font settings

Font Size: Large | Normal | Small
Font Face: Verdana | Geneva | Georgia

Perciformes

(Order)

Overview

[ Back to top ]

Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, is one of the largest orders of vertebrates, containing about 40% of all bony fish. Perciformes means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish, and comprise over 7,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments. It contains about 155 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. They are also the most variably sized order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7 millimeters (0.28 in) Schindleria brevipinguis to the 5 meters (16 ft) Makaira species. They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous. Among well-known members of this group are cichlids, sunfish/bluegill, damselfish, bass, and, of course, perch.

[ Back to top ]
Primitive perch Palaeoperca proxima

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid, although sometimes they are cycloid or otherwise modified. Various technical characteristics further define the group.

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

Classification is controversial. As traditionally[vague] defined, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic as w ell.

These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.

b>Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, is one of the largest orders of vertebrates, containing about 40% of all bony fish. Perciformes means "perch-like". They belong to the class of ray-finned fish, and comprise over 7,000 species found in almost all aquatic environments. It contains about 155 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. They are also the most variably sized order of vertebrates, ranging from the 7 millimeters (0.28 in) Schindleria brevipinguis to the 5 meters (16 ft) Makaira species. They first appeared and diversified in the Late Cretaceous. Among well-known members of this group are cichlids, sunfish/bluegill, damselfish, bass, and, of course, perch.

[ Back to top ]
Primitive perch Palaeoperca proxima

The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid, although sometimes they are cycloid or otherwise modified. Various technical characteristics further define the group.

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

Classification is controversial. As traditionally[vague] defined, the Perciformes are almost certainly parap hyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic as well.

These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.

References

[ Back to top ]

External links

[ Back to top ]

Taxonomy

[ Back to top ]

The Order Perciformes is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

[ Back to top ]

Acanthoclinidae

[more]

Acanthuridae

Acanthuridae ("thorn tails") is the family of surgeonfishes, tangs, and unicornfishes. The family includes about 80 species in six genera, all of which are marine fish living in tropical seas, usually around coral reefs. Many of the species are brightly colored and popular for aquaria. [more]

Acropomatidae

Acropomatidae, also known as the lanternbellies or the temperate ocean-basses, is a family of perciform fish consisting of 33 marine species. Members of Acropoma are notable for having light-emitting organs alongside their undersides. They are found in all temperate and tropical oceans, usually at depths of several hundred meters. [more]

Amarsipidae

Amarsipus carlsbergi is a small and slender type of fish that lives in equatorial parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the only species in the family Amarsipidae. [more]

Ambassidae

The Asiatic glassfishes are a family, Ambassidae, of freshwater and marine fishes in the order Perciformes. The species in the family are native to the waters of Asia and Oceania and the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The family includes eight genera and about fifty species. [more]

Ammodytidae

A sand lance or sandlance is a fish belonging to the family Ammodytidae. Several species of sand lance are commonly known as "sand eels" or "sandeels", though they are not related to true eels. Another variant name is launce, and all names of the fish are references to its slender body and pointed snout. The family name (and genus name, ) means "sand burrower", which describes the sand lance's habit of burrowing into sand to avoid tidal currents. [more]

Amphistiidae

[more]

Anabantidae

The Anabantidae are a family of perciform fish commonly called the climbing gouramies or climbing perches. As labyrinth fishes, they possess a labyrinth organ, a structure in the fish's head which allows them to breathe atmospheric oxygen. Fish of this family are commonly seen gulping at air at the surface of the water; which then passes out of their gills or mouth when they dive beneath the surface. [more]

Anarhichadidae

The wolffish are a family, Anarhichadidae, of perciform fish. They are native to cold waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, where they live on the continental shelf and slope, to depths of about 600 metres (2,000 ft). They are bottom-feeders, eating hard-shelled invertebrates such as clams, echinoderms and crustaceans, which they crush with strong canine and molar teeth. The longest species, Anarrhichthys ocellatus, grows to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) in length. [more]

Aplodactylidae

Marblefishes are a family, Aplodactylidae, of perciform fishes. They are native to southern Australia, New Zealand, Peru and Chile. [more]

