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Scarabaeidae

(Family)

Overview

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The family Scarabaeidae as currently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide. The species in this large family are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family is fairly unstable, with numerous competing theories, and new proposals appearing quite often. It is probable that many of the subfamilies listed here will no longer be recognized very much longer, as they will likely be reduced in status below subfamily rank, or elevated to family status (the latter is most likely, e.g., with the family "Melolonthidae" already appearing in some recent classifications). Other families have been removed recently, and are nearly universally accepted (e.g., Pleocomidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Ochodaeidae, Geotrupidae, )

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Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colors, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae com posed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odors. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging.

The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are active during the day. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so are not exposed to sunlight. Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material. Others, such as the Japanese beetle are devastating agricultural pests.

Some of the well-known beetles from the Scarabaeidae are Japanese beetles, dung beetles, June beetles, rose chafers (Australian, European and North American), rhinoceros beetles, Hercules beetles and Goliath beetles.

Several members of this family have shells which act as left-handed circular polarisers; this was the first-discovered example of circular polarization in nature.[1]

White grub

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Typical grub larva

White grubs, grubworms or curl grubs are the larvae of scarabs. Grubs commonly attack the roots of turfgrasses and ornamental plants. Damage first appears as drought stress, such as wilting and drooping.

Heavily infested turf first appears a gray-green off color and wilts in the hot sun. Such infestations typically appear in oddly shaped and sized patches among healthy plants, creating an unsightly contrast. Continued feeding with insufficient watering[citation needed] will cause the turf to die in large irregular patches.

The tunneling nature of the grubs causes the turf to feel spongy, and it is easily rolled back, since the deep roots are consumed first, exacerbating the plants' problems with drought in hot dry weather. Grub populations also attract predatory mammals such as armadillos, skunks, raccoons, opossums and moles that can hear the grub activity and dig into the turf in search of a meal - causing further damage to the turf.

Remedies

Until recently, the most common treatment in the United States was an application of an extermination chemical, such as diazinon. However, diazinon use has been discouraged by EPA in favor of chemical preservatives, which alter the taste of the roots and more specifically target grubs without affecting other insect species as does diazinon or other poisons.

Ancient Egypt

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In ancient Egypt, a dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer was revered as sacred.

Gallery

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See also

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ring quite often. It is probable that many of the subfamilies listed here will no longer be recognized very much longer, as they will likely be reduced in status below subfamily rank, or elevated to family status (the latter is most likely, e.g., with the family "Melolonthidae" already appearing in some recent classifications). Other families have been removed recently, and are nearly universally accepted (e.g., Pleocomidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Ochodaeidae, Geotrupidae, )

[ Back to top ]

Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colors, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fan ned out like leaves to sense odors. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging.

The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are active during the day. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so are not exposed to sunlight. Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material. Others, such as the Japanese beetle are devastating agricultural pests.

Some of the well-known beetles from the Scarabaeidae are Japanese beetles, dung beetles, June beetles, rose chafers (Australian, European and North American), rhinoceros beetles, Hercules beetles and Goliath beetles.

Several members of this family have shells which act as left-handed circular polarisers; this was the first-discovered example of circular polarization in nature.[1]

White grub

[ Back to top ]
Typical grub larva

White grubs, grubworms or curl grubs are the larvae of scarabs. Grubs commonly attack the roots of turfgrasses and ornamental plants. Damage first appears as drought stress, such as wilting and drooping.

Heavily infested turf first appears a gray-green off color and wilts in the hot sun. Such infestations typically appear in oddly shaped and sized patches among healthy plants, creating an unsightly contrast. Continued feeding with insufficient watering[citation needed] will cause the turf to die in large irregular patches.

The tunneling nature of the grubs causes the turf to feel spongy, and it is easily rolled back, since the deep roots are consumed first, exacerbating the plants' problems with drought in hot dry weather. Grub populations also attract predatory mammals such as armadillos, skunks, raccoons, opossums and moles that can hear the grub activity and dig into the turf in search of a meal - causing further damage to the turf.

