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Tyrannidae

(Family)

Overview

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The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are a family of birds which occur throughout North and South America, but are mainly tropical in distribution. They are now considered the largest family of birds on earth, with around 400 species. In every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada, they are the most diverse avian family. As could be expected from a family this large, the members vary greatly both in shape, patterns and colors. Some Tyrant flycatchers superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers. They are members of suborder Tyranni (suboscines) that do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds.

Most, but not all, are rather plain, and many have erectile crests. As the name implies, most are insectivorous, but some will eat fruit or small vertebrates (e.g. small frogs). The smallest family members are the closely related Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant and Black-capped Pygmy-Tyrant. With a total length of a mere 6.5-6.8 cm (2.5-2.7 in) and a weight of 4-5 grams, they are the smallest passerines on earth. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the Great Shrike-Tyrant at 29 cm (11.5 in) and 88 grams (3.1 oz). A few species such as the Streamer-tailed Tyrant and Fork-tailed Flycatcher have a larger total length, but this is mainly due to their very long tails.

A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics).

Habitat and Distribution

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Species richness of Tyrannidae, when compared to habitat, is highly variable. The habitats of tropical lowland evergreen forest and montane evergreen forest have the highest single site species diversity while many habitats including rivers, palm forest, white sand forest, tropical deciduous forest edge, southern temperate forest, southern temperate forest edge, semi-humid/humid montane scrub, and northern temperate grassland have the lowest single species diversity. The variation between the highest and the lowest is extreme; ninety species can be found in the tropical lowland evergreen forests while the number of species that can be found in the habitats listed above typically are in the single digits. This may be due in part to the fewer niches found in certain areas and therefore fewer places for the species to occupy.

Tyrannidae specialization among habitat is very strong in tropical lowland evergreen forests and montane evergreen forests. These habitat types therefore display the greatest specialization. The counts differ by three species (tropical lowland evergreen forests have 49 endemic species and montane evergreen forests have 46 endemic species). It can be assumed that they both have similar levels of specialization.

Regionally, the Atlantic Forest has theh ighest species richness with the Chocó following closely behind.

Protected Status

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The Northern Beardless Tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe) and the Rose-throated Becard (Pachyramphus aglaiae) are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.[1]. Both these species are common south of the US border. The situation for a number of other species from South and Central America is far more problematic. In 2007, BirdLife International (and consequently IUCN) considered two species, the Minas Gerais Tyrannulet and Kaempfer's Tody-Tyrant critically endangered. Both are endemic to Brazil. Additional, 7 species were considered endangered and 18 species vulnerable.[1]

Systematics

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There are about 400 species in over 100 genera. A full list, sortable by common and binomial names is at list of tyrant flycatchers. Species in the genera Tityra, Pachyramphus, Laniocera and Xenopsaris have been placed in this family, but evidence strongly suggest they belong in Tityridae[2], where now placed by SACC.

Northern Royal Flycatcher, Onychorhynchus (coronatus) mexicanus
Eastern Wood Pewee, Contopus virens
The Great Shrike-tyrant (Agriornis lividus) is the largest species of tyrant flycatcher.
Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus
Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Tyrannus savana
Common Tody Flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum
Agile Tit-Tyrant, Anairetes agilis

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Family Tyrannidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acrochordopus

[more]

Aechmolophus

[more]

Agriornis

The Shrike-tyrants, Agriornis, are a of bird in the tyrant-flycatcher family (Tyrannidae). The genus ranges from Ecuador to Argentina in South America, most species are found in the east of the continent. [more]

Alectrurus

Alectrurus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Anairetes

The Tit-Tyrants are a group of small, mainly , tyrant flycatchers in the genus Anairetes. It includes the genus Uromyias, which formerly was recognized based on syringial and plumage characters, but now is known to be imbedded within Anairetes. [more]

Aphanotriccus

Aphanotriccus is a small genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family. They breed in the Caribbean lowlands and foothills of Central America. [more]

Aphantotriccus

[more]

Arundinicola

The White-headed Marsh Tyrant, Arundinicola leucocephala, is a small bird in the tyrant flycatcher family, the only species of the genus Arundinicola. It breeds in tropical South America from Colombia, Venezuela and Trinidad south to Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. [more]

Atalotriccus

The Pale-eyed Pygmy-tyrant (Atalotriccus pilaris) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Atalotriccus. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Panama, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. [more]

