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Pulmonata

(Order)

Overview

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The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.

The taxon Pulmonata is not used at all in the taxonomy of gastropods per J?rger et al., dating from 2010.1]

Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous to the recent periods.[2]

Pulmonates have a single auricle and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.[3]

Linnean taxonomy

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The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows:

Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates

Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collection
Various pulmonates

2005 taxonomy

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Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left

The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)[4] was as follows:

Informal Group Pulmonata

Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata

Informal Group Basommatophora

Contains the clade Hygrophila

Clade Hygrophila

Clade Eupulmonata

Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora

Clade Systellommatophora ( = Gymnomorpha)
Clade Stylommatophora

Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

Subclade Elasmognatha
Subclade Orthurethra
Informal Group Sigmurethra
limacoid clade
other Sigmurethra

Two two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

2010 taxonomy

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J?rger et al. (2010)[1] have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia and they did not used taxon Pulmonata within the classification at all.[1]

family Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  • Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  • Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
  • Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  • Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
  • Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  • Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
    • Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
      • Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
    • Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
      • Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
    • Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collection
    Various pulmonates

    2005 taxonomy

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    Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left

    The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)[4] was as follows:

    Informal Group Pulmonata

    Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata

    Informal Group Basommatophora

    Contains the clade Hygrophila

    • Superfamily Amphiboloidea
      • Family Amphibolidae
    • Superfamily Siphonarioidea
      • Family Siphonariidae
      • ? Family Acroreiidae
    Clade Hygrophila
    • Superfamily Chilinoidea
      • Family Chilinidae
      • Family Latiidae
    • Superfamily Acroloxoidea
      • Family Acroloxidae
    • Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
      • Family Lymnaeidae
    • Superfamily Planorboidea
      • Family Planorbidae
      • Family Physidae

    Clade Eupulmonata

    Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora

    • Superfamily Trimusculoidea
      • Family Trimusculidae
    • Superfamily Otinoidea
      • Family Otinidae
      • Family Smeagolidae
    • Superfamily Ellobioidea
      • Family Ellobiidae
    Clade Systellommatophora ( = Gymnomorpha)
    • Superfamily Onchidioidea
      • Family Onchidiidae
    • Superfamily Veronicelloidea
      • Family Veronicellidae
      • Family Rathouisiidae
    Clade Stylommatophora

    Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

    Subclade Elasmognatha
    • Superfamily Succineoidea
      • Family Succineidae
    • Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
      • Family Athoracophoridae
    Subclade Orthurethra
    • Superfamily Partuloidea
      • Family Partulidae
      • Family Draparnaudiidae
    • Superfamily Achatinelloidea
      • Family Achatinellidae
    • Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
      • Family Cochlicopidae
      • Family Amastridae
    • Superfamily Pupilloidea
      • Family Pupillidae
      • Family Argnidae
      • Family Chondrinidae
      • ? Family Cylindrellinidae
      • Family Lauriidae
      • Family Orculidae
      • Family Pleurodiscidae
      • Family Pyramidulidae
      • Family Spelaeodiscidae
      • Family Strobilopsidae
      • Family Valloniidae
      • Family Vertiginidae
    • Superfamily Enoidea
      • Family Enidae
      • Family Cerastidae
    Informal Group Sigmurethra
    • Superfamily Clausilioidea
      • Family Clausiliidae
      • ? Family Anadromidae
      • ? Family Filholiidae
      • ? Family Palaeostoidae
    • Superfamily Orthalicoidea
      • Family Orthalicidae
      • Family Cerionidae
      • Family Coelociontidae
      • ? Family Grangerellidae
      • Family Megaspiridae
      • Family Placostylidae
      • Family Urocoptidae
    • Superfamily Achatinoidea
      • Family Achatinidae
      • Family Ferussaciidae
      • Family Micractaeonidae
      • Family Subulinidae
    • Superfamily Aillyoidea
      • Family Aillyidae
    • Superfamily Testacelloidea
      • Family Testacellidae
      • Family Oleacinidae
      • Family Spiraxidae
    • Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
      • Family Papillodermatidae
    • Superfamily Streptaxoidea
      • Family Streptaxidae
    • Superfamily Rhytidoidea
      • Family Rhytididae
      • Family Chlamydephoridae
      • Family Haplotrematidae
      • Family Scolodontidae
    • Superfamily Acavoidea
      • Family Acavidae
      • Family Caryodidae
      • Family Dorcasiidae
      • Family Macrocyclidae
      • Family Megomphicidae
      • Family Strophocheilidae
    • Superfamily Punctoidea
      • Family Punctidae
      • ? Family Anastomopsidae
      • Family Charopidae
      • Family Cystopeltidae
      • Family Discidae
      • Family Endodontidae
      • Family Helicodiscidae
      • Family Oreohelicidae
      • Family Thyrophorellidae
    • Superfamily Sagdoidea
      • Family Sagdidae
    limacoid clade
    • Superfamily Staffordioidea
      • Family Staffordiidae
    • Superfamily Dyakioidea
      • Family Dyakiidae
    • Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
      • Family Gastrodontidae
      • Family Chronidae
      • Family Euconulidae
      • Family Oxychilidae
      • Family Pristilomatidae
      • Family Trochomorphidae
      • Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
        • Subfamily ? Archaeozonitinae
        • Subfamily ? Grandipatulinae
        • Subfamily ? Palaeoxestininae
    • Superfamily Parmacelloidea
      • Family Parmacellidae
      • Family Milacidae
      • Family Trigonochlamydidae
    • Superfamily Zonitoidea
      • Family Zonitidae
    • Superfamily Helicarionoidea
      • Family Helicarionidae
      • Family Ariophantidae
      • Family Urocyclidae
    • Superfamily Limacoidea
      • Family Limacidae
      • Family Agriolimacidae
      • Family Boettgerillidae
      • Family Vitrinidae
    other Sigmurethra