Apogonidae

Cardinalfishes are a family, Apogonidae, of ray-finned fishes. They are found in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans, they are chiefly marine, but some species are found in brackish water. A handful of species are kept in the aquarium and are popular as small, peaceful, and colorful fish. [more]

Arambourgellidae

[more]

Ariommatidae

Ariommatidae is a family of perciform fishes. The family contains a single genus Ariomma. [more]

Ariommidae

[more]

Arripidae

Australian Salmon, (known as 'Kahawai' in New Zealand), are medium-sized perciform marine fish of the small family Arripidae (sometimes incorrectly spelled Arripididae). Four species are recognized, all within the genus Arripis. Despite the common name, Australian Salmon are not related to the salmon (Salmonidae) of the Northern Hemisphere; the former were named so by early European settlers after their superficial resemblance to the salmoniform fishes. [more]

Artedidraconidae

Artedidraconidae is a family of marine perciform fishes comprising four genera. Artedidraconidae are endemic to deep waters off Antarctica. The operculum carries a hook-shaped spine and there are four or five . Artedidraconidae have 33 to 41 vertebrae. The name "Artedidraconidae" is derived from a combination of Artedi (from Peter Artedi, the "father of ichthyology") and the Greek drakon (d?????, dragon). A mental barbel is a characteristic of this family; the morphology of this barbel is variable with the species. Species of Artedidraconidae are said to have speciated sympatrically. [more]

Badidae

[more]

Banjosidae

The Banjofish (Banjos banjos) is a perciform fish, the only species in the genus Banjos and in the family Banjosidae. [more]

Bathyclupeidae

The deepsea herrings are perciform fishes belonging to a small family (Bathyclupeidae) with a single genus (Bathyclupea) containing seven species of deep water fishes. [more]

Bathydraconidae

The Antarctic dragonfishes are a family, Bathydraconidae, of deep-sea perciform fishes. [more]

Bathymasteridae

Ronquils (sometimes spelt ronchils) are perciform marine fish of the small family Bathymasteridae. Found only in Arctic and North Pacific waters, the ronquil family contains just seven species in three genera. The larger species are important to commercial fisheries as food fish. Ronquils are most closely related to the eelpouts and prowfish. [more]

Belontiidae

Gouramis are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native to Asia, from Pakistan and India to the Malay Archipelago and north-easterly towards Korea. The name "gourami" is also used for fish of the families Helostomatidae and Anabantidae. "Gouramis" is an example of a redundant plural. Gourami is already plural, in its original language. [more]

Blenniidae

Combtooth blennies are blennioids; perciform marine fish of the family Blenniidae. They are the largest family of blennies, with approximately 371 species in 53 genera represented. Combtooth blennies are found in tropical and subtropical waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans; some species are also found in brackish and even freshwater environments. [more]

Bovichthyidae

The thornfishes are a family, Bovichtidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. The family is spelled Bovichthyidae in J. S. Nelson's Fishes of the World. They are native to coastal waters off Australia, New Zealand, and South America, and to rivers and lakes of southeast Australia and Tasmania. [more]

Bovichtidae

The thornfishes are a family, Bovichtidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. The family is spelled Bovichthyidae in J. S. Nelson's Fishes of the World. They are native to coastal waters off Australia, New Zealand, and South America, and to rivers and lakes of southeast Australia and Tasmania. [more]

Bramidae

Pomfret are perciform fishes belonging to the family Bramidae. [more]

Caesionidae

The fusilier fishes are a family, Caesionidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are related to the snappers, but adapted for feeding on plankton, rather than on larger prey. [more]

Callanthiidae

The splendid perches are a small family, Callanthiidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Callionymidae

Dragonets are small, perciform, marine fish of the diverse family Callionymidae (from the Greek kallis, "beautiful" and onyma, "name"). Found mainly in the tropical waters of the western Indo-Pacific, the family contains approximately 186 species in 18 genera. The Draconettidae may be considered a sister family, whose members are very much alike, though rarely seen. Due to similarities in morphology and behaviour, dragonets are sometimes confused with members of the goby family. [more]

Carangidae

Carangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, and scads. [more]

