Overview
The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species.1] They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV.[2]
They are considered to be among the more derived of thrips, having evolved many traits key to specializing as cryptophilous phytovores, living in the narrow spaces at the bases of leaves and within flowers.[3][4]
Several species are economically significant pests, some of them invasive. Almost all of them are typical thrips which belong in the largest subfamily, the Thripinae.
Systematics
Many of the divisions within the Thripidae are not based on common ancestry, but are instead based on common environment and morphological homoplasy, and that these distinctions tend to be irrelevant to true phylogenetic relationships.[5] As a result, many species of the Thripidae have undergone recent drastic taxonomic revision, splitting and promoting two tribes, Dendrothripini and Sericothripini, to subfamily status,[6] with the possibility of greater reorganizations to come as modern phylogenetic methods and a more comprehensive morphological analysis provide additional evidence defining evolutionary relationships.[7] This revision is probably necessary, a s more than half of the genera in family Thripidae are monobasic, with the majority of monotypic species concentrated in subfamily Thripinae.[8]
Subfamilies
The Thripidae are thus ordered into four subfamilies:
- Dendrothripinae Priesner, 1925 (16 genera)
- Panchaetothripinae Bagnall, 1912 (38 genera)
- Sericothripinae Karny, 1921 (11 genera)
- Thripinae (227 genera)
Subfamilies
The Thripidae are thus ordered into four subfamilies:
- Dendrothripinae Priesner, 1925 (16 genera)
- Panchaetothripinae Bagnall, 1912 (38 genera)
- Sericothripinae Karny, 1921 (11 genera)
- Thripinae (227 genera)
References
- ^ Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips ? so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
- ^ Mound, L. A. 1998. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. CAB International, Oxon, New York.
- ^ Gentile, A. G., and S. F. Bailey. 1968. A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World, with a catalogue of world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Press, Berkely, CA.
- ^ Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips. Their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press, London, GB.
- ^ Mound, L. A., and D. C. Morris. 2004. Thysanoptera Phylogeny ? the Morphological Background. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 39: 101 - 113.
- ^ Moritz, G., D. C. Morris, and L. A. Mound. 2001. Thrips ID: an interactive identification and information system (CD), Pest thrips of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
- ^ Grimaldi, D., A. Shmakov, and N. Fraser. 2004. Mesozoic Thrips, and early evolution of the Order Thysanoptera (Insecta). Journal of Paleontology 78: 941 - 952.
- ^ Mound, L. A. 2005. Thysanoptera: diversity and interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 247 - 269.
Further reading
- Hoddle, M.S. & Mound, L.A. (2003). The genus Scirtothrips in Australia (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa 268:1-40. PDF
External links
- Thrips of the World Checklist: Family Thripidae
- Pictures of Taeniothrips inconsequens from Canada
- Chilli Thrips (castor thrips, Assam thrips, yellow tea thrips, strawberry thrips), Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Provisional Management Guidelines
Thrips on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Taxonomy
The Family Thripidae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (4): Dendrothripinae · Panchaetothripinae · Sericothripinae · Thripinae
- Tribe (1): Archipini
- Genus (121): Adelphithrips · Agrostothrips · Anaphothrips · Anaphrygymothrips · Anascirtothrips · Anisopilothrips · Apterothrips · Aptinothrips · Arorathrips · Arpediothrips · Asprothrips · Astrothrips · Aurantothrips · Australothrips · Baileyothrips · Baliothrips · Belothrips · Blascothrips · Bolacothrips · Bradinothrips · Bravothrips · Bregmatothrips · Caliothrips · Caprithrips · Catinathrips · Ceratothripoides · Ceratothrips · Chaetanaphothrips · Chaetisothrips · Chilothrips · Chirothrips · Collembolothrips · Ctenothrips · Danothrips · Dendrothripoides · Dendrothrips · Dichromothrips · Dictyothrips · Dikrothrips · Dinurothrips · Dorcadothrips · Drepanothrips · Echinothrips · Elixothrips · Eremiothrips · Eryngyothrips · Euchaetothrips · Euphysothrips · Ewartithrips · Firmothrips · Frankliniella · Glaucothrips · Helionothrips · Heliothrips · Hemianaphothrips · Hercinothrips · Hoodothrips · Idolimothrips · Iridothrips · Isoneurothrips · Kakothrips · Karphothrips · Kurtomathrips · Leucothrips · Limothrips · Lomatothrips · Megalurothrips · Microcephalothrips · Monilothrips · Mycterothrips · Neohydatothrips · Odontoanaphothrips · Odontothripiella · Odontothrips · Organothrips · Oxythrips · Palmiothrips · Parthenothrips · Pezothrips · Phibalothrips · Physemothrips · Platythrips · Plesiothrips · Proscirtothrips · Prosopoanaphothrips · Prosopothrips · Pseudanaphothrips · Pseudothrips · Psilothrips · Psydrothrips · Retithrips · Rhamphothrips · Rhaphidothrips · Rhinothripiella · Rhipiphorothrips · Rubiothrips · Salpingothrips · Scirtothrips · Scolothrips · Selenothrips · Sericopsothrips · Sericothrips · Sigmothrips · Sitothrips · Sminyothrips · Sphaeropothrips · Stenchaetothrips · Stenothrips · Synaptothrips · Taeniothrips · Tamaricothrips · Tameothrips · Tenothrips · Theilopedothrips · Thermothrips · Thrips · Tmetothrips · Toxonothrips · Trichromothrips · Xerothrips · Zonothrips
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 610 species and subspecies in the Family Thripidae.
