Overview
The Prodidomidae are a spider family with about 300 species in 31 genera. They are sometimes called Long-Spinneret Ground Spiders.
This family is part of the superfamily Gnaphosoidea. They are easily identified by the greatly elongated base of the piriform gland spigots. At least parts of their body are covered with shiny scales or setae. The posterior median eyes are flat and silvery, with a triangular, egg-shaped or irregularly rectangular shape.1]
Biology
Prodidomidae are ground dwellers. Most species are nocturnal and hide during the day in litter, but Myandra, which are probably mimicking ants, seems to be active during the day.[1] The genus Zimiris is synanthropic and thus found worldwide in the tropics.
Distribu tion
Although Theuma walteri was described from Turkmenistan by Eug?ne Simon, it is suspected that Simon accidentally exchanged its locality with that of Anagraphis pallens (Gnaphosidae); then T. walteri would have been collected in the Cape of Good Hope, while A. pallens is from Turkmenistan.[2]
Systematics
The Prodidomidae are considered "higher gnaphosoids", together with the Lamponidae and Gnaphosidae. These share anterior lateral spinnerets consisting of only a single article, while the lower gnaphosoids retain a separate, complete distal article that is represented by an entire, subdistal ring of sclerotized cuticle.[2]
Genera
- Anagrina Berland, 1920 ? Africa
- Austrodomus Lawrence, 1947 ? South Africa
- Caudalia Alay?n, 1980 ? Cuba
- Chileomma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Chileuma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Chilongius Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 ? Australia
- Eleleis Simon, 1893 ? South Africa
- Encoptarthria Main, 1954 ? Australia
- Katumbea Cooke, 1964 ? Tanzania
- Lygromma Simon, 1893 ? Costa Rica to Brazil, Galapagos
- Lygrommatoides Strand, 1918 ? Japan
- Molycria Simon, 1887 ? Australia
- Moreno Mello-Leit?o, 1940 ? Chile, Argentina
- Myandra Simon, 1887 ? Australia
- Namundra Platnick & Bird, 2007 ? Africa
- Neozimiris Simon, 1903 ? USA, Mexico, Panama, Galapagos, Bahamas
- Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia
- Oltacloea Mello-Leit?o, 1940 ? Brazil, Argentina
- Plutonodomus Cooke, 1964 ? Tanzania
- Prodida Dalmas, 1919 ? Philippines, Seychelles
- Prodidomus Hentz, 1847 ? Mediterranean, Africa, Australia, Asia, Venezuela, Hawai'i
- Purcelliana Cooke, 1964 ? South Africa
- Theuma Simon, 1893 ? Africa, Turkmenistan?
- Theumella Strand, 1906 ? Ethiopia
- Tivodrassus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 ? Mexico
- Tricongius Simon, 1892 ? South America
- Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia
- Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia, Malaysia, Moluccas
- Zimirina Dalmas, 1919 ? Spain, Algeria, Canary Islands, South Africa
- Zimiris Simon, 1882 ? Circumtropical
See also
- List of Prodidomidae species
- Spider families
Footnotes
- ^ a b Barbara Baehr: Prodidomidae
- ^ a b Platnick & Baehr 2006
This family is part of the superfamily Gnaphosoidea. They are easily identified by the greatly elongated base of the piriform gland spigots. At least parts of their body are covered with shiny scales or setae. The posterior median eyes are flat and silvery, with a triangular, egg-shaped or irregularly rectangular shape.1]
Biology
Prodidomidae are ground dwellers. Most species are nocturnal and hide during the day in litter, but Myandra, which are probably mimicking ants, seems to be active during the day.[1] The genus Zimiris is synanthropic and thus found worldwide in the tropics.
Distribution
Although Theuma walteri was described from Turkmenistan by Eug?ne Simon, it is suspected that Simon accidentally exchanged its locality with that of Anagraphis pallens (Gnaphosidae); then T. walteri would have been collected in the Cape of Good Hope, while A. pallens is from Turkmenistan.[2]
Systematics
The Prodidomidae are considered "higher gnaphosoids", together with the Lamponidae and Gnaphosidae. These share anterior lateral spinnerets consisting of only a single article, while the lower gnaphosoids retain a separate, complete distal article that is represented by an entire, subdistal ring of sclerotized cuticle.[2]
Genera
- Anagrina Berland, 1920 ? Africa
- Austrodomus Lawrence, 1947 ? South Africa
- Caudalia Alay?n, 1980 ? Cuba
- Chileomma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Chileuma Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Chilongius Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 ? Chile
- Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 ? Australia
- Eleleis Simon, 1893 ? South Africa
- Encoptarthria Main, 1954 ? Australia
- Katumbea Cooke, 1964 ? Tanzania
- Lygromma Simon, 1893 ? Costa Rica to Brazil, Galapagos
- Lygrommatoides Strand, 1918 ? Japan
- Molycria Simon, 1887 ? Australia
- Moreno Mello-Leit?o, 1940 ? Chile, Argentina
- Myandra Simon, 1887 ? Australia
- Namundra Platnick & Bird, 2007 ? Africa
- Neozimiris Simon, 1903 ? USA, Mexico, Panama, Galapagos, Bahamas
- Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia
- Oltacloea Mello-Leit?o, 1940 ? Brazil, Argentina
- Plutonodomus Cooke, 1964 ? Tanzania
- Prodida Dalmas, 1919 ? Philippines, Seychelles
- Prodidomus Hentz, 1847 ? Mediterranean, Africa, Australia, Asia, Venezuela, Hawai'i
- Purcelliana Cooke, 1964 ? South Africa
- Theuma Simon, 1893 ? Africa, Turkmenistan?