Caristiidae

Manefishes are perciform fishes in the family Caristiidae. They are deep-sea marine fishes that eat siphonophores. [more]

Centracanthidae

Centracanthidae is a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes, known as picarels. They are found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean. The anal fin has three sharp spines, hence the name, from Greek kentron meaning "sharp point" and akantha meaning "thorn". Despite the similarity of the English or common name, it is unrelated to the pickerel or northern pike. [more]

Centrarchidae

The sunfishes are a family (Centrarchidae) of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Perciformes. The type genus is Centrarchus (consisting solely of the flier, C. macropterus). The family's 27 species includes many fishes familiar to North Americans, including the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and crappies. All are native only to North America. [more]

Centrogeniidae

False scorpionfish (Centrogenys vaigiensis) are perciform fish, the only species in genus Centrogenys as well as family Centrogenyidae. They are pale grey or brown and usually grow no longer than 25 centimetres (9.8 in). False scorpionfish are distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific, bounded by the Ryukyu Islands of Japan to the north and Australia to the south, the Nicobar Islands to the west and New Guinea to the east. [more]

Centrolophidae

Medusafishes are a family, Centrolophidae, of perciform fishes. They are found in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. [more]

Centropomidae

The Centropomidae are a single genus family of freshwater and marine fishes in Order Perciformes, including the common snook or r?balo, Centropomus undecimalis. Prior to 2004, three other genera were placed in Centropomidae in subfamily Latinae, which has since been raised to the family level and renamed Latidae because a cladistic analysis showed the old Centropomidae to be paraphyletic. Each of the four species (fat, swordspine, common, and tarpon) can be easily identified by their black lateral line. They are good tablefare, and are a sought after gamefish but tricky to catch. [more]

Cepolidae

Bandfishes are a family, Cepolidae, of perciform fishes. They are native to the Atlantic seaboard of Europe and the West Pacific, including New Zealand. They dig burrows in sandy or muddy seabed and eat zooplankton. [more]

Chaenopsidae

The blennioid family Chaenopsidae includes the pike-blennies, tube-blennies and flagblennies: all perciform marine fish. The family is strictly tropical, ranging from North to South America. There are 14 genera and 90 species represented, the largest being the sarcastic fringehead, Neoclinus blanchardi, at 30 centimetres (12 in) in length; most are much smaller, and the group includes perhaps the smallest of all vertebrates, Acanthemblemaria paula, measuring just 1.3 centimetres (0.51 in) long as an adult. [more]

Chaetodontidae

The butterflyfish are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family Chaetodontidae; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group. Found mostly on the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, there are approximately 120 species in 10 genera. A number of species pairs occur in the Indian and Pacific oceans, members of the huge genus Chaetodon. [more]

Champsodontidae

Champsodon is the sole genus in the family Champsodontidae, the crocodile toothfishes. [more]

Chandidae

The Asiatic glassfishes are a family, Ambassidae, of freshwater and marine fishes in the order Perciformes. The species in the family are native to the waters of Asia and Oceania and the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. The family includes eight genera and about fifty species. [more]

Channichthyidae

The crocodile icefish or white-blooded fish (Channichthyidae) are a family of perciform fish found in the cold waters around Antarctica and southern South America. Water temperature can drop below 0 ?C (the freezing point of freshwater) in the Antarctic sea but stays rather constant. There are sixteen known species of crocodile icefish. They feed on krill, copepods, and other fish. [more]

Channidae

The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to Africa and Asia. These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by a long dorsal fin, large mouth and shiny teeth. They breathe air with a , a primitive form of a labyrinth organ. The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of 30-35 species. [more]

Cheilodactylidae

Morwongs are perciform fishes comprising the family Cheilodactylidae. Most of the almost 30 species are found in temperate and subtropical oceans in the Southern Hemisphere, but three (Cheilodactylus quadricornis, C. zebra and C. zonatus) are restricted to northwest Pacific off Japan and China, and C. vittatus is restricted to Hawaii. The largest species grow up to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft), but most species only reach around half that length. They feed on small invertebrates on the ocean floor. Several species of morwong are commercially harvested as food fish, particularly in Australia. [more]