    Two two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

    • Superfamily Arionoidea
      • Family Arionidae
      • Family Anadenidae
      • Family Ariolimacidae
      • Family Binneyidae
      • Family Oopeltidae
      • Family Philomycidae
    • Superfamily Helicoidea
      • Family Helicidae
      • Family Bradybaenidae
      • Family Camaenidae
      • Family Cepolidae
      • Family Cochlicellidae
      • Family Elonidae
      • Family Epiphragmophoridae
      • Family Halolimnohelicidae
      • Family Helicodontidae
      • Family Helminthoglyptidae
      • Family Humboldtianidae
      • Family Hygromiidae
      • Family Monadeniidae
      • Family Pleurodontidae
      • Family Polygyridae
      • Family Sphincterochilidae
      • Family Thysanophoridae
      • Family Trissexodontidae
      • Family Xanthonychidae

    2010 taxonomy

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    J?rger et al. (2010)[1] have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia and they did not used taxon Pulmonata within the classification at all.[1]

    References

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    1. ^ a b c J?rger K. M., St?ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr?dl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
    2. ^ (in Czech) Pek I., Va??cek Z., Rocek Z., Hajn. V. & Mikul? R. 1996. Z?klady zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
    3. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5. 
    4. ^ Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Fr?da J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Vald?s ?. & War?n A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1?397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. http://www.archive.org/details/malacologia47122005inst. 

    Taxonomy

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    The Order Pulmonata is further organized into finer groupings including:

    Families

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    Acavidae

    Acavidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Achatinellidae

    Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinelloidea. [more]

    Achatinidae

    Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "agate") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa. The family includes some 13 genera. [more]

    Acroloxidae

    Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila. [more]

    Acroreiidae

    ? Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air. [more]

    Agriolimacidae

    Agriolimacidae is a family of small and medium sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Aillyidae

    [more]

    Amastridae

    Amastridae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea. [more]

    Amphibolidae

    Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. [more]

    Anadenidae

    Anadenidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Anadromidae

    Anadromidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata (according to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Anastomopsidae

    ?Anastomopsidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Argnidae

    Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Ariolimacidae

    Arionidae

    [more]

    Ariophantidae

    Ariophantidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Athoracophoridae

    Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pattern on their dorsal surface which resembles the veins in a leaf, hence the common name. [more]

    Binneyidae

    Binneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Boettgerillidae

    [more]

    Bradybaenidae

    Bradybaenidae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Camaenidae

    Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Caryodidae

    Caryodidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Cerastidae

    Cerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Cerastuidae

    Cerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Cerionidae

    Cerionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea. [more]

    Charopidae

    Charopidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails (and semi-slugs such as Otoconcha dimidiata), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Chilinidae

    [more]

    Chlamydephoridae

    Chlamydephoridae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Chondrinidae

    Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata. [more]

    Chronidae

    Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Clausiliidae

    Clausiliidae, common name door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Cochlicellidae

    [more]

    Cochlicopidae

    Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea. [more]

    Coelociontidae

    Coelociontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Corillidae

    Corilla is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Plectopyloidea. [more]

    Cylindrellinidae

    ?Cylindrellinidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Cystopeltidae

    Cystopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Discidae

    Discidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea. [more]

    Dorcasiidae

    Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Draparnaudiidae

    Draparnaudia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea. [more]

    Dyakiidae

    Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Dyakioidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Ellobiidae

    Ellobiidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. This is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Elonidae

    Elonidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Endodontidae

    Endodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea. [more]

    Enidae

    Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Epiphragmophoridae

    [more]

    Ferussaciidae

    Ferussaciidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea. [more]

    Filholiidae

    [more]

    Gastrodontidae

    [more]

    Glacidorbidae

    The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails, gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata. [more]

    Grangerellidae

    [more]

    Halolimnohelicidae

    [more]

    Haplotrematidae

    Haplotrematidae is a taxonomic family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. [more]

    Helicarionidae

    Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea. [more]

