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Vespertilionidae

(Family)

Overview

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Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae), also known as evening bats or common bats, are the largest and best-known family of bats. They belong to the suborder Microchiroptera (microbats). Over three hundred species are distributed all over the world, on every continent except Antarctica. It owes its name to the Latin word vespertilio ("bat"), from vesper, meaning "evening".

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Molecular data indicate Vespertilionidae diverged from Molossidae in the early Eocene period.[2] The family is thought to have originated somewhere in Laurasia, possibly North America.[3]

Characteristics

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Almost all vesper bats are insectivores, exce ptions being some Myotis and Pizonyx that catch fish and the larger Nyctalus species that have been known on occasion to catch small passerine birds in flight. The dental formula of vesper bats varies between species:

They rely mainly on echolocation, but they lack the enlarged noses that some microbats have to improve the ultrasound beam, and instead "shout" through their open mouths to project their ultrasound beams. In compensation, many species have relatively large ears.

As a group, vesper bats cover the full gamut of flight ability, with the relatively weak flying Pipistrellus that have fluttery, almost insect-like flight to the long-winged and fast-flying genera such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus. The family size range is from 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5.1 in) in length, excluding the tail, which is itself quite long in most species. They are generally brown or grey in color, but some have brightly colored fur, with reds, oranges, and yellows all being known, a nd many having white patches or stripes.[4]

Most species roost in caves, although some make use of hollow trees, rocky crevices, animal burrows, or other forms of shelter. Colony sizes also vary greatly, with some roosting alone, and others in groups up to a million individuals. Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate, while a few of the tropical species aestivate.[4]

Classification

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Four subfamilies are recognized:

Family Vespertillionidae

The above grouping of subfamilies is the classification according to Simmons and Geisler (1998). Other authorities raise three subfamilies more: Antrozoinae (which is here the separate family of pallid bats), Tomopeatinae (now regarded as a subfamily of the free-tailed bats) and Nyctophilinae (here included in Vespertilioninae).

ability, with the relatively weak flying Pipistrellus that have fluttery, almost insect-like flight to the long-winged and fast-flying genera such as Lasiurus and Nyctalus. The family size range is from 3 to 13 cm (1.2 to 5.1 in) in length, excluding the tail, which is itself quite long in mos t species. They are generally brown or grey in color, but some have brightly colored fur, with reds, oranges, and yellows all being known, and many having white patches or stripes.[4]

Most species roost in caves, although some make use of hollow trees, rocky crevices, animal burrows, or other forms of shelter. Colony sizes also vary greatly, with some roosting alone, and others in groups up to a million individuals. Species native to temperate latitudes typically hibernate, while a few of the tropical species aestivate.[4]

Classification

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Four subfamilies are recognized:

Family Vespertillionidae

  • Subfamily Murininae
    • Genus Harpiocephalus ? Hairy-winged bats
      • Lesser Hairy-winged Bat, Harpiocephalus harpia
      • Greater Hairy-winged Bat, Harpiocephalus mordax
    • Genus Harpiola
      • Peter's Tube-nosed Bat, Harpiola (Murina) grisea
      • Formosan Golden Tube-nosed Bat, Harpiola isodon
    • Genus Murina ? Tube-nosed Insectivorous bats
      • Bronze Tube-nosed Bat, Murina aenea
      • Little Tube-Nosed Bat, Murina aurata
      • Murina bicolor
      • Round-eared Tube-nosed Bat, Murina cyclotis
      • Eleryi's Tube-nosed Bat, Murina eleryi
      • Flute-nosed Bat, Murina florium
      • Dusky Tube-nosed Bat, Murina fusca
      • Murina gracilis
      • Murina harpioloides
      • Harrison's Tube-Nosed Bat, Murina harrisoni
      • Hilgendorf's Tube-nosed Bat, Murina hilgendorfi
        • Hutton's Tube-nosed Bat, Murina huttoni
      • Greater Tube-Nosed Bat, Murina leucogaster
      • Taiwan Tube-nosed Bat, Murina puta
      • Murina recondita
      • Gilded Tube-nosed Bat, Murina rozendaali
      • Ryukyu Tube-nosed Bat, Murina ryukyuana
      • Forest Tube-nosed Bat, Murina silvatica
      • Brown Tube-nosed Bat, Murina suilla
      • Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat, Murina tenebrosa
      • Mystery Tube-nosed Bat, Murina tiensa
      • Scully's Tube-nosed Bat, Murina tubinaris
      • Ussuri Tube-nosed Bat, Murina ussuriensis
  • Subfamily Myotinae
    • Genus Cistugo ? Wing-gland bats
      • Lesueur's Hairy Bat, Cistugo lesueuri
      • Angolan Hairy Bat, Cistugo seabrai
    • Genus Myotis ? Mouse-eared bats
      • Subgenus Myotis
        • Southwestern Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis altarium
        • Anjouan Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis anjo uanensis
        • Mexican Long-eared Bat, Myotis auriculus
        • Bechstein's Bat, Myotis bechsteini
        • Lesser Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis blythii
        • Chinese Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis chinensis
        • Kock's Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis dieteri
        • Geoffroy's Bat, Myotis emarginatus
        • Myotis escalerai
        • Western Long-eared Bat, Myotis evotis
        • Malagasy Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis goudoti
        • Keen's Bat, Myotis keenii
        • Morris's Bat, Myotis morrisi
        • Greater Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis myotis
        • Beijing Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis pequinius
        • Maghrebian Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis punicus
        • Northern Long-eared Bat, Myotis septentrionalis
        • Mandelli's Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis sicarius
        • Fringed Bat, Myotis thysanodes
        • Cape Hairy Bat, Myotis tricolor
      • Subgenus Chrysopteron
        • Myotis flavus
          • < li>Hodgson's Bat, Myotis formosus
        • Herman's Bat, Myotis hermani
        • Orange-fingered Myotis, Myotis rufopictus (previously was considered as Myotis formosus subspecies)
        • Welwitsch's Bat, Myotis welwitschii
      • Subgenus Selysius
        • Alcathoe Bat, Myotis alcathoe
        • Hairy-faced Bat, Myotis annectans
        • Atacama Myotis, Myotis atacamensis
        • Peters's Myotis, Myotis ater
        • Steppe Whiskered Bat, Myotis aurascens
        • Australian Myotis, Myotis australis
        • Brandt's Bat, Myotis brandti
        • Bucharian Bat, Myotis bucharensis
        • California Bat, Myotis californicus
        • Carter's Myotis, Myotis carteri (possibly Myotis nigricans subspecies)
        • Western Small-footed Myotis, Myotis ciliolabrum
        • David's Myotis, Myotis davidii
        • Dominican Myotis, Myotis dominicensis
        • Elegant Myotis, Myoti s elegans
        • Findley's Myotis, Myotis findleyi
        • Long-tailed Bat, Myotis frater
        • Gomantong Myotis, Myotis gomantongensis
        • Armenian Whiskered Bat, Myotis hajastanicus
        • Shinano Whiskered Bat, Myotis hosonoi
        • Ikonnikov's Bat, Myotis ikonnikovi
        • Insular Myotis, Myotis insularum
        • Hairy-legged Myotis, Myotis keaysi
        • Broad-muzzled Whiskered Bat, Myotis latirostris
        • Eastern Small-footed Bat, Myotis leibii
        • Schwartz's Myotis, Myotis martiniquensis
        • Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis, Myotis melanorhinus