Cheimarrhichthyidae

The torrentfish, Cheimarrichthys fosteri, is the only member of the genus Cheimarrichthys which in turn is the only member of the family Cheimarrichthyidae. It is found only in New Zealand. It grows to a maximum length of 18 cm, and commonly found upto 15 cm. [more]

Chiasmodontidae

Chiasmodontidae, the snaketooth fishes, is a family of deep-sea fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Chironemidae

The kelpfishes are a family of perciform fishes, native to coastal Australia and New Zealand. [more]

Cichlidae

Cichlids () are fishes from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. Cichlids are members of a group known as the Labroidei along with the wrasses (Labridae), damselfish (Pomacentridae), and surfperches (Embiotocidae). This family is both large and diverse. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described, making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 1,300 and 3,000. [more]

Cirrhitidae

Hawkfish are strictly tropical, perciform marine fish of the family Cirrhitidae. Associated with the coral reefs of the western and eastern Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, the hawkfish family contains 12 genera and 32 species. They share many morphological features with the scorpionfish of the family Scorpaenidae. [more]

Clinidae

Clinids are blennioids; perciform marine fish of the family Clinidae. Temperate blennies, the family ranges from the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, in both the Southern and Northern Hemisphere. The family contains approximately 86 species in 20 genera, the 60 centimetre long giant kelpfish (Heterostichus rostratus) being the largest; most are far smaller. [more]

Coiidae

Coiidae is a family of fish. Their taxonomic position is disputed: they are related to the Lobotidae and the Datnioides (such as Datnioides microlepis) and were once considered synonymous with the latter, and may be the same as the Anabas. [more]

Coryphaenidae

The Coryphaenidae are a family of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the Order Perciformes. The family contains only one genus, Coryphaena, which contains two species, both of which have compressed heads and single dorsal fins that run the entire length of the fish's bodies. Dolphinfishes are unrelated to dolphins (which are mammals) and their meat is often labeled mahi-mahi commercially to reduce possible public confusion. [more]

Creediidae

The sandburrowers or simply burrowers are a family, Creediidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Cryptacanthodidae

Cryptacanthodidae is a family of fish containing a single genus, Cryptacanthodes. There are four species in the genus Cryptacanthodes. This family is also known by the common names risue?os, terrassiers and wrymouths. [more]

Dactyloscopidae

Sand stargazers are blennioids; perciform marine fish of the odd family Dactyloscopidae. Found in temperate to tropical waters of North and South America; some may also inhabit brackish environments.. There are 44 species in nine genera represented, the giant sand stargazer (Dactylagnus mundus) being the largest at 15 centimetres in length; all other species are under 10 centimetres. [more]

Datnioididae

Datnioides, also known as tigerfishes, are the only genus of fish in the family Datnioididae. The species of this genus are found in fresh and brackish waters of coastal areas and river estuaries in South and South East Asia. [more]

Dichistiidae

The galjoen fishes are a small family, Dichistiidae, of perciform fishes. There are just two species in the family in the single genus Dichistius: [more]

Dinolestidae

The long-finned pike or yellowfin pike, Dinolestes lewini, is a species of perciform fish, the only species in the genus Dinolestes as well as the familia family Dinolestidae. [more]

Dinopercidae

Dinopercidae, also known as the cavebasses, is a family of marine perciform fish consisting of a single species, , which is native to the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Angola. [more]

Draconettidae

Draconettidae, the slope dragonets, is a small family of fish in the order Perciformes. They are found in temperate to tropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Oceans. They are closely related to, and appear similar to, the fish of the Callionymidae. They are small fish, the largest species reaching 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long. Like the Callionymids, they are bottom-dwelling fish, and usually sexually dimorphic. [more]

Drepaneidae

The sicklefishes are perciform fishes of the genus Drepane, the only genus in the family Drepaneidae. They are found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, and in the eastern Atlantic near Africa. (The name "Drepanidae" has been used in the past, but a family of hook-tip moths has priority.) [more]

Drepanidae

The Drepanidae is a family of moths with about 660 species described worldwide. They are generally divided in three subfamilies (Minet and Scoble, 1999) which share the same type of hearing organ. Thyatirinae, previously often placed in their own family, bear a superficial resemblance to Noctuidae. Many species in the Drepanid family have a distinctively hook-shaped apex to the forewing, leading to their common name of hook-tips. [more]