Attila

Attila (406 – 453), also known as Attila the Hun or the Scourge of God, was leader of the from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the River Danube to the Baltic Sea (see map below). During his rule he was one of the most fearsome of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires' enemies: he invaded the Balkans twice, he marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orleans before being defeated at the Battle of Chalons. He refrained from attacking either Constantinople or Rome. His propaganda, that the Sword of Attila had come to his hand by miraculous means, was reported by the Roman Priscus. [more]

Blacicus

[more]

Caenotriccus

[more]

Camptostoma

Camptostoma is a small genus of . It contains two species. [more]

Capsiempis

The Yellow Tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola, is a very small bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from Nicaragua south to northeastern Argentina and southeastern Brazil. It is the only member of the genus Capsiempis, but its taxonomy is uncertain, and it has been allocated to at least three other genera in the past. [more]

Casiornis

Casiornis is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Chloropipo

Xenopipo is a genus of in the Pipridae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Cnemarchus

The Red-rumped Bush-tyrant (Cnemarchus erythropygius) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the only one in the genus Cnemarchus. [more]

Cnemotriccus

The Fuscous Flycatcher, Cnemotriccus fuscatus is a small bird in the tyrant flycatcher family, and the only member of the genus Cnemotriccus. It breeds from Colombia and Venezuela south to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, and on both Trinidad and Tobago. The Fuscous Flycatcher ranges in northern and eastern South America, including the entire Amazon Basin, and the Guianas; also all of Brazil except the very southeastern border area with Uruguay. [more]

Cnipodectes

Twistwings are two species of from the genus Cnipodectes. They are restricted to northern and western South America and southern Central America. The genus was monotypic until a new species, Cnipodectes superrufus, was described from Peru and Bolivia in 2007. Their common name refers to the modified primaries. [more]

Cnipolegus

[more]

Colonia

[more]

Colopteryx

[more]

Coloramphus

[more]

Colorhamphus

The Patagonian Tyrant (Colorhamphus parvirostris) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the only one in the genus Colorhamphus. [more]

Conopias

Conopias is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Contopus

The Contopus is a group of small to medium-sized insect-eating birds in the Tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. [more]

Copurus

[more]

Corythopis

The antpipits, Corythopis, are a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Culicivora

The Sharp-tailed Grass-tyrant (Culicivora caudacuta) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the only one in the genus Culicivora. [more]

Deltarhynchus

The Flammulated Flycatcher, Deltarhynchus flammulatus, is a species of in the Tyrannidae family and is the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus, although it is closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus. It is endemic to the dry deciduous forest, arid thorn forest, and scrubby woodland of Mexico’s Pacific coast. The flycatcher is an olive to gray-brown bird with a streaked, pale gray chest, white throat, black bill, dark gray feet, and dark brown wings. It is a skulking bird that typically remains hidden in the underbrush. It feeds by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch. The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity. [more]

Elaenia

Elaenia is a genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family which occur in Central and South America. Except by voice, specific identification is often difficult since many species are very similar. [more]

Elainea

[more]

Empidochanes

[more]

Empidonax

The genus Empidonax is a group of small passerine birds in the tyrant flycatcher family, the Tyrannidae. [more]

Empidonomus

The Variegated Flycatcher (Empidonomus varius) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. With the Crowned Slaty Flycatcher being moved to its own genus, this is now the only species remaining in Empidonomus. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest. [more]

Euscarthmus

Euscarthmus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Fluvicola

Fluvicola is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Gubernetes

The Streamer-tailed Tyrant (Gubernetes yetapa) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the only one in the genus Gubernetes. [more]

Guracava

[more]

Hemitriccus

Hemitriccus is a genus of small birds in the Tyrannidae family. They are commonly known as tody-tyrants or bamboo-tyrants, but the former name is (or was) also shared with several members of the genus Poecilotriccus. Several species from the genus Hemitriccus are very similar, and consequently best separated by their voice. [more]

Heteroxolmis

The Black-and-white Monjita (Xolmis dominicanus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and possibly Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, arable land, and pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss. This species is sometimes spearated in the monotypic genus Heteroxolmis. [more]

Hirundinea

The Cliff Flycatcher (Hirundinea ferruginea) is a of bird in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Hymenops

The Spectacled Tyrant (Hymenops perspicillatus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the only one in the genus Hymenops. [more]

Hypermitres

[more]

Inezia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Knipolegus

Knipolegus is the genus of black-tyrants, in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Laphyctes

[more]

Lathrotriccus

Lathrotriccus is a small genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family. They breed in tropical South America, including, for one species, the islands of Trinidad and formerly also Grenada. [more]