Remedies

Until recently, the most common treatment in the United States was an application of an extermination chemical, such as diazinon. However, diazinon use has been discouraged by EPA in favor of chemical preservatives, which alter the taste of the roots and more specifically target grubs without affecting other insect species as does diazinon or other poisons.

Ancient Egypt

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In ancient Egypt, a dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer was revered as sacred.

Gallery

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ A. A. Michelson (1911). "On metallic colorings in birds and insects". Philosophical Magazine 21: 554?567. 

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Family Scarabaeidae is a member of the Superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Scarabaeidae:

The Family Scarabaeidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acanthonitis

Acanthonitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Acanthovalgus

[more]

Aclopus

[more]

Acrobolbia

[more]

Acrossus

[more]

Adoretus

Adoretus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aegialia

Aegialia is a genus of beetle in family Scarabaeidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Aegidium

[more]

Afrodrepanus

[more]

Agamopus

Agamopus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aganhyboma

Aganhyboma is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Agaocephala

[more]

Agoliinus

[more]

Aleiantus

Aleiantus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aliuscanthoniola

[more]

Allidiostoma

[more]

Allogymnopleurus

Allogymnopleurus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Allomyria

[more]

Allonitis

Allonitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Alloscelus

Alloscelus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Altonthophagus

Altonthophagus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Amaecylius

Amaecylius is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Amblyterus

[more]

Amietina

Amietina is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Amphiceratodon

Amphiceratodon is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Amphimallon

[more]

Amphionthophagus

Amphionthophagus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Amphistomus

Amphistomus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anachalcos

Anachalcos is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Ancognatha

[more]

Anisocanthon

Anisocanthon is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anisonyx

[more]

Anisoplia

[more]

Annegialia

[more]

Anochilia

[more]

Anoctus

Anoctus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anomala

The genus Anomala consists of many species of similar beetles. A common characteristic behavior is that most grubs of these species feed on the roots of grasses, becoming a pest in many areas where they invade. One notable species is the Oriental beetle, which was introduced to North America and has since become a major pest in several mid-Atlantic states. [more]

Anomiopsoides

Anomiopsoides is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anomiopus

Anomiopus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anonthobium

Anonthobium is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anonychonitis

Anonychonitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anoplodrepanus

Anoplodrepanus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Anoplognathus

Christmas beetle is a name commonly applied to the Australian beetle genus Anoplognathus. They are known as Christmas beetles because they are abundant in both urban and rural areas close to Christmas. Christmas beetles are large (20-30 mm long) members of the scarab family that are noisy and clumsy fliers, similar to the cockchafers of Europe. They typically have elytra that are adark or light brown, or green, in some species with a green-yellow . [more]

Anoplostethus

[more]

Anoxia

The term anoxia means a total decrease in the level of oxygen, an extreme form of hypoxia or "low oxygen". The terms anoxia and hypoxia are used in various contexts: [more]

Antitrogus

[more]

Aphengium

Aphengium is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aphengoecus

Aphengoecus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aphodius

Aphodius is a genus of beetles in the Scarabaeidae family. [more]

Aphonides

[more]

Aphonus

[more]

Aphotaenius

[more]

Aplidia

[more]

Apotolamprus

Apotolamprus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aptenocanthon

Aptenocanthon is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Aptychonitis

Aptychonitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Arachnodes

Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number species in this genus vary widely, from 750 to 1200. Phyllanthus has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics, and pachycaulous succulents. Some have flattened leaflike stems called . It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus. [more]

Archophileurus

[more]

Areoda

[more]

Aspidolea

[more]

Aspilus

[more]

Ataenius

Ataenius is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Ateuchus

Ateuchus is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Attavicinus

[more]

Aulacopalpus

[more]

Aulacopris

Aulacopris is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Automolus

Automolus is a genus of bird in the Furnariidae family. [more]

Baloghonthobium

Baloghonthobium is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. [more]

Bdelyropsis

[more]

Bdelyrus

[more]

Besourenga

[more]

Biphyllocera

[more]

Blabephorus

[more]

Blackburneus

[more]

Blaesia

[more]

