Overview
Spread-winged skippers, Pyrginae, are a of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The tribe "Celaenorrhini" is usually included in the Eudamini entirely or for the largest part, including the type genus Celaenorrhinus. The family was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest.1] They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly colored. Some have long tailed hind wings.
Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks.[1] They do not visit flowers for substanance, but rather eat dung, carrion, and rotting fruit.[1]
A number of genera are of uncertain affiliations[2]. These include:
- Abantis Hopffer, 1855
- Alenia Evans, 1935
- Calleagris Aurivillius, [1925]
- Carcharodus Hübner, [1819]
- Chaetocneme Felder, 1860
- Eagris Guenée, 1862
- Eretis Mabille, 1891
- Euschemon Doubleday, 1846
- Exometoeca Meyrick, 1888
- Katreus Watson, 1893
- Netrobalane Mabille, 1903
- Netrocoryne C. & R. Felder, [1867]
- Procampta Holland, 1892
Photos
Taxonomy
The Subfamily Pyrginae is a member of the Family Hesperiidae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Pyrginae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Family: Hesperiidae
Latreille, 1809 - Skippers
- Subfamily: Pyrginae - Spread-wing Skippers
- Family: Hesperiidae
Latreille, 1809 - Skippers
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Subfamily Pyrginae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Genus (84): Abantis · Achalarus · Achlyodes · Aethilla · Aguna · Anastrus · Antigonus · Arina · Arteurotia · Astraptes · Atarnes · Autochton · Axylia · Bolla · Cabares · Calchas · Caprona · Carrhenes · Celaenorrhinus · Celotes · Chaetocneme · Chioides · Chiomara · Codatractus · Cogia · Coladenia · Eagris · Eantis · Ebrietas · Epargyreus · Ephyriades · Eretis · Erynnis · Euschemon · Georgina · Gesta · Gomalia · Gorgythion · Grais · Heliopetes · Heliopyrgus · Hesperopsis · Leucochitonea · Lucida · Mylon · Naenia · Netrobalane · Netrocoryne · Nisoniades · Noctuana · Oileus · Onenses · Paches · Pellicia · Phareas · Phocides · Pholisora · Polyctor · Polygonus · Polythrix · Propertius · Proteides · Pyrgus · Pythonides · Quadrus · Sarangesa · Sostrata · Spathilepia · Spialia · Staphylus · Systasea · Tagiades · Thessia · Thorybes · Timochares · Toxeus · Triphaena · Typhedanus · Urbanus · Windia · Xanthus · Xenophanes · Zera · Zestusa
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1,556 species and subspecies in the Subfamily Pyrginae.
Genera
Abantis
Achalarus
Achlyodes
Aethilla
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Aguna
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]
Anastrus
Antigonus
Arina
Arteurotia
Astraptes
Astraptes is the of flasher butterflies, which belong to the spread-wing skipper subfamily. [more]
Atarnes
Autochton
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]
Axylia
Bolla
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Cabares
Calchas
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]
Caprona
Carrhenes
Celaenorrhinus
Celaenorrhinus is a of skipper butterflies which are commonly termed as flats for their habit of holding their wings flat when resting. [more]
Celotes
Chaetocneme
Chioides
Chiomara
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]
Codatractus
Cogia
Coladenia
Eagris
Eantis
Ebrietas
Epargyreus
Ephyriades
Eretis
Erynnis
Erynnis is a in the Skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the Duskywings. [more]
Euschemon
Georgina
Georgina (2006 Population 42,346) is a town in south-central Ontario, and the northernmost municipality in the Regional Municipality of York. It forms part of the northern boundary of the Greater Toronto Area and is situated on the southern shores of Lake Simcoe. It is not so much one cohesive town as a large area containing three primary subsections: the community of Keswick, the communities of Sutton and Jackson's Point, and the smallest main subsection of Pefferlaw and Port Bolster. [more]
Gesta
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Gomalia
Gomalia , 1879 is a monotypic genus of hesperiid butterfly.Gomalia elma, commonly known as the Marbled Skipper or African Mallow Skipper, is found in Africa and parts of Asia. [more]
Gorgythion
Grais
Heliopetes
Heliopyrgus
Hesperopsis
Leucochitonea
Lucida
Lucida is an extended family of related designed by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes in 1985. [more]
Mylon
Naenia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Netrobalane
Netrocoryne
Nisoniades
Noctuana
Oileus
Onenses
Paches
Pellicia
Phareas
Phocides
Pholisora
Polyctor
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Polygonus
Polythrix
Propertius
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]
Proteides
Pyrgus
Pyrgus is a in the Skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the grizzled skippers. The name 'Grizzled Skipper' best describes this genus, but in some countries the name 'Checkered Skipper' or 'Chequered Skipper' is applied to some species. Strictly speaking, 'chequered skippers' applies to butterflies of the genus Carterocephalus. [more]
Pythonides
The Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, are a of non-venomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Eight genera and 26 species are currently recognized. [more]
Quadrus
Sarangesa
Sostrata
Spathilepia
Spialia
Staphylus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]
Systasea
Tagiades
Tagiades is a genus of butterflies. [more]
Thessia
Thorybes
Timochares
Toxeus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]
Triphaena
Typhedanus
Urbanus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]
Windia
Xanthus
Xenophanes
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Zera
Zestusa
At least 4 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zestusa.
More info about the Genus Zestusa may be found here.
References
- Savela, Markku (2007): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Pyrginae. Version of 2007-JUN-12. Retrieved 2008-JAN-24.
Footnotes
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Aguna&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Autochton&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Calchas&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Chiomara&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Propertius&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Staphylus&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Toxeus&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Urbanus&search=Search
- ^ a b c Daniels, Jaret C. (2003). Butterflies of the Carolinas. Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications, Inc.. pp. 12. ISBN 1-59193-007-3.
- ^ See Savela (2007) for references.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Thursday, August 13, 2009.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.