    Helicidae

    The Helicidae, sometimes known as the typical snails, are a taxonomic family of small to large, air-breathing, land snails. In other words, they are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Helicodiscidae

    Helicodiscidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrialpulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Helicodontidae

    [more]

    Helminthoglyptidae

    The Helminthoglyptidae are a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Humboldtianidae

    Humboldtianidae is an American family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Hygromiidae

    Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Latiidae

    [more]

    Lauriidae

    [more]

    Limacidae

    Limacidae, common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea. [more]

    Lymnaeidae

    Lymnaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. [more]

    Macrocyclidae

    [more]

    Megaspiridae

    Megaspiridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Megomphicidae

    Megomphicidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Melampidae

    [more]

    Micractaeonidae

    [more]

    Milacidae

    Milacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea. [more]

    Monadeniidae

    [more]

    Oleacinidae

    Oleacinidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Onchidiidae

    Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except of 5 species) pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea. [more]

    Oopeltidae

    Orculidae

    Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata. [more]

    Oreohelicidae

    Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Orthalicidae

    Orthalicidae (orthalicid land snails) are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the informal group Sigmurethra of the clade Stylommatophora. They are medium-sized to large snails, from about 3 cm (about 1.2 inches) to 9 cm (about 3.5 inches) in shell length. [more]

    Otinidae

    Otina ovata is a species of small, air-breathing sea snail or sea slug, a marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the superfamily Otinoidea. [more]

    Oxychilidae

    [more]

    Palaeostoidae

    [more]

    Papillodermatidae

    [more]

    Parmacellidae

    Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Partulidae

    Partulidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea. The family is endemic to Pacific islands. [more]

    Patulidae

    [more]

    Philomycidae

    Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Physidae

    Physidae, common name bladder snails, are a monophyletic taxonomic family of small freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Hygrophila. [more]

    Placostylidae

    [more]

    Planorbidae

    Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Plectopylidae

    [more]

    Pleurodiscidae

    Pleurodiscus is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. [more]

    Pleurodontidae

    [more]

    Polygyridae

    Polygyridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Pristilomatidae

    [more]

    Punctidae

    Punctidae, common name the "dot snails", is a family of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Pupillidae

    Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. [more]

    Pyramidulidae

    [more]

    Rathouisiidae

    Rathouisiidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. [more]

    Rhytididae

    Rhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. [more]

    Sagdidae

    Sagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoidea. Some species of Sagdidae are ovoviviparous. [more]

    Scolodontidae

    Sculptariidae

    [more]

    Siphonariidae

    Siphonariidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs. These snails are sometimes known as "false limpets" because of the shape of the shell, but they are not at all closely related to true limpets. They breathe with a lung, not with gills, and are more closely related to freshwater air-breathing snails such as Lymnaea. [more]

    Smeagolidae

    Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Otinoidea. [more]

    Spelaeoconchidae

    [more]

    Spelaeodiscidae

    [more]

    Sphincterochilidae

    [more]

    Spiraxidae

    Spiraxidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Staffordiidae

    [more]

    Streptaxidae

    Streptaxidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi. [more]

    Strobilopsidae

    Strobilopsidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. [more]

    Strophocheilidae

    Strophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Subulinidae

    Subulinidae is a family of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea. [more]

    Succineidae

    Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing, land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. They are commonly called amber snails because their thin fragile shells are translucent and amber-colored. They usually live in damp habitats such as marshes. [more]

    Testacellidae

    Testacella is genus of small to medium-large, predatory, air-breathing, land slugs. They are terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Testacellidae, the shelled slugs. They are not often seen because they live underground. [more]

    Thyrophorellidae

    Thyrophorellidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Thysanophoridae

    Thysanophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Trigonochlamydidae

    Trimusculidae

    Trimusculus is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs. [more]

    Trissexodontidae

    [more]

    Trochomorphidae

    Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Urocoptidae

    Urocoptidae is a family of land snails, gastropods in the superfamily Urocoptoidea. [more]

    Urocyclidae

    Urocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea, (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Valloniidae

    Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. [more]

    Veronicellidae

    The Veronicellidae, common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a terrestrial family of pulmonate slugs. [more]

    Vertiginidae

    Vertiginidae is a family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. [more]

    Vitrinidae

    Vitrinidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]

    Xanthonychidae

    Xanthonychidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. [more]

    Zonitidae

    [more]

    At least 563 species and subspecies belong to the Family Zonitidae.

    More info about the Family Zonitidae may be found here.

    References

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    1. ^ a b c J?rger K. M., St?ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr?dl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
    2. ^ (in Czech) Pek I., Va??cek Z., Rocek Z., Hajn. V. & Mikul? R. 1996. Z?klady zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
    3. ^ Barnes, Rob ert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5. 
    4. ^ Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Fr?da J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Vald?s ?. & War?n A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1?397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. http://www.archive.org/details/malacologia47122005inst. 

    Further Reading

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    External links

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    Sources

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    Last Revised: August 24, 2012
    2012/08/24 13:14:23