Blitopertha

[more]

Bohepilissus

[more]

Bolax

Bolax is a genus of in the Apiaceae, with 4 or 5 species. It is endemic to temperate South America. [more]

Bolbites

[more]

Boletoscapter

[more]

Boreocanthon

[more]

Bothrorrhina

[more]

Bothynus

[more]

Bradypodidium

[more]

Bryantella

Bryantella is a of jumping spiders. [more]

Bubas

[more]

Byrrhidium

[more]

Caccocnemus

[more]

Caccophilus

[more]

Caeconthobium

[more]

Caelius

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Caelontherus

[more]

Calamosternus

[more]

Calhyboma

[more]

Callistethus

[more]

Callistopopillia

[more]

Calloodes

[more]

Calomacraspis

[more]

Cambefortantus

[more]

Cambefortius

[more]

Canthidium

[more]

Canthochilum

[more]

Canthodimorpha

[more]

Canthon

[more]

Canthonella

[more]

Canthonidia

[more]

Canthonosoma

[more]

Canthotrypes

[more]

Cassolus

[more]

Catharsiocopris

[more]

Catharsius

[more]

Cephalodesmius

[more]

Ceratorhina

[more]

Ceroplophana

[more]

Cetonia

[more]

Cetonischema

[more]

Chalcocopris

[more]

Chalcosoma

[more]

Chalcothea

[more]

Chalepus

[more]

Chasmatopterus

[more]

Chasmodia

[more]

Cheironitis

[more]

Cheiroplatys

[more]

Chilothorax

[more]

Chioneosoma

[more]

Chiriquibia

[more]

Chiron

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Chironitis

[more]

Chlorota

[more]

Chnaunanthus

[more]

Choeridium

[more]

Chromoptilia

[more]

Chrysina

The Ruteline genus Chrysina, or jewel scarabs (not to be confused with which are a different family), is a large genus of brightly colored, often metallic iridescent species, ranging from the southwestern edge of the United States as far south as Ecuador. The genus includes all the species formerly known as Plusiotis. They are typically between 15-35mm in length, and are nocturnal in habits, coming readily to lights. The larvae live in rotting logs, while the adults commonly feed on foliage; they tend to be found in pine, juniper, or pine-oak forests, most commonly between 1000-3000m elevation. They are most diverse in countries such as Guatemala, where as many as 15 species can be found in a single location. There are only 4 species which occur in the United States (see taxobox). [more]

Chrysophora

[more]

Cinacanthus

[more]

Circellium

[more]

Cleptocaccobius

[more]

Clinteria

[more]

Clypeodrepanus

[more]

Coelorrhina

[more]

Coenochilus

[more]

Coenonycha

[more]

Colobonthophagus

[more]

Colpochila

Colymbomorpha

Comophorina

Copridaspidus

[more]

Copris

The subfamily Scarabaeinae consists of species collectively called true dung beetles. Most of the beetles of this subfamily feed exclusively on dung. Well-known members include the genera Scarabaeus and Sisyphus, and Phanaeus vindex. [more]

Coproecus

[more]

Coprophanaeoides

[more]

Coprophanaeus

[more]

Coprophnaeoides

[more]

Coptodactyla

[more]

Coptomia

[more]

Coptorhina

[more]

Coryphocera

[more]

Corythoderus

[more]

Coscinocephalus

[more]

Cosmovalgus

[more]

Cotalpa

[more]

Cotinis

[more]

Cremastocheilus

[more]

Cretorabaeus

Cretoscarabaeus

Cryptocanthon

[more]

Cryptodus

[more]

Cyclocephala

[more]

Cymophorus

[more]

Cyobius

[more]

Cyphochilus

Cyphonoxia

Cyptochirus

[more]

Cyriopertha

[more]

Dasylepidia

Dasyvalgus

[more]

Degallieridium

Delopleurus

[more]

Delta

[more]

Deltepilissus

[more]

Deltochillum

[more]

Deltochilum

[more]

Deltohyboma

[more]

Deltorrhinum

[more]

Demarziella

[more]