        • Wall-roosting Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis muricola
        • Whiskered Bat, Myotis mystacinus
        • Curacao Myotis, Myotis nesopolus
        • Black Myotis, Myotis nigricans
        • Nepal Whiskered Bat, Myotis nipalensis
        • Singapore Whiskered Bat, Myotis oreias
        • Oze Whiskered Bat, Myotis ozensis
        • Myotis phanluongi
        • Flat-headed Myotis, Myotis planiceps
        • Ridley's Bat, Myotis ridleyi
        • Thick-thumbed Myotis, Myotis rosseti
        • Scott's Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis scotti
        • Himalayan Whiskered Bat, Myotis siligorensis
        • Indiana Bat, Myotis sodalis
        • Yanbaru Whiskered Bat, Myotis yanbarensis
        • Yoshiyuki's Myotis, Myotis yesoensis
      • Subgenus Isotus
        • Amur Bat, Myotis bombinus
        • Natterer's Bat, Myotis nattereri
        • Arax Bat, Myotis schaubi
      • Subgenus Leuconoe
        • Large-footed Bat, Myotis adversus
        • Southern Myotis, Myotis aelleni
        • Silver-tipped Myotis, Myotis albescens
        • Annamit Myotis, Myotis annamiticus
        • Southeastern Bat, Myotis austroriparius
        • Rufous Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis bocagii
        • Long-fingered Bat, Myotis capaccinii
        • Chilean Myotis, Myotis chiloensis
        • Guatemalan Myotis, Myotis cobanensis
        • Csorba's Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis csorbai
        • Dinnell's Myotis, Myotis dinellii
        • Pond Bat, Myotis dasycneme
        • Daubenton's Bat, Myotis daubentoni
          • Sakhalin Myotis, Myotis daubentoni (previously was considered as distinct species Myotis abei)
        • Hairy-footed Mouse-eared Bat, Myotis fimbriatus
        • Cinnamon Myotis, Myotis fortidens
        • Gray bat, Myotis grisescens
        • Lesser Large-footed Bat, Myotis hasseltii
        • Horsfield's Bat, Myotis horsfieldii
        • Chinese Water Myotis, Myotis laniger
        • Yellowish Myotis, Myotis levis
        • Kashmir Cave Bat, Myotis longipes
        • Little Brown Bat, Myotis lucifugus
        • Eastern Long-fingered Bat, Myotis macrodactylus
        • Myotis macropus
        • Pallid Large-footed Myotis, Myotis mac rotarsus
        • Maluku Myotis, Myotis moluccarum
        • Burmese Whiskered Bat, Myotis montivagus
        • Occult Bat, Myotis occultus
        • Montane Myotis, Myotis oxyotus
        • Peninsular Myotis, Myotis peninsularis
        • Eastern Water Bat (Sakhalinien Bat), Myotis petax
        • Black Whiskered Bat, Myotis pruinosus
        • Rickett's Big-footed Bat, Myotis ricketti
        • Riparian Myotis, Myotis riparius
        • Red Myotis, Myotis ruber
        • Rufous Whiskered Bat, Myotis simus
        • Kei Myotis, Myotis stalkeri
        • Cave Bat, Myotis velifer
        • Long-legged Myotis, Myotis volans
        • Yuma Bat, Myotis yumanensis
      • Subgenus Pizonyx
        • Fish-eating Bat, Myotis vivesi
    • Genus Lasionycteris
      • Silver-haired Bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans
  • Subfamily Kerivoulinae
    • Genus K erivoula ? Painted bats
      • Tanzanian Woolly Bat, Kerivoula africana
      • St. Aignan's Trumpet-Eared Bat, Kerivoula agnella
      • Damara Woolly Bat, Kerivoula argentata
      • Copper Woolly Bat, Kerivoula cuprosa
      • Ethiopian Woolly Bat, Kerivoula eriophora
      • Flores Woolly Bat, Kerivoula flora
      • Hardwicke's Woolly Bat, Kerivoula hardwickii
      • Small Woolly Bat, Kerivoula intermedia
      • Kachin Woolly Bat, Kerivoula kachinensis
      • Krau Woolly Bat, Kerivoula krauensis
      • Lesser Woolly Bat, Kerivoula lanosa
      • Lenis Woolly Bat, Kerivoula lenis
      • Least Woolly Bat, Kerivoula minuta
      • Fly River Trumpet-Eared Bat, Kerivoula muscina
      • Bismarck's Trumpet-Eared Bat, Kerivoula myrella
      • Papillose Woolly Bat, Kerivoula papillosa
      • Clear-Winged Woolly Bat, Kerivoula pellucida
      • Spurrell's Woolly Bat, Kerivoula phala ena
      • Painted Bat, Kerivoula picta
      • Smith's Woolly Bat, Kerivoula smithii
      • Titania's Woolly Bat, Kerivoula titania
      • Whitehead's Woolly Bat, Kerivoula whiteheadi
    • Genus Phoniscus
      • Dubious Trumpet-Eared Bat, Phoniscus aerosa
      • Groove-Toothed Bat, Phoniscus atrox
      • Peter's Trumpet-Eared Bat, Phoniscus jagorii
      • Golden-Tipped Bat, Phoniscus papuensis

