Overview
The Sternorrhyncha is the suborder of the which contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the order Homoptera. "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of the mouthparts relative to the head. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, and many are major crop and ornamental pests. Many exhibit modified morphology and/or life cycles, including phenomena such as flightless morphs, parthenogenesis, sexual dimorphism, and even eusociality.
Well-known groups in the Sternorrhyncha include:
- aphids - (Aphididae and allied families)
- woolly and gall-making aphids (Eriosomatinae, Pemphigidae)
- pine and spruce aphids (Adelgidae, Chermesidae)
- phylloxerans (Phylloxeridae, including Vine Phylloxera)
- whiteflies - (Aleyrodidae)
- jumping plant lice - (Psyllidae and allied families)
- Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects)
- cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, and ground pearls (Margarodidae)
- armored scale (Diaspididae)
- cochineal (Dactylopiidae)
- lac scales (Kerriidae, Lacciferidae)
- soft scales (Coccidae)
- pit scales (Asterolecaniidae)
- mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)
- felted scales (Eriococcidae)
Photos
Taxonomy
The Suborder Sternorrhyncha is a member of the Order Hemiptera. Here is the complete "parentage" of Sternorrhyncha:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Superorder: Condylognatha
- Order: Hemiptera
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies
- Suborder: Sternorrhyncha - Plant Lice
- Order: Hemiptera
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies
- Superorder: Condylognatha
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Suborder Sternorrhyncha is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Infraorder (2): Aphidomorpha · Psyllomorpha
- Family (31): Aclerdidae · Adelgidae · Aleyrodidae · Aphalaridae · Aphididae · Apiomorphidae · Asterolecaniidae · Beesoniidae · Calophyidae · Cerococcidae · Coccidae · Conchaspididae · Cryptococcidae · Dactylopiidae · Diaspididae · Eriococcidae · Halimococcidae · Homotomidae · Kermesidae · Kerridae · Lecanodiaspididae · Margarodidae · Ortheziidae · Phenacoleachiidae · Phoenicococcidae · Phylloxeridae · Pseudococcidae · Psyllidae · Stictococcidae · Tachardiidae · Triozidae
Families
Aclerdidae
Aclerdidae are a family of , the scale insects. They are usually found on plants, sucking sap. [more]
Adelgidae
The Adelgidae is a small family of the closely related to the aphids, and often traditionally included in the Aphidoidea with the Phylloxeridae. Adelgids are often known as "woolly conifer aphids". The family is composed species associated with pine spruce or other conifers, known respectively as "pine aphids" or "spruce aphids". This family includes the former family Chermesidae, or "Chermidae", the name of which was declared invalid by the ICZN in 1955. There is still considerable debate as to the number of genera within the family, and the classification is still unstable and inconsistent among competing authors. [more]
Aleyrodidae
The whiteflies, comprising only the family Aleyrodidae, are small . More than 1550 species have been described. Whiteflies typically feed on the underside of plant leaves. [more]
Aphalaridae
Aphididae
Apiomorphidae
Asterolecaniidae
Beesoniidae
Calophyidae
Cerococcidae
Coccidae
Conchaspididae
Cryptococcidae
Dactylopiidae
Diaspididae
Diaspididae is the largest family of with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families: Incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant, these can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armour. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armoured scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died. [more]
Eriococcidae
Halimococcidae
Homotomidae
Kermesidae
The Kermesidae are a family of belonging to the superfamily Coccoidea. The typical genus, Kermes, includes the kermes scale insects, from which a red dye, also called kermes (a.k.a. crimson), is obtained. [more]
Kerridae
Lecanodiaspididae
Margarodidae
Margarodidae is a family of within superfamily Coccoidea. Members of the family include cottony cushion scales (genus Icerya), giant coccids (various genera), Polish cochineal (genus Porphyrophora), and ground pearls (genus Margarodes). [more]
Ortheziidae
Phenacoleachiidae
Phoenicococcidae
Phylloxeridae
Pseudococcidae
Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates. They are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees. [more]
Psyllidae
Psyllids or jumping plant lice are small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very "host specific", i.e. they only feed on one plant species (monophagous) or feed on a few related plants (oligophagous). Together with , phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the "true bugs" (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into six families; the present restricted definition still includes 71 genera in the Psyllidae. [more]
Stictococcidae
Tachardiidae
Triozidae
At least 6 species and subspecies belong to the Family Triozidae.
More info about the Family Triozidae may be found here.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Thursday, August 13, 2009.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.