Dendropaemon

[more]

Dermolepida

[more]

Diabroctis

[more]

Dialytellus

[more]

Dialytes

[more]

Diaphonia

[more]

Diastellopalpus

[more]

Diastictus

[more]

Diasticus

Dicaulocephalus

Dicers

Dichelomorpha

Dichelonyx

[more]

Dichelus

[more]

Dichotomius

[more]

Diclrepanephorus

Dicranarrhina

Dicranocara

[more]

Dicranocephalus

Dicranoplia

[more]

Dicranorrhina

[more]

Dicronocephalus

[more]

Didactylia

[more]

Didrepanephorus

Digithonthophagus

[more]

Digitonthophagus

[more]

Dinacoma

Diorygopyx

[more]

Dipelicus

[more]

Diphucephala

[more]

Diplagnatha

Diplognatha

[more]

Diplotaxis

The scientific name Diplotaxis may refer to: [more]

Disphysema

[more]

Dorbignyolus

[more]

Doryscelis

[more]

Drepanocerus

[more]

Drepanoplatynus

[more]

Drepanopodus

[more]

Dwesasilvasedis

Dynastes

Dynastes is a genus of large , mostly from Central America and South America, the males of which bear two long horns forming a plier. There are eight species in the genus: [more]

Dyscinetus

[more]

Dysphanochilla

Eccoptocnenis

Ectinohoplia

Elaphinis

[more]

Elaphocera

[more]

Elpidus

[more]

Endicella

Endrodius

[more]

Endroedyolus

[more]

Ennearabdus

[more]

Eodrepanus

Eosaulostomus

Epactoides

[more]

Epadoretus

Epectinaspis

[more]

Epichrysus

Epicometis

[more]

Epilissus

[more]

Epirinus

[more]

Epitrichius

Eremazus

[more]

Eremonthophagus

[more]

Eriesthis

[more]

Eucanthidium

[more]

Eucheirus

Euchlora

[more]

Euchroa

Euchroea

[more]

Eucranium

[more]

Eudinopus

[more]

Euetheola

[more]

Euhyboma

[more]

Euoniticellus

[more]

Euonthophagus

[more]

Euparia

[more]

Euparixia

[more]

Euphoria

Euphoria is recognized as an emotional and mental state defined as a sense of great elation and well-being. Technically, euphoria is an affect, but the term is often colloquially used to define emotion as an intense, transcendent happiness combined with an overwhelming sense of well-being. The word derives from Greek e?f???a, "power of enduring easily, fertility". Euphoria is generally considered to be an exaggerated state, resulting from psychological or pharmacological stressors and not typically achieved during the normal course of human experience, although some natural behaviors, such as activities resulting in orgasm or the triumph of an athlete, can induce brief states of euphoria. Euphoria has also been cited during certain religious or spiritual rituals and meditation. [more]

Eupoecila

[more]

Eupotosia

[more]

Eurychelus

Eurysternus

[more]

Eusaproecius

[more]

Eutheola

Eutrichillum

[more]

Exomala

Exopholis

Expianthis

Falsignambia

[more]

Feeridium

Form

Formicdubius

[more]

Francmonrosia

[more]

Frankenbergerius

Frenchella

Fruhstorfer

Fruhstorferia

[more]

Furconthophagus

[more]

Galiathas

Garreta

[more]

Gastroserica

Geniates

[more]

Genieridium

Genuchinus

[more]

Genuchus

[more]

Geopsammodius

[more]

Geotrogus

Gibbonthophagus

[more]

Gilletellus

[more]

Glaphyrocanthon

[more]

Glossocheilifer

Glycphana

Glycyphana

[more]

Glyeyphana

Glyphoderus

[more]

Gnaphalopoda

Gnataocera

Gnathocera

[more]

Gnatrocera

Gnorimella

[more]

Gnorimus

[more]

Gnorinus

Golcathos

Goliathopsis

[more]