    • The above grouping of subfamilies is the classification according to Simmons and Geisler (1998). Other authorities raise three subfamilies more: Antrozoinae (which is here the separate family of pallid bats), Tomopeatinae (now regarded as a subfamily of the free-tailed bats) and Nyctophilinae (here included in Vespertilioninae).

    References

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    1. ^ Fenton, M. Brock (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 5. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2. 
    2. ^ Miller-Butterworth, C.M., et al. (2007). "A Family Matter: Conclusive Resolution of the Taxonomic Position of the Long-Fingered Bats, Miniopterus". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (7): 1553?1561. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm076. PMID 17449895. 
    3. ^ Teeling, E.C., et al. (2005). "A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record". Science 307: no. 5709 pp. 580?584. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. 
    4. ^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 807. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 

    Taxonomy

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    The Family Vespertilionidae is a member of the Superfamily Vespertilionoidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Vespertilionidae:

    • Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
      • Kingdom: Animalia C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
        • Subkingdom: Bilateria (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
          • Branch: Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908 - Deuterostomes
            • Infrakingdom: Chordonia (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
              • Phylum: Chordata Bateson, 1885 - Chordates
                • Subphylum: Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - Vertebrates
                  • Infraphylum: Gnathostomata auct. - Jawed Vertebrates
                    • Superclass: Tetrapoda Goodrich, 1930 - Tetrapods
                      • Class: Mammalia C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Mammals
                        • Subclass: Theriiformes (Rowe, 1988) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
                          • Infraclass: Holotheria (Wible et al., 1995) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
                            • Superlegion: Trechnotheria McKenna, 1975
                              • Legion: Cladotheria McKenna, 1975
                                • Sublegion: Zatheria McKenna, 1975
                                  • Infralegion: Tribosphenida (McKenna, 1975) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997
                                    • Supercohort: Theria (Parker & Haswell, 1897) M.C. McKenna & S.K. Bell, 1997 - a genus of Click Beetles (Elateridae)

    The Family Vespertilionidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

    Genera

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    Amblyotus

    [more]

    Ancenycteris

    [more]

    Antrozous

    The Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus) is a species of bat that ranges from western Canada to central Mexico. It is the sole species of its genus and is closely related to Van Gelder's Bat (Bauerus dubiaquercus), which is sometimes included in Antrozous. Although it has in the past been placed in its own subfamily (Antrozoinae) or even family (Antrozoidae), it is now considered part of the subfamily Vespertilioninae and the tribe Antrozoini. [more]

    Anzanycteris

    [more]

    Arielulus

    Arielulus is a genus of Vesper bats. It contains the following species, sometimes in Pipistrellus: [more]

    Atalapha

    [more]

    Barbastella

    Barbastella is a small genus of vespertilionid bats. There are three described species in this genus. [more]

    Bauerus

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

    Chadronycteris

    [more]

    Chalinolobus

    Bats of the genus Chalinolobus are commonly known as pied, wattled, or long-tailed bats. They have fleshy lobes at the bottom edge of their ears and on their lower lips. The bats otherwise classified in the genus Glauconycteris are included in Chalinolobus by some zoologists. [more]

    Cistugo

    Cislugo is a genus of vespertilionid bats. It is one of the three genera in the subfamily . [more]

    Corynorhinus

    The genus Corynorhinus consists of the lump-nosed bats, or American long-eared bats. Only three species occur in the genus, all occurring in North America. Members of this group were previously in the genus Plecotus. Populations of these species are generally uncommon and declining. Two sub-species, the Virginia big-eared bat (C. t. virginianus) and the Ozark big-eared bat (C. t. ingens) are federally endangered. [more]

    Dasypterus

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

    Eptescus

    Eptesicus

    Eptesicus is a genus of bats, commonly called house bats, in the family Vespertilionidae. [more]

    Eptesius

    [more]

    Euderma

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]

    Eudiscopus

    The Disk-Footed Bat (Eudiscopus denticulus ) is a species of in the Vespertilionidae family found in Laos and Myanmar. [more]

    Falsistrellus

    Falsistrellus is a genus of . [more]

    Glauconycteris

    Glauconycteris is a genus of vespertilionid bats. [more]

    Glischropus

    [more]

    Harpiocephalus

    [more]

    Harpiola

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

    Hesperoptenus

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

    Histiotus

    Histiotus is a genus of South American vesper bats. Species within this genus are: [more]

    Hypsugo

    The genus Hypsugo contains many referred to as pipistrelles or pipistrelle bats. They belong to the family Vespertilionidae or vesper bats within the order Chiroptera. [more]

    Ia

    IA or ia may mean: [more]

    Idionycteris

    [more]

    Karstala

    Kerivoula

    Kerivoula is a of vesper bats in the subfamily Kerivoulinae. [more]

    Laephotis

    Laephotis is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae. Species within this genus are: [more]

    Lasionycteris

    The Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae and the only member of the genus Lasionycteris. [more]

    Lasiurus

    Lasiurus is the genus comprising hairy-tailed bats. The name Lasiurus is derived from the Greek lasios (hairy) and oura (tail). It contains some of the most attractive bats (Chiroptera) in the whole continent of North America including such species as the red bat, L. borealis and the hoary bat, L. cinereus. They are very robust and long-winged with fast and strong flight, several species flying during parts of the day especially when migrating south in autumn. The hoary bat and red bat will often fly in daylight during winter. [more]

    Leuconoe

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]