Genera
Adelphithrips
Agrostothrips
Anaphothrips
Anaphrygymothrips
Anascirtothrips
Anisopilothrips
Apterothrips
Aptinothrips
Arorathrips
Arpediothrips
Asprothrips
Astrothrips
Aurantothrips
Australothrips
Baileyothrips
Baliothrips
Belothrips
Blascothrips
Bolacothrips
Bradinothrips
Bravothrips
Bregmatothrips
Caliothrips
Caprithrips
Catinathrips
Ceratothripoides
Ceratothrips
Chaetanaphothrips
Chaetisothrips
Chilothrips
Chirothrips
Collembolothrips
Ctenothrips
Danothrips
Dendrothripoides
Dendrothrips
Dichromothrips
Dictyothrips
Dikrothrips
Dinurothrips
Dorcadothrips
Drepanothrips
Echinothrips
Elixothrips
Eremiothrips
Eryngyothrips
Euchaetothrips
Euphysothrips
Ewartithrips
Firmothrips
Frankliniella
Glaucothrips
Helionothrips
Heliothrips
Hemianaphothrips
Hercinothrips
Hoodothrips
Idolimothrips
Iridothrips
Isoneurothrips
Kakothrips
Karphothrips
Kurtomathrips
Leucothrips
Limothrips
Lomatothrips
Megalurothrips
Microcephalothrips
Monilothrips
Mycterothrips
Neohydatothrips
Odontoanaphothrips
Odontothripiella
Odontothrips
Organothrips
Oxythrips
Palmiothrips
Parthenothrips
Pezothrips
Phibalothrips
Physemothrips
Platythrips
Plesiothrips
Proscirtothrips
Prosopoanaphothrips
Prosopothrips
Pseudanaphothrips
Pseudothrips
Psilothrips
Psydrothrips
Retithrips
Rhamphothrips
Rhaphidothrips
Rhinothripiella
Rhipiphorothrips
Rubiothrips
Salpingothrips
Scirtothrips
Scolothrips
Selenothrips
Sericopsothrips
Sericothrips
Sigmothrips
Sitothrips
Sminyothrips
Sphaeropothrips
Stenchaetothrips
Stenothrips
Synaptothrips
Taeniothrips
Tamaricothrips
Tameothrips
Tenothrips
Theilopedothrips
Thermothrips
Thrips
Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings (thus the scientific name, from the Greek thysanos (fringe) + pteron (wing)[]). Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, and corn lice. Thrips species feed on a large variety of sources, both plant and animal, by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. A large number of thrips species are considered pests, because they feed on plants with commercial value. Some species of thrips feed on other insects or mites and are considered beneficial, while some feed on fungal spores or pollen. So far around 5,000 species have been described. Thrips are generally tiny (1 mm long or less) and are not good flyers, although they can be carried long distances by the wind. In the right conditions, many species can exponentially increase in population size and form large swarms, making them an irritation to humans. [more]
Tmetothrips
Toxonothrips
Trichromothrips
Xerothrips
Zonothrips
More info about the Genus Zonothrips may be found here.
References
- ^ Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips ? so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
- ^ Mound, L. A. 1998. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. CAB International, Oxon, New York.
- ^ Gentile, A. G., and S. F. Bailey. 1968. A revision of the genus Thrips Linnaeus in the New World, with a catalogue of world species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Press, Berkely, CA.
- ^ Lewis, T. 1973. Thrips. Their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press, London, GB.
- ^ Mound, L. A., and D. C. Morris. 2004. Thysanoptera Phylogeny ? the Morphological Background. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 39: 101 - 113.
- ^ Moritz, G., D. C. Morris, and L. A. Mound. 2001. Thrips ID: an interactive identification and information system (CD), Pest thrips of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
- ^ Grimaldi, D., A. Shmakov, and N. Fraser. 2004. Mesozoic Thrips, and early evolution of the Order Thysanoptera (Insecta). Journal of Paleontology 78: 941 - 952.
- ^ Mound, L. A. 2005. Thysanoptera: diversity and interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 247 - 269.
Sources
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