Goliathus

The Goliath beetles are among , if measured in terms of size, bulk and weight. They are members of subfamily Cetoniinae, within the scarab beetle family. Goliath beetles can be found in many of Africa's tropical forests, where they feed primarily on tree sap and fruit. Little appears to be known of the larval cycle in the wild, but in captivity, Goliathus beetles have been successfully reared from egg to adult using protein-rich foods such as commercial cat and dog food. Goliath beetles measure from 60–110 millimetres (2.4–4.3 in) for males and 50–80 millimetres (2.0–3.1 in) for females, as adults, and can reach weights of up to 80–100 grams (2.8–3.5 oz) in the larval stage, though the adults are only about half this weight. The females range from a dark brown to silky white, but the males are normally brown/white/black or black/white. [more]

Goliatus

Golofa

[more]

Golopha

[more]

Gometis

Goniocanthon

[more]

Granida

Gromphas

[more]

Gronocarus

[more]

Gvathocera

Gymnetis

[more]

Gymnopleurus

[more]

Gymnopyge

Gyronotus

[more]

Hadropechys

Hadrops

Hammondantus

[more]

Hansreia

[more]

Haplidia

[more]

Haplonycha

Haplopsis

Haroldius

[more]

Helictopleurus

[more]

Heliocopris

[more]

Hemichalcothes

Hemictenius

Hemiphaedimus

[more]

Hemipharis

[more]

Hemiphileurus

[more]

Heptaulacus

[more]

Heptophylla

Heterarrhina

Hetererrhina

Heteroclitopus

[more]

Heterogenius

[more]

Heteronitis

[more]

Heteronyx

[more]

Heterophana

[more]

Heterorhina

[more]

Heterosoma

[more]

Heterosternus

Heterosyphus

[more]

Hexataenius

Hexataensis

Hexodon

[more]

Hilyotrogus

Holcaspis

Holdrichia

Holocanthon

[more]

Holocephalus

[more]

Holocorobeus

[more]

Holomaladera

Holotrichia

[more]

Homaloplia

[more]

Homalotarsus

[more]

Homocanthonides

[more]

Homolotropus

Homonyx

Homovalgus

[more]

Hoplia

[more]

Hoplocnemis

[more]

Hyalonthophagus

[more]

Hyboma

[more]

Hybomidium

[more]

Hylamorpha

Hypocanthidium

[more]

Hypotrichia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

Hypselogenia

[more]

Ichnestoma

[more]

Ictigaster

Inca

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]

Indachorius

[more]

Inhambane

Ischnoscelis

[more]

Ischnovalgus

[more]

Isocopris

[more]

Ixodina

Janssensantus

[more]

Janssensellus

[more]

Jrichostetha

Kheper

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Kibakoganea

[more]

Kolbeellus

[more]

Krikkenius

[more]

Labroma

[more]

Lachnosterna

Lachnota

[more]

Lagochile

Lamaptera

Laonthophagus

[more]

Larhodius

[more]

Lasiexis

Lasioirichius

Lasiopus

[more]

Lasioserica

Lasiotrichus

Latipalpus

Latodrepanus

Lecucocelis

Leiopsammodius

[more]

Leonotus

Leotrichillum

Lepanus

[more]

Lepidiota

[more]

Lepithrix

[more]

Leptohoplia

Lethosecthes

Leucocelis

[more]

Leucopholis

[more]

Leucothyreus

Liatongus

[more]

Lichnia

[more]

Ligyrus

[more]

Liocola

[more]

Liothorax

[more]

Liparetrus

[more]

Lissogenius

[more]

Lissomelas

[more]

Lithoscarabaeus

[more]

Litocopris

[more]

Lnca

Lomanoxia

[more]

Lomaptera

[more]

Lomapteroides

Lophodonitis

[more]

Lschiapsapha

Lschiapsopha

Lschiopsopha

Lschiosopha

Lshiopsopha

Luederwaldtina

[more]

Luederwaldtinia

[more]

Macraspis

Macrodactylus

[more]

Macroderes

[more]

Macroma

Macronota

Macronthophagus

[more]

Macropanelus

[more]

Macropoides

Madotrogus

[more]

Maechidinus

Maechidius

[more]

