Overview
Pleuroceridae, common name pleurocerids, is a family of small to medium-sized freshwater snails, aquatic gilled gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea.These snails have an operculum and typically a robust high-spired shell.
Reproduction is iteroparous, and juvenile snails emerge from eggs laid on a firm surface by a gonochoristic female. There is no veliger stage.
As currently defined, this family is confined entirely to eastern North American fresh waters. Similar snails formerly classified with Pleuroceridae, but now assigned to other families are widespread in temperate and tropical parts of Southern and Eastern Asia,[citation needed] and Africa.[citation needed] Most require unpolluted rivers and streams, but a few are adapted to living in lakes or reservoir s.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
The following two subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
- Pleurocerinae P. Fischer, 1885 - synonyms: Ceriphasiinae Gill, 1863; Strepomatidae Haldeman, 1864; Ellipstomatidae Hannibal, 1912; Gyrotominae Hannibal, 1912; Anaplocamidae Dall, 1921
- Semisulcospirinae Morrison, 1952 - synonym: Jugidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
2009 taxonomy
Subfamily Semisulcospirinae within Pleuroceridae was elevated to family level Semisulcospiridae by Strong & K?hler (2009).[2]
Genera
Genera within the family Pleuroceridae are organized in the one subfamily only since 2009 and they include:
Pleurocerinae
- Pleurocera
- Athearnia
- Elimia
- Gyrotoma
- Io Lea, 1831 - with the only species Io fluvialis (Say, 1825)
- Leptoxis
- Lithasia
- Pleurocerinae P. Fischer, 1885 - synonyms: Ceriphasiinae Gill, 1863; Strepomatidae Haldeman, 1864; Ellipstomatidae Hannibal, 1912; Gyrotominae Hannibal, 1912; Anaplocamidae Dall, 1921
- Semisulcospirinae Morrison, 1952 - synonym: Jugidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
2009 taxonomy
Subfamily Semisulcospirinae within Pleuroceridae was elevated to family level Semisulcospiridae by Strong & K?hler (2009).[2]
Genera
Genera within the family Pleuroceridae are organized in the one subfamily only since 2009 and they include:
Pleurocerinae
- Pleurocera
- Athearnia
- Elimia
- Gyrotoma
- Io Lea, 1831 - with the only species Io fluvialis (Say, 1825)
- Leptoxis
- Lithasia
References
- ^ Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithi?oidea using morphology and molecules". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162(1): 43-89. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00670.x.
- ^ Strong E. & K?hler F. (2009). "Morphological and molecular analysis of "Melania" jacqueti Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: from anonymous orphan to critical basal offshoot of the Semisulcospiridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)" . Zoologica Scripta 38(5): 483-502. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00385.x
Taxonomy
The Family Pleuroceridae is a member of the Superfamily Cerithioidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Pleuroceridae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Lophotrochozoa
- Lophotrochozoans
- Superphylum: Eutrochozoa
- Phylum: Mollusca
(C. Linnaeus, 1758) Cuvier, 1795 - Molluscs
- Class: Gastropoda
Cuvier, 1795 - Snails and Slugs
- Subclass: Orthogastropoda
Ponder & Lindberg, 1996
- Superorder: Caenogastropoda
Cox, 1960
- Order: Sorbeoconcha
Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
- Suborder: Discopoda
P. Fischer, 1884
- Infraorder: Discopoda
- Superfamily: Cerithioidea
C.A. Fleming, 1822
- Family: Pleuroceridae P. Fischer, 1885 (1863)
- Superfamily: Cerithioidea
C.A. Fleming, 1822
- Infraorder: Discopoda
- Suborder: Discopoda
P. Fischer, 1884
- Order: Sorbeoconcha
Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
- Superorder: Caenogastropoda
Cox, 1960
- Subclass: Orthogastropoda
Ponder & Lindberg, 1996
- Class: Gastropoda
Cuvier, 1795 - Snails and Slugs
- Phylum: Mollusca
(C. Linnaeus, 1758) Cuvier, 1795 - Molluscs
- Superphylum: Eutrochozoa
- Infrakingdom: Lophotrochozoa
- Lophotrochozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Family Pleuroceridae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (5): Amphimelaniinae · Lavigeriinae · Melanatrinae · Paludominae · Pleurocerinae
- Genus (36): Amphimelania · Anculosa · Athearnia · Biwamelania · Bridouxia · Chytra · Cleopatra · Cubaedomus · Doryssa · Elimia · Eurycaelon · Goniobasis · Gyrotoma · Io · Juga · Koreoleptoxis · Larina · Lavigeria · Leptoxis · Lithasia · Lithasiopsis · Melanatria · Mudalia · Pachychilus · Paludomus · Paracrostoma · Paramelania · Pleurocera · Potadoma · Pseudocleopatra · Semisulcospira · Stormsia · Strephobasis · Sulcospira · Tanganyicia · Trypanostoma
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 752 species and subspecies in the Family Pleuroceridae.
Genera
Amphimelania
Anculosa
Athearnia
Athearnia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. [more]
Biwamelania
Bridouxia
Bridouxia is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Chytra
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Cleopatra
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Cubaedomus
Doryssa
Elimia
Elimia is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. Various species are found in creeks throughout much of the eastern and central United States and the Great Lakes region of Canada. They were formerly included in the genus Goniobasis, together with the western Juga species. [more]
Eurycaelon
Goniobasis
Gyrotoma
Gyrotoma is a genus of in the Pleuroceridae family. It contained the following species: [more]
Io
Io or io may refer to: [more]
Juga
Koreoleptoxis
Larina
Lavigeria
Leptoxis
Leptoxis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. [more]
Lithasia
Lithasia is a genus of in the family Pleuroceridae endemic to rivers in the mid-southern United States. It contains the following species: [more]
Lithasiopsis
Melanatria
Melanatria is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Mudalia
Pachychilus
Pachychilus, common name the jute snails, is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae. [more]
Paludomus
Paludomus is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Paracrostoma
Paramelania
Paramelania is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Pleurocera
Pleurocera is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, gastropod mollusks in the family Pleuroceridae. Pleurocera is the type genus of that family. All mambers of the genus Pleurocera are native to eastern North America. Most inhabit the larger rivers, but many also thrive in reservoirs. All are thick-walled high-spired snails, and some may attain over 4 cm in length. Larger species may develop sculpturing and a small siphonal canal or notch at the base of the aperture. The animal usually has a gray or brown coloration, commonly speckled with orange. Opercula are paucispiral and corneous, but may be vestigial in some species, not completely closing the aperture. [more]
Potadoma
Pseudocleopatra
Semisulcospira
Stormsia
Stormsia is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Strephobasis
Sulcospira
Tanganyicia
Tanganyicia is a genus of in the Thiaridae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Trypanostoma
At least 4 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Trypanostoma.
More info about the Genus Trypanostoma may be found here.
References
- ^ Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithi?oidea using morphology and molecules". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162(1): 43-89. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00670.x.
- ^ Strong E. & K?hler F. (2009). "Morphological and molecular analysis of "Melania" jacqueti Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906: from anonymous orphan to critical basal offshoot of the Semisulcospiridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)". Zoologica Scripta 38(5): 483-502. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00385.x
Further Reading
- Tryon G. W. 1865. Observations on the family Strepomatidae. American Journal of Conchology, 1(2): 97-135.
- Tryon G. W. 1865. Synonymy of the species of Strepomatidae (melanians) of the United States; with critical observations on their affinities, and descriptions of land, fresh water and marine Mollusca. New York, Balli?re Brothers, 520 Broadway, 100 pp., 2 plates.
External links
Sources
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