    Mimetillus

    Moloney's Mimic Bat (Mimetillus moloneyi) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. It can be found in the following countries: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. It is found in these habitats: subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, dry savanna, and moist savanna. [more]

    Miniopterus

    Miniopterus (long-winged bat) is a genus of bats and the only genus of the family Miniopteridae. The genus was previously placed in its own subfamily, Miniopterinae, of the vesper bat family, but is now classified in its own family. [more]

    Miomyotis

    Miostrellus

    Murina

    Murina is a genus of . [more]

    Myotis

    The mouse-eared bats, Myotis, are a genus of around 90 species of bat, found around the globe with 10 species in Europe. [more]

    Mytois

    Neoromicia

    Neoromicia is a genus of in the Vespertilionidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

    Nyctalus

    The bat genus Nyctalus (Noctule bats) are members of the family Vespertilionidae (Vesper bats) or sometimes Evening bats. They are distributed in the temperate and subtropical areas of Europe, Asia and North Africa. [more]

    Nycticeinops

    Schlieffen's Bat or Schlieffen's Twilight Bat (Nycticeinops schlieffeni) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family found in Africa. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and hot deserts. [more]

    Nycticeius

    The genus Nycticeius is in the family and contains two species, the Evening Bat (N. humeralis) and the Cuban Evening Bat (N. cubanus). Some authorities include several other old world species in Nycticeius, but recent genetic work shows that is a completely new world genus. [more]

    Nycticejus

    [more]

    Nycticeus

    Nyctophilus

    [more]

    Oligomyotis

    Otonycteris

    The desert long-eared bat (Otonycteris hemprichii) is a species of in the Vespertilionidae family. [more]

    Paleptesicus

    Perimyotis

    The Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus) is a species of bat that is widely distributed throughout the eastern parts of North America, ranging west until Kansas and Texas, from Honduras up north until southern Ontario. It is the only member of the genus Perimyotis. [more]

    Pharotis

    The New Guinea big-eared bat (Pharotis imogene) is a vesper bat endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is listed as a critically endangered species due to ongoing habitat loss. It is the only known member of the genus Pharotis, which is closely related to Nyctophilus. [more]

    Philetor

    [more]

    Phoniscus

    Phoniscus is a genus of in the Vespertilionidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

    Pipistrellus

    Pipistrellus is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae and subfamily Vespertilioninae. The name of the genus is derived from the Italian word Pipistrello, meaning "bat". [more]

    Pizonyx

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

    Plecotus

    The genus Plecotus consists of the lump-nosed bats. Many species in the genus have only been described and recognized in recent years. [more]

    Plionycteris

    Potamonycteris

    Rhogeesa

    Rhogeessa

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

    Scoteanax

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]

    Scotoecus

    Scotoecus is a genus of bats in the family . [more]

    Scotomanes

    [more]

    Scotophilus

    Scotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats. [more]

    Scotorepens

    A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[10] [more]

    Scotozous

    Dormer's Bat or Dormer's Pipistrelle (Scotozous dormeri) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. Dormer's Bat is monotypical for its genus. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas. [more]

    Shanwangia

    Simonycteris

    [more]

    Stehlinia

    Svaptenos

    Tylonycteris

    [more]

    Vespadelus

    Vespadelus is a genus of in the Vespertilionidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

    Vespertilio

    Vespertilio is a genus of bats in the Vespertilionidae family. Species within this genus are: [more]

    Vesperugo

    [more]

    At least 16 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Vesperugo.

    More info about the Genus Vesperugo may be found here.

    References

    [ Back to top ]
    1. ^ Fenton, M. Brock (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 5. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2. 
    2. ^ Miller-Butterworth, C.M., et al. (2007). "A Family Matter: Conclusive Resolution of the Taxonomic Position of the Long-Fingered Bats, Miniopterus". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (7): 1553?1561. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm076. PMID 17449895. 
    3. ^ Teeling, E.C., et al. (2005). "A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record". Science 307: no. 5709 pp. 580?584. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. 
    4. ^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 807. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 

    Footnotes

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    1. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112452
    2. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112635
    3. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=105019
    4. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112828
    5. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=105026
    6. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112266
    7. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113323
    8. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=105227
    9. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112284
    10. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112244

    Further Reading

    [ Back to top ]
    • Corbet, GB, Hill JE. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • Karim, C., A.A. Tuen and M.T. Abdullah. 2004. Mammals. Sarawak Museum Journal Special Issue No. 6. 80: 221-234.
    • Wilson DE, Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

    Sources

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    • The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
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    Last Revised: August 24, 2012
    2012/08/24 13:45:50