Magaphanaeus

Maladera

[more]

Malagoniella

[more]

Malasius

Martineziana

Martinezidium

Matashia

[more]

Mazoe

[more]

Mecinota

Mecynorhina

[more]

Megaceras

[more]

Megacoryne

[more]

Megalonitis

[more]

Megalorhina

Megaphanaeus

[more]

Megaphoina

Megaponerophilus

[more]

Megarhopaea

Megasoma

[more]

Megatharsis

[more]

Megathopa

[more]

Megathopomima

[more]

Megathoposoma

[more]

Melanocanthon

[more]

Melinopterus

[more]

Melolontha

[more]

Mentophilus

[more]

Mericserica

[more]

Mesaclopus

Metacatharsius

[more]

Metallophanaeus

[more]

Metanastes

[more]

Mettalophanaeus

[more]

Micraegialia

[more]

Microchaleothea

Microcopris

[more]

Microlomapera

Micronthophagus

[more]

Microserica

Microvalgus

[more]

Milichus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Miltotrogus

[more]

Mimadoretus

Mimela

[more]

Mimonthophagus

[more]

Mioxysternon

[more]

Miridiba

Monoplistes

[more]

Moradera

Myctarophallus

Myctorophallus

Myodermum

[more]

Myrmecotonus

[more]

Namakwanus

[more]

Nanos

Nanos can refer to: [more]

Neateuchus

Nebulasilvius

Neodasygnatus

Neodontocnema

Neonitis

[more]

Neophyllotocus

Neopsammodius

[more]

Neosaproecius

[more]

Neosisyphus

[more]

Neso

Nesocanthon

[more]

Nesosisyphus

[more]

Nesovinsonia

[more]

Netocia

[more]

Nipponosenica

Nipponoserica

Notiophanaeus

[more]

Nudipleurus

[more]

Nunoidium

Nyassinus

[more]

Ochicanthon

[more]

Odochilus

[more]

Odontolochus

[more]

Odontoloma

[more]

Odontopsammodius

[more]

Odontotonyx

Oficanthon

[more]

Ohkubous

Omaloplia

[more]

Oncosterna

[more]

Oniticellus

[more]

Oniticelus

Onitis

[more]

Onoreidium

Ontherus

[more]

Onthobium

[more]

Onthophagiellus

[more]

Onthophagus

[more]

Onychothecus

[more]

Ophropyx

Oplostomus

[more]

Orizabus

[more]

Orphnus

[more]

Oruscatus

[more]

Oryctes

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Oryctoantiquus

[more]

Oryctoderus

[more]

Oryctomorphus

[more]

Osmoderma

Osmoderma is a genus of in family Scarabaeidae. It contains the following species:[verification needed] [more]

Othnonius

Outenikwanus

[more]

Oxycetanin

Oxycetenia

Oxycetomia

Oxycetonin

Oxycetoria

Oxygrylius

[more]

Oxygrylus

Oxyomus

[more]

Oxysternon

[more]

Oxythyrea

[more]

Pachnoda

[more]

Pachnodella

[more]

Pachnota

[more]

Pachycnema

[more]

Pachydema

[more]

Pachylomera

Pachypus

[more]

Pachyserica

[more]

Pachytricha

Palaeonthophagus

[more]

Paleoprogma

Panelus

[more]

Pantolia

[more]

Paracanthon

[more]

Parachilia

[more]

Parachorius

[more]

Parachrysina

[more]

Paracopris

[more]

Paracotalpa

Paracryptocanthon

[more]

Paradendropaemon

[more]

Paragymnopleurus

[more]

Parahyboma

[more]

Paraliatongus

[more]

Paraphacosomoides

Paraphanaeomorphus

[more]

Paraphytus

[more]

Parascatonomus

[more]

Paraschizognathus

Paraserica

Parastasia

[more]

Parathyce

Parentius

[more]

Parisolea

Paroniticellus

[more]

Paronitis

[more]

Paronthobium

[more]

Paronthophagus

[more]

Parvuhowdenius

Peckolus

[more]

Pedaria

[more]