Legatus

A legatus (often as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer. Being of senatorial rank, his immediate superior was the dux, and he outranked all military tribunes. In order to command an army independently of the dux or provincial governor, legates were required to be of praetorian rank or higher; a legate could be invested with propraetorian imperium (legatus propraetore) in his own right. Legates received large shares of the army's booty at the end of a campaign, which made the position a lucrative one, so it could often attract even distinguished consulars (e.g., the consular Lucius Julius Caesar volunteered late in the Gallic War as a legate under his first cousin once removed, Gaius Julius Caesar). [more]

Leptopogon

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Leptotriccus

[more]

Lessonia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Lophotriccus

Lophotriccus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Machetornis

The Cattle Tyrant (Machetornis rixosa) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is the only member of the genus Machetornis. [more]

Mecocerculus

Mecocerculus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Megarhynchus

The Boat-billed Flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua, is a bird. It is a large tyrant flycatcher, the only member, monotypic, of the genus Megarynchus. [more]

Megarynchus

The Boat-billed Flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua, is a bird. It is a large tyrant flycatcher, the only member, monotypic, of the genus Megarynchus. [more]

Mionectes

Mionectes is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Mitrephanes

Mitrephanes is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Muscigralla

The Short-tailed Field-tyrant (Muscigralla brevicauda) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Muscigralla. [more]

Muscipipra

The Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant (Muscipipra vetula) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, in the monotypic genus Muscipipra. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. [more]

Muscisaxicola

The ground-tyrants (Muscisaxicola) are a of passerine birds belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. There are about 13 different species. They are ground-dwelling birds which inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andes and Patagonia. Several southern species are migratory, moving northward for the winter. Ground-tyrants feed on insects and other invertebrates, mainly by picking them from the ground. [more]

Muscivora

[more]

Myiarchus

Myiarchus is a of similar-looking tyrant flycatchers. [more]

Myiobius

Myiobius is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Myiodynastes

Myiodynastes is a genus in the family Tyrannidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Myiopagis

Myiopagis is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family, the tyrant flycatchers. It contains the following species: [more]

Myiopatis

[more]

Myiophobus

Myiophobus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Myiornis

Myiornis, also known as Pygmy-tyrant, is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. Discounting the hummingbirds, it contains some of the smallest birds in the World. [more]

Myiotheretes

Myiotheretes is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Myiotriccus

The Ornate Flycatcher (Myiotriccus ornatus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is the only member of the genus Myiotriccus. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. [more]

Myiozetetes

Myiozetetes is a small genus of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family. The four to five species occur in tropical Central and South America. They are. [more]

Myobius

[more]

Myriarchus

[more]

Neopipo

The Cinnamon Tyrant-manakin (Neopipo cinnamomea) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is the only member of the genus Neopipo. [more]

Neoxolmis

The Chocolate-vented Tyrant (Neoxolmis rufiventris) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Neoxolmis. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Its natural habitat is temperate grassland. Its species name author was Vieillot in 1823. [more]

Nesotriccus

The Cocos Flycatcher (Nesotriccus ridgwayi) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is endemic to Cocos Island off Costa Rica. This tyrant flycatcher is a small (13 cm) grey bird with a long bill. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. It is thought to be threatened by introduced species, particularly rats and feral cats which prey on the species and pigs which destroy habtiat. There is no evidence yet of a decline, but is listed as vulnerable due to its tiny range. [more]

Ochthoeca

Ochthoeca is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Ochthornis

The Drab Water-tyrant (Ochthornis littoralis) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the tyrant flycatchers, and is the only species (monotypic), within the genus Ochthornis. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is rivers. [more]

Oncostoma

Oncostoma is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Onychorhynchus

The Royal Flycatchers are in the genus Onychorhynchus in the tyrant flycatcher family. Depending on authority, it includes a single widespread, or four more localized species. The specific epithet of the type species, coronatus, and the common name of all the species in this genus, Royal Flycatcher, refers to the striking, colorful crest, which is seen displayed very rarely, except during bird banding sessions. [more]

Oreotriccus

[more]

Ornithion

Ornithion is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Phaeomyias

The Mouse-colored Tyrannulet (Phaeomyias murina) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family, the tyrant flycatchers. It is the only species, (monotypic), within the genus Phaeomyias. [more]

Phaeotriccus

[more]

Phelpsia

The White-bearded Flycatcher (Phelpsia inornatus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is the only member of the genus Phelpsia. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. [more]

Philohydor

The Lesser Kiskadee (Pitangus lictor) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland and swamps. It is sometimes considered to be in the monotypic genus Philohydor. [more]

Phyllomyias

Phyllomyias, also known as Tyrannulet, is a genus of in the tyrant-flycatcher family Tyrannidae. The distribution of this genus is Central and South America. [more]

