus · F. linariifolius · F. linearifolius · F. linearis · F. linifolius · F. lividus · F. lomation · F. lomentarius · F. longifolius · F. longissimus · F. loreus · F. lucidus · F. luetkeanus · F. lumbricalis · F. lutarius · F. lycopodioides · F. lycopodium · F. mackaii · F. mackayi · F. mamillosus · F. mamillosus acutus · F. mamillosus var. acutus · F. maschalocarpus · F. maxillosus · F. maximus · F. membranaceus · F. membranifolius · F. menzesii · F. menziesii · F. miclonensis · F. microceratius · F. miniatus · F. minimus · F. moniliformis · F. mucronatus · F. multifidus · F. multipartitus · F. muricatus · F. musciformis · F. muscoides · F. myagroides · F. myrica · F. mytili · F. natans · F. nayadiformis · F. nereideus · F. nervosus · F. nitens · F. nodicaulis · F. nodosus · F. nodularius · F. nootkanus · F. norvegicus · F. obtusatus · F. obtusus · F. ocellatus · F. onustus · F. opuntia · F. ornatus · F. osmunda · F. osmundaceus · F. osmundus · F. ovalis · F. ovatus · F. ovinus · F. pallidus · F. palmatus · F. palmatus marginifer · F. paltycarpus · F. paltycarpus f. nana · F. paniculatus · F. papillosus · F. paradoxus · F. parvifolius · F. patens · F. pavonicus · F. pavonius · F. pectinatus · F. pedunculatus · F. peniculus · F. peperocarpos · F. perforatus · F. peronii · F. phyllitis · F. pilulifer · F. pinastroides · F. pinnatifidus · F. pinnatifolius · F. pinnatus · F. pistillatus · F. platycarpus · F. platycarpus f. linearis · F. platycarpus f. minor · F. platycarpus forma linearis · F. platycarpus forma minor · F. platylobium · F. plicatus · F. plocamium · F. plumaris · F. plumosus · F. plumosus var. tenerrimus · F. poiteaui · F. polyphyllus · F. polypodioides · F. polyschides · F. potatorum · F. pristoides · F. procerrimus · F. prolifer · F. prolifera · F. pruniformis · F. pseudoceranoides · F. pseudociliatus · F. pseudocrispus · F. pseudopalmatus · F. ptilotus · F. pumilus · F. punctatus · F. purpurascens · F. purpureus · F. pusillus · F. pygmaeus · F. pygmaeus f. minor · F. pyrifer · F. pyriferus · F. quercifolius · F. racemosus · F. radiatus · F. radicans · F. radiciformis · F. radula · F. ramentaceus · F. ramosissimus · F. rangiferina · F. reniformis · F. reniformis tenuior · F. repens · F. retortus · F. retroflexus · F. rhizodes · F. rigidus · F. rosa-marina · F. roseus · F. rotundatus · F. rotundus · F. rubens · F. rubescens · F. ruscifolius · F. ruscifolius minor · F. ruscifolius var. minor · F. saccatus · F. saccharinus · F. salicifolius · F. saltii · F. sanguineus · F. sargasso · F. sarniensis · F. scalpelliformis · F. scoparius · F. scorpioides · F. seaforthii · F. sedoides · F. selaginoides · F. selago · F. serratifolius · F. serratus (Serrated Wrack) · F. serraus · F. serrulatus · F. sertularioides · F. siliculosus · F. siliquastrus · F. siliquosus · F. simpliciuscula · F. sinuosus · F. sisymbryoides · F. soboliferus · F. spartioides · F. spermophorus · F. spicifer · F. spiniformis · F. spinosus · F. spiralis (Jelly Bags) · F. spiralis var. platycarpus · F. squamarius · F. stackhousei · F. stellatus · F. stiriata · F. stiriatus · F. subfarcinatus · F. subfuscus · F. subrepandum · F. swartzii · F. tamariscifolius · F. taxifolius · F. taxiformis · F. telephifolium · F. telephifolius · F. tenax · F. tendo · F. tenellus · F. tenerrimus · F. tenuissimus · F. teres · F. tetragonus · F. thunbergii · F. tilesii · F. tinctorius · F. tomentosus · F. tortilis · F. torulosus · F. tournefortii · F. tremella · F. tremella lactuca · F. tremella umbilicalis · F. tremella var. lactuca · F. tremella var. porrifolia · F. tremella var. umbilicalis · F. triangularis · F. tridens · F. trigonus · F. trinodis · F. triqueter · F. truncatus · F. tuberculatus · F. tubulosus · F. turbinatus · F. undulatus · F. usnea · F. usneoides · F. uvifer · F. valentiae · F. variabilis · F. venosus · F. vermicularis · F. verrucosus · F. verruculosus · F. versicolor · F. versicolosus · F. versiculosus · F. verticillatus · F. vesicolosus · F. vesiculosus (An Fheamainn Bhuilg‚neach) · F. vesiculosus alternans · F. vesiculosus angustifolius · F. vesiculosus evesiculosus · F. vesiculosus f. gracillimus · F. vesiculosus f. mytili · F. vesiculosus filiformis · F. vesiculosus forma gracillimus · F. vesiculosus forma mytili · F. vesiculosus grandifrons · F. vesiculosus inflatus · F. vesiculosus linearis · F. vesiculosus lutarius · F. vesiculosus monocystus · F. vesiculosus nanus · F. vesiculosus spiralis · F. vesiculosus var. compressus · F. vesiculosus var. foliaceus · F. vesiculosus var. linearis · F. vesiculosus var. vadorum (Barrchonlach) · F. vesiculosus var. volubilis · F. vesiculosus volubilis · F. vestitus · F. virgatus · F. viridis · F. virsoides · F. viscidus · F. vittatus · F. volubilis · F. wiggii · F. woodwardia · F. wrightii · F. osmunda · F. zeylanicus · F. zonalis · F. zosteroides
References
- ^ H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium Volume 18. Rondebosch: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. ISBN 0-7992-1793-X.
- ^ Michael Guiry. "Fucus". National University of Ireland, Galway. Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070304122548/http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/fucus.lasso. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
- ^ a b I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976). Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3.
- ^ C. van den Hoek, D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-39419-9.
- ^ a b F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006). A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X.
- ^ W. R. Taylor (1972). Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-04904-6.
- ^ J. R. Lewis (1964). The Ecology of Rocky Shores. The English Universities Press Ltd, London.
- ^ a b A. Clow & N. L. Clow (1952). Chemical Revolution. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. pp. 65?90. ISBN 0-836-91909-2.
- ^ "Sponge puzzles superbug experts". BBC News. December 26, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scot land/4561062.stm.
- ^ M. D. Guiry (2006). "Fucus Linnaeus 1753: 1158". AlgaeBase. http://www.algaebase.org/generadetail.lasso?genus_id=71. Retrieved August 21, 2006.
- ^ Guiry, M.D. (2011). "Fucus Linnaeus, 1753". World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=144129. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ G. Russell (1978). D. E. G. Irvine & J. H. Price. ed. Modern Approac hes to the Taxonomy of Red and Brown Algae. Systematics Association. pp. 339?369.
- ^ a b H. T. Powell (1957). "Studies in the genus Fucus L. II. Distribution and ecology of forms of Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell in Britain and Ireland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36 (03): 663?693. doi:10.1017/S0025315400025923.
- ^ H. T. Powell (1957). "Studies in the genus Fucus L. I. Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell". Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 36 (02): 407?432. doi:10.1017/S002531540001688X.
- ^ H. T. Powell (1963). "Speciation in the genus Fucus L., and related genera". In J. P. Harding & N. Tebble. Speciation in the Sea. Systematics Association Publications. 5. pp. 63?77.
- ^ Lily Newton (1931). A Handbook of the British Seaweeds. London: British Museum.
Footnotes
- ^ Clow and Clow indicate four species of seaweed as sources for kelp: Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum (formerly Fucus nodosus L.), Fucus serratus, and Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (formerly Fucus digitatus L.).[8]
Sources
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
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