Pedaridium

[more]

Pelidnota

[more]

Peltecanthon

[more]

Peltonotus

[more]

Penalus

[more]

Peperonota

Pereiraidium

Peritrichia

Peyrierasantus

[more]

Phacosoma

[more]

Phaeadoretus

[more]

Phaedimus

[more]

Phaedotrogus

[more]

Phaenognatha

[more]

Phaenognathus

[more]

Phalangogonia

[more]

Phalops

[more]

Phanaeomorphus

[more]

Phanaeus

[more]

Phaneus

Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: ?p?????, Apollon (gen.: ?p???????); Doric: ?p?????, Apellon; Arcadocypriot: ?pe????, Apeilon; Aeolic: ?p????, Aploun; Latin: ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in ancient Greek and Roman religion, Greco?Roman Neopaganism, and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, plague, music, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. [more]

Pharaonus

[more]

Phileurus

[more]

Phobetus

[more]

Phycochus

[more]

Phyllochlaenia

Phyllopertha

[more]

Phyllophaga

Phyllophaga is from phyllon meaning "leaf" and phagein meaning "eat". It may refer to: [more]

Phyllotocus

[more]

Pilinurgus

[more]

Pimelopus

[more]

Pinacopodius

[more]

Pinacotarsus

[more]

Planontherus

[more]

Platycoelia

[more]

Platygenia

[more]

Platyonitis

[more]

Platyrutela

Platytomus

[more]

Plectris

Plectrodes

Pleuronitis

[more]

Pleurophorus

[more]

Plusiotis

Podalgus

[more]

Podischnus

[more]

Poecilophila

Poecilophilides

[more]

Pollaplonyx

Polybaphes

[more]

Polylamina

[more]

Polyphylla

[more]

Popilia

[more]

Popilla

Popillia

Popillia is a genus of scarab beetles. The most familiar species is the Japanese beetle (P. japonica) which is responsible for crop losses around the world, and is near the top of the insect pest lists year after year. [more]

Porphyronota

[more]

Potosia

[more]

Proagoderus

[more]

Proagopertha

Proctophanes

[more]

Prodontria

Prodontria is a genus of in family Scarabaeidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Protaetia

[more]

Proteroscarabaeus

[more]

Prototrox

[more]

Psammobius

[more]

Psammodius

[more]

Pseudadoretus

[more]

Pseudagolius

[more]

Pseudarachnodes

[more]

Pseudataenius

[more]

Pseudepilissus

[more]

Pseudignambia

[more]

Pseudocanthon

[more]

Pseudochironitis

[more]

Pseudocopris

[more]

Pseudocotalpa

Pseudocotalpa is a genus of in family Scarabaeidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Pseudoheteronyx

Pseudomacraspis

[more]

Pseudonthobium

[more]

Pseudopedaria

[more]

Pseudophacosoma

[more]

Pseudoryctes

[more]

Pseudosaproecius

[more]

Pseudosinghala

[more]

Pseuduroxys

[more]

Psilocnemis

[more]

Pteronyx

[more]

Pycnopanelus

[more]

Repsimus

Rhinaspis

Vipera is a genus of venomous vipers. It has a very wide range, being found from North Africa to just within the Arctic Circle and from Great Britain to Pacific Asia. The name is possibly derived from the Latin words vivus and pario, meaning "alive" and "bear" or "bring forth"; likely a reference to the fact that most vipers bear live young. Currently, 23 species are recognized. [more]

Rhizotrogus

[more]

Rhomborhina

[more]

Rhomborrhina

Rhomborrhina is a genus of large . They are members of the subfamily Cetoniinae. They mostly live in East and South Asia. [more]

Rhopaea

Rhyssemus

[more]

Rubrohyboma

[more]

Rutela

[more]

Saphobiamorpha

[more]

Saphobius

[more]

Sarophorus

[more]

Saulostomus

Sauvagesinella

[more]

Scapaneus

[more]

Scaptocnemis

[more]

Scarabaeolus

[more]

