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Scandentia

(Order)

Overview

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The treeshrews (or tree shrews or banxrings2]) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrews, and the entire order Scandentia. There are 20 species in 5 genera. Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any mammals, including humans,[3] though this is not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram.

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews (although they were previously classified in the Insectivora), and not all species are necessarily arboreal. Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit.

Among orders of mammals, treeshrews are closely related to primates, and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia, psychosocial stress a nd hepatitis.[4]

Characteristics

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Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of: Upper: 2.1.3.3, lower: 3.1.3.3[5]

Treeshrews have good vision, which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species. Most are diurnal, although the Pen-tailed Treeshrew is nocturnal.

Female treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days, in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them. Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.[5]

These animals live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. They mark their territories using various scent glands, or urine, depending on the particular species.

The name Tupaia is derived from tupai the Malay word for squirrel[6] and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.[7]

In 2008, researchers found that the Pen-tailed Treeshrew in Malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3.8% alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behaviour. Investigation to how these animals cope with that diet is still ongoing.[8]

Classification

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Dentition of Tupaia

Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the Primates order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the brain anatomy, highlighted by Sir Wilfred Le Gros Clark), and classif ied as a primitive prosimian. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank (order) as the primates and, with the primates and the flying lemurs (colugos), belong to the clade Euarchonta. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), and the two groups are combined into the clade Euarchontoglires.[9] Other arrangements of these orders have been proposed.[10]

Fossil record

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The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus). Named fossil species include Prodendrogale yunnanica, Prodendrogale engesseri, and Tupaia storchi from Yunnan, Tupaia miocenica from Thailand, and Palaeotupaia sivalicus from India.[11]

eference">[10]

Fossil record

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The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus). Named fossil species include Prodendrogale yunnanica, Prodendrogale engesseri, and Tupaia storchi from Yunnan, Tupaia miocenica from Thailand, and Palaeotupaia sivalicus from India.[11]

References

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  1. ^ Helgen, Kristofer M. (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 104?109. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
  2. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg "Tree-shrew". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 
  3. ^ "Tupaia belangeri". The Genome Institute, Washington University. http://genome.wustl.edu/genomes/view/tupaia_belangeri. Retrieved January 2012. 
  4. ^ Cao, J; Yang, E-B; J-J; Li, Y; Chow P (2003). "The tree shrews: adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research". J Med Primatol 32: 123?130. http://www.unifr.ch/inph/vclab/assets/files/PDFs/Caoetal.pdf. Retrieved January 2012.& #160;
  5. ^ a b Martin, Robert D. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 440?445. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
  6. ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 245. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. 
  7. ^ Craig, John (1849). A new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the English Language. 
  8. ^ msnbc news article
  9. ^ Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J . (2007-11-02). "Molecular and Genomic Data Identify The Closest Living Relatives of Primates". Science 318 (5851): 792?4. Bibcode 2007Sci...318..792J. doi:10.1126/science.1147555. PMID 17975064. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/318/5851/792.pdf 
  10. ^ Pettigrew JD, Jamieson BG, Robson SK, Hall LS, McAnally KI, Cooper HM (1989). "Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 325 (1229): 489?559. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0102. 
  11. ^ Ni, X.; Qiu, Z. (in press). "Tupaiine tree shrews (Scandentia, Mammalia) from the Yuanmou Lufengpithecus locality of Yunnan, China". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0029-0.  edit

Taxonomy

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The Order Scandentia is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

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Ptilocercidae

The pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus lowii) is a species of treeshrew in the Ptilocercidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. It is the only species in the genus Ptilocercus and the family Ptilocercidae. All other treeshrews are in the family Tupaiidae. [more]

Tupaiidae

Tupaiidae is one of two families of treeshrews, the other family being Ptilocercidae. It contains 4 genera and 19 species. The family name derives from "tupai", the Malay word for treeshrew and also for squirrel (which Tupaiidae superficially resemble). [more]

At least 64 species and subspecies belong to the Family Tupaiidae.

More info about the Family Tupaiidae may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Helgen, Kristofer M. (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 104?109. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3. 
  2. ^ Wikisource-logo.svg "Tree-shrew". Encyc lopedia Americana. 1920. 
  3. ^ "Tupaia belangeri". The Genome Institute, Washington University. http://genome.wustl.edu/genomes/view/tupaia_belangeri. Retrieved January 2012. 
  4. ^ Cao, J; Yang, E-B; J-J; Li, Y; Chow P (2003). "The tree shrews: adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research". J Med Primatol 32: 123?130. http://www.unifr.ch/inph/vclab/assets/files/PDFs/Caoetal.pdf. Retrieved January 2012. 
  5. ^ a b Martin, Robert D. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 440?445. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 
  6. ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 245. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. 
  7. ^ Craig, John (1849). A new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the English Language. 
  8. ^ msnbc news article
  9. ^ Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J. (2007-11-02). "Molecular and Genomi c Data Identify The Closest Living Relatives of Primates". Science 318 (5851): 792?4. Bibcode 2007Sci...318..792J. doi:10.1126/science.1147555. PMID 17975064. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/318/5851/792.pdf 
  10. ^ Pettigrew JD, Jamieson BG, Robson SK, Hall LS, McAnally KI, Cooper HM (1989). "Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 325 (1229): 489?559. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0102. 
  11. ^ Ni, X.; Qiu, Z. (in press). "Tupaiine tree shrews (Scandentia, Mammalia) from the Yuanmou Lufengpithecus locality of Yunnan, China". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0029-0.  edit

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:14:47