Overview
Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the Browns, is a of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diversity of brush-footed butterflies. It is estimated that the true number of Satyrinae species may exceed 2,400.2]
Overview
They are generally weak fliers and often shun bright sunlight. The caterpillars feed chiefly on monocotyledonous plants such as palms, grasses and bamboos. The Morphinae are sometimes united with this group.
The taxonomy and systematics of the subfamily are under heavy revision. Much of the early pioneering work of L. D. Miller[3] has helped significantly by creating some sort of order. Dyndirus (Capronnier, 1874) is a satyrid incertae sedis. Other than this genus, according to the latest studies on the classification of Nymphalidae all satyrines have been assigned to one of the 6 tribes, at least preliminarily[4]. For detailed lists, see the tribe pages.
Photos
Taxonomy
The Subfamily Satyrinae is a member of the Family Nymphalidae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Satyrinae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Family: Nymphalidae
- Brushfooted Butterflies
- Subfamily: Satyrinae - Nymphs, Satyrs and Arctic Butterflies
- Family: Nymphalidae
- Brushfooted Butterflies
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Subfamily Satyrinae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Genus (40): Altiapa · Appalachia · Brintesia · Cepheuptychia · Cercyonis · Cissia · Coenonympha · Cyllopsis · Elymnias · Enodia · Erebia · Erycinidia · Geitoneura · Gyrocheilus · Haetera · Harsiesis · Hermeuptychia · Heteronympha · Hypocysta · Lupulina · Megisto · Melanargia · Melanitis · Minois · Mycalesis · Neominois · Neonympha · Neope · Neorina · Ninguta · Oeneis · Orsotriaena · Paramacera · Pareuptychia · Pierella · Platypthima · Pyracmon · Ragadia · Satyrodes · Tisiphone
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1,939 species and subspecies in the Subfamily Satyrinae.
Genera
Altiapa
Appalachia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]
Brintesia
Cepheuptychia
Cercyonis
Cissia
Coenonympha
Coenonympha is a genus. It belongs to the Coenonymphina, a subtribe of the "browns" (Satyrinae). The latter are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae). As a rule-of-thumb, Palearctic species are colloquially called "heaths", while Nearctic ones are called "ringlets". Neither term is limited to members of this genus, however. [more]
Cyllopsis
Elymnias
Enodia
Erebia
Erebia is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most its about 90-100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands. These usually bear black spots within, which sometimes have white center spots. [more]
Erycinidia
Geitoneura
Gyrocheilus
Haetera
Harsiesis
Hermeuptychia
Heteronympha
Hypocysta
Lupulina
Megisto
Melanargia
Melanitis
Minois
Mycalesis
The bushbrowns, Mycalesis, are a of brush-footed butterflies. They are common in the warm regions from Central Asia to Australia, and have a high diversity in South Asia and the Wallacea. [more]
Neominois
Neonympha
Neope
Neorina
Ninguta
Oeneis
Orsotriaena
Orsotriaena is a genus of the Satyrinae, or the Browns. The genus has only one species, Orsotriaena medus which is found in Asia and Australia. In India, the butterfly has historically been called the Nigger, but renamed in Australian faunal works to the socially acceptable name of Smooth-eyed Bush-brown. [more]
Paramacera
Pareuptychia
Pierella
Pierella is a genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico through Central America to South America. The species of Pierella have larger hindwings than forewings, unique among butterflies. The oval green flash on the forewing is also unique. It is caused by diffraction, the wing scales forming a diffraction grating. [more]
Platypthima
Pyracmon
Ragadia
Ragadia is a of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). This genus is one of those commonly called "ringlets". [more]
Satyrodes
Tisiphone
Tisiphone (: ??s?f???, "avenging murder") is the name of two figures in Greek mythology. [more]
At least 20 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Tisiphone.
More info about the Genus Tisiphone may be found here.
References
- Miller, L.D. (1968): The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 24: [vi] + iv + 1-174.
- Savela, Markku (2007): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Satyrinae. Version of 2007-MAY-12. Retrieved 2007-MAY-31.
- The Lepidoptera Taxome Project (TLTP) (2007): Taxonomy of butterflies: the scale of the pr oblem. Retrieved 2007-SEP-07.
Footnotes
- ^ http://tolweb.org/Satyrinae/12189
- ^ TLTP (2007)
- ^ e.g. Miller (1968)
- ^ See references in Savela (2007)
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Thursday, August 13, 2009.
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