Scarabaeus

The genus Scarabaeus consists of a number of dung beetle species, including the "sacred scarab beetle", Scarabaeus sacer. These beetles feed exclusively on dung, which they accomplish by rolling a piece of dung some distance from where it was deposited, and burying it, with an egg deposited on the ball. The growing larva feeds upon the dung ball, pupates, and eventually emerges as an adult. [more]

Scarabeus

Scarab may refer to: [more]

Scatimus

[more]

Scatonomus

[more]

Scatrichus

[more]

Sceliages

[more]

Schizognathus

Schizonycha

[more]

Schizorhina

[more]

Scitala

Scybalocanthon

[more]

Scybalophagus

[more]

Selenocopris

[more]

Serica

Serica, the land of the Seres, was the name by which the Greco-Romans referred to a country in Central Asia. [more]

Sericania

Sericesthis

Serrophorus

[more]

Silluvia

[more]

Silvinha

Sinapisoma

[more]

Sinodrepanus

[more]

Sisyphus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

Sophrops

Sphinctovalgus

[more]

Spilophorus

[more]

Spilota

Spodochlamys

Stalagmopygus

Stenocrates

[more]

Stenotarsia

[more]

Stenotothorax

[more]

Stephanorrhina

[more]

Stephanucha

[more]

Stereomera

[more]

Stereopyge

[more]

Stethodesma

[more]

Stiptocnemis

[more]

Stiptopodius

[more]

Stiptotarsus

[more]

Strandius

[more]

Strategus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

Streblopus

[more]

Strigoderma

[more]

Sukelus

[more]

Sulcodrepanus

Sulcophanaeus

[more]

Sunenaga

[more]

Sylvicanthon

[more]

Synapsis

(Gr. synaptos: linked, joined, united) (pl. synapses) The close association between homologous chromosomes that develops during the first prophase of meiosis. The two chromosomes move together and an exact pairing of corresponding points along their lengths occurs as they lie side by side. The resulting structure is called a bivalent. Syn. pairing.[6] [more]

Systellopus

Taeniodera

[more]

Tanyproctus

Tanzanolus

[more]

Telhyboma

[more]

Telochilus

[more]

Telura

Temnoplectron

[more]

Tephraea

[more]

Termitaxis

[more]

Termitoderus

[more]

Termitotrox

[more]

Tesarius

[more]

Tesserodon

[more]

Tesserodoniella

[more]

Tetraechma

[more]

Tetramereia

[more]

Theotimius

[more]

Thinorycter

[more]

Thyregis

[more]

Tibiodrepanus

Tiniocellus

[more]

Tmesorrhina

[more]

Tomarus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

Tomogonus

[more]

Tragiscus

[more]

Trematodes

Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes that contains two groups of parasitic flatworms, commonly referred to as "flukes". [more]

Trichillidium

Trichillum

[more]

Trichiorhyssemus

[more]

Trichiotinus

[more]

Trichius

[more]

Trichocanthon

[more]

Tricholontha

Trichonthophagus

[more]

Trichopertha

[more]

Trichoplus

[more]

Trigonopeltastes

[more]

Trigonostomum

Trioplognathus

Trogodes

[more]

Tropidonitis

[more]

Tropinota

[more]

Unidentis

Uroxys

[more]

Valgus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

Vulcanocanthon

[more]

Walterantus

[more]

Xenocanthon

[more]

Xeropsamobeus

[more]

Xinidium

[more]

Xiphoscelis

[more]

Xyloryctes

[more]

Xylotrupes

[more]

Yvescambefortius

[more]

Zonocopris

[more]

More info about the Genus Zonocopris may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ A. A. Michelson (1911). "On metallic colorings in birds and insects". Philosophical Magazine 21: 554?567. 

Footnotes

[ Back to top ]
  1. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Chiron&search=Search
  2. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Hypotrichia&search=Search
  3. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Inca&search=Search
  4. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Sisyphus&search=Search
  5. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Strategus&search=Search
  6. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Synapsis&search=Search
  7. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Tomarus&search=Search
  8. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Valgus&search=Search

Sources

[ Back to top ]
Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:42:34