Phylloscartes

Phylloscartes is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Pipromorpha

[more]

Pitangus

Pitangus, the kiskadees, are a of birds in the tyrant flycatcher family (Tyrannidae). It contains the following species: [more]

Platyrinchus

A spadebill is any of seven species of Central and South American birds of the genus Platyrinchus: [more]

Poecilotriccus

Poecilotriccus is a genus of small in the Tyrannidae family. Except for the recently described Johnson's Tody-flycatcher, all have, at one point or another, been included in the genus Todirostrum. Some species have been known as tody-tyrants instead of tody-flycatchers. Most species are found in South America, but a single species, the Slate-headed Tody-flycatcher, is also found in Central America. [more]

Pogonotriccus

Phylloscartes is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Polioxolmis

The Rufous-webbed Bush-tyrant (Polioxolmis rufipennis) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Polioxolmis. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. [more]

Polystictus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Pseudelaenia

The Grey-and-white Tyrannulet (Pseudelaenia leucospodia) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Pseudelaenia. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. [more]

Pseudocolopteryx

Pseudocolopteryx is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Pseudotriccus

Pseudotriccus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Ptyonura

[more]

Pyrocephalus

The Vermilion Flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus, is a small bird that can be found in the southwestern United States, Central America, and northern and central South America, and southwards to central Argentina. This is the only species in the genus Pyrocephalus. [more]

Pyrrhomyias

The Cinnamon Flycatcher (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is the only member of the genus Pyrrhomyias. [more]

Ramphotrigon

Ramphotrigon is a of flat-billed tyrant flycatchers. It contains 3 species: [more]

Rhynchocyclus

Rhynchocyclus is a of flat-billed tyrant flycatchers. It contains 4 species: [more]

Rhytipterna

Rhytipterna is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. They share the common name "mourner" with several species in the family Tityridae. [more]

Rupicola

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Satrapa

The Yellow-browed Tyrant (Satrapa icterophrys) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Satrapa. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forest. [more]

Sayornia

[more]

Sayornis

The genus Sayornis is a small group of medium-sized -eating birds in the Tyrant flycatcher family Tyrranidae native to North and South America. [more]

Serpophaga

Serpophaga is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Sirystes

The Sirystes (Sirystes sibilator) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. [more]

Snethlagea

[more]

Stigmatura

Stigmatura is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Sublegatus

Sublegatus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Suiriri

Suiriri is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Tachuris

The Many-colored Rush-tyrant (Tachuris rubrigastra) is a small bird of South America belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family. It is the only member of the genus Tachuris and its relationships with the other members of the family are uncertain. [more]

Taeniotriccus

The Black-chested Tyrant (Taeniotriccus andrei) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Brazil, Suriname, and Venezuela. [more]

Terenotriccus

The Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher, Terenotriccus erythrurus, is a small bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds in lowlands from southeastern Mexico to northern Bolivia, north-central Brazil and the Guianas. This flycatcher ranges east of the Andes cordillera into the entire Amazon Basin of norhern Brazil and the Guianas; to the west of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador into Central America. It is the only member of the genus Terenotriccus, but some authorities place it in genus Myobius. However, it differs in voice, behaviour, and structure from members of that group. [more]

Todirostrum

Todirostrum is a genus in the family Tyrannidae. They and the members of the genus Poecilotriccus are generally known as tody-flycatchers. It includes the following species: [more]

Todopsis

[more]

Tolmomyias

Tolmomyias is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Toltomyias

[more]

Tumbezia

The Tumbes Tyrant (Tumbezia salvini) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Tumbezia. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss. [more]

Tyranniscus

[more]

Tyrannopsis

The Sulphury Flycatcher, Tyrannopsis sulphurea, is a bird which is a localised resident breeder from Trinidad, the Guianas and Venezuela south to Amazonian Peru, northern Bolivia and Brazil. [more]

Tyrannula

[more]

Tyrannulus

The Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet (Tyrannulus elatus) is a species of in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Tyrannulus. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest. [more]

Tyrannus

The genus Tyrannus is a group of large insect-eating in the Tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. The majority are named as Kingbirds. [more]

Xanthomyias

[more]

Xenotriccus

Xenotriccus is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Xolmis

Xolmis is a genus of in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

Zimmerius

Zimmerius is a of Neotropical birds in the Tyrannidae family. [more]

At least 19 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zimmerius.

More info about the Genus Zimmerius may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online
  2. ^ Adopt the Family Tityridae - South American Classification Committee (2007)

Sources

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Last Revised: November 19, 2008