- Theumella Strand, 1906 ? Ethiopia
- Tivodrassus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 ? Mexico
- Tricongius Simon, 1892 ? South America
- Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia
- Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 ? Australia, Malaysia, Moluccas
- Zimirina Dalmas, 1919 ? Spain, Algeria, Canary Islands, South Africa
- Zimiris Simon, 1882 ? Circumtropical
See also
- List of Prodidomidae species
- Spider families
Footnotes
- ^ < a href="#cite_ref-baehr_0-0">a b Barbara Baehr: Prodidomidae
- ^ a b Platnick & Baehr 2006
References
- Platnick, N.I. & Penney, D. (2004): A Revision of the Widespread Spider Genus Zimiris (Araneae, Prodidomidae). American Museum Novitates 3450.
- Platnick, Norman I. & Baehr, Barbara C. (2006): A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 298: 1-287. (with keys to subfamilies and genera, a nd picture)
- Platnick, Norman I. (2008): The world spider catalog, version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History.
External links
Taxonomy
The Family Prodidomidae is a member of the Superfamily Gnaphosoidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Prodidomidae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Arachnomorpha
Heider, 1913
- Infraphylum: Cheliceriformes
- Superclass: Chelicerata
- Class: Arachnida
Cuvier, 1812 - Arachnids
- Subclass: Micrura
- Order: Araneae
C. Clerck, 1757 - Spiders
- Suborder: Opisthothelae
Pocock, 1892 - Modern Spiders
- Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Smith, 1902
- Superfamily: Gnaphosoidea
- Family: Prodidomidae Simon, 1884
- Superfamily: Gnaphosoidea
- Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Smith, 1902
- Suborder: Opisthothelae
Pocock, 1892 - Modern Spiders
- Order: Araneae
C. Clerck, 1757 - Spiders
- Subclass: Micrura
- Class: Arachnida
Cuvier, 1812 - Arachnids
- Superclass: Chelicerata
- Infraphylum: Cheliceriformes
- Subphylum: Arachnomorpha
Heider, 1913
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Family Prodidomidae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Genus (33): Anagrina · Austrodomus · Caudalia · Chileomma · Chileuma · Chilongius · Cryptoerithus · Eleleis · Encoptarthria · Honunius · Hyltonia · Katumbea · Lygromma · Lygrommatoides · Molycria · Moreno · Myandra · Namundra · Neozimiris · Nomindra · Oltacloea · Plutonodomus · Prodida · Prodidomus · Purcelliana · Theuma · Theumella · Tivodrassus · Tricongius · Wesmaldra · Wydundra · Zimirina · Zimiris
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 326 species and subspecies in the Family Prodidomidae.
Genera
Anagrina
Austrodomus
Caudalia
Chileomma
Chileuma
Chilongius
Cryptoerithus
Eleleis
Encoptarthria
Honunius
Hyltonia
Katumbea
Lygromma
Lygromma is a spider genus of Central and South America. There are species with eight, six (eg., L. senoculatum, L. valencianum) and no eyes. The L. anops is endemic to Galapagos, while the not closely related blind L. gertschi is found only on Jamaica. [more]
Lygrommatoides
Molycria
Moreno
Moreno is , Portuguese for a tanned or brown-skinned person. In origin the term was used to refer to a person with brown or black hair color, regardless of skin or eye color (synonym for Brunette), nowadays both meanings co-exist. It is also a Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian surname and an Italian given name. [more]
Myandra
Namundra
Neozimiris
Nomindra
Oltacloea
Plutonodomus
Prodida
Prodidomus
Purcelliana
Theuma
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Theumella
Tivodrassus
Tricongius
Wesmaldra
Wydundra
Zimirina
Zimiris
At least 9 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zimiris.
More info about the Genus Zimiris may be found here.
References
- Platnick, N.I. & Penney, D. (2004): A Revision of the Widespread Spider Genus Zimiris (Araneae, Prodidomidae). American Museum Novitates 3450.
- Platnick, Norman I. & Baehr, Barbara C. (2006): A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 298: 1-287. (with keys to subfamilies and genera, and picture)
- Platnick, Norman I. (2008): The world spider catalog, version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History.
External links
Footnotes
- ^ a b Barbara Baehr: Prodidomidae
- ^ a b Platnick & Baehr 2006
Sources
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