Echeneidae

The remora (), sometimes called a suckerfish or sharksucker, is an elongated, brown fish in the order Perciformes and family Echeneidae. They grow to 30?90 centimetres long (1?3 ft), and their distinctive first dorsal fin takes the form of a modified oval sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals. By sliding backward, the remora can increase the suction, or it can release itself by swimming forward. Remoras sometimes attach to small boats. They swim well on their own, with a sinuous, or curved, motion. [more]

Echeneididae

[more]

Elassomatidae

Elassoma is a genus of freshwater fish, the only member of family Elassomatidae and suborder Elassomatoidei of order Perciformes. The type species is E. zonatum, the banded pygmy sunfish. The Elassomatidae are known collectively as pygmy sunfishes, but are not true sunfishes, which are members of family Centrarchidae. Some researchers believe they are related to sticklebacks and pipefishes (order Syngnathiformes) rather than Perciformes. [more]

Eleginopidae

Eleginops maclovinus, commonly known as the Patagonian blenny, Falkland's mullet or rock cod, is a species of icefish found in coastal and estuarine habitats around southernmost South America, ranging as far north as Valpara?so on the Pacific side, and Uruguay on the Atlantic side. It is also found around the Falkland Islands, where it has been featured on a stamp. It is the only member of its genus, which is the only member of the family Eleginopidae. Its English names refer to the vaguely blenny-, mullet- or cod-like appearance, but it is not related to true blennies, mullets or cods. Locally, it is often called R?balo, a name also used for the common snook. [more]

Eleotridae

Sleeper gobies are members of the Eleotridae fish family, found predominantly in the tropical Indo-Pacific. There are approximately 35 genera and 150 species. While many eleotrids pass through a planktonic stage in the sea and some spend their entire lives in the sea, as adults the majority live in freshwater streams and brackish waters. They are especially important as predators in the freshwater stream ecosystems on oceanic islands such as New Zealand and Hawai'i that otherwise lack the predatory fish families typical of nearby continents, such as catfish. Anatomically they are similar to the gobies (Gobiidae), though unlike the majority of gobies, they do not have a pelvic sucker. [more]

Eleotrididae

[more]

Embiotocidae

The surfperches are a family, Embiotocidae, of perciform fishes. They are found in coastal waters of the northern Pacific and grow up to 45 cm (17.7 inches) long. [more]

Emmelichthyidae

Rovers are a family of small to medium sized marine fish. The family was once much larger, including a wide range of plankton-eating fish, but most of the genera were discovered to be unrelated examples of parallel evolution, and were moved to other families. [more]

Enoplosidae

Enoplosus armatus is a species of perciform fish, the only species in the family Enoplosidae. [more]

Ephippidae

Ephippidae is the fish family containing the spadefishes. There are about eight genera, with a total of 20 species, mostly marine. The most well-known species are probably those in the reef-dwelling genus Platax, the batfishes, which are kept as aquarium fish. They are spade-shaped, laterally compressed, and very symmetrical triangular dorsal and anal fins. They are shiny silver with areas of yellow and vertical brown or black banding. The eyes are often located in one of the vertical bands as a method of camouflage. Scuba divers sometimes mistake them for angelfish, which are similar in shape but not closely related. Other genera in the family are characterized by long, trailing, pointed dorsal and anal fins. Most species feed primarily on algae and small invertebrates. [more]

Ephippididae

[more]

Epigonidae

Deepwater cardinalfishes are perciform fishes in the family Epigonidae. [more]

Gempylidae

Gempylidae is a family of perciform fishes, commonly known as snake mackerels or escolars. [more]

Gerreidae

The mojarras are a family, Gerreidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. It has seven genera. [more]

Girellidae

[more]

Glaucosomatidae

The pearl perches are members of the perciform family Glaucosomatidae containing a single genus (Glaucosoma) of four species: [more]

Gobiidae

The gobies form the family Gobiidae, which is one of the largest families of fish, with more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most are relatively small, typically less than 10 cm (4 in) in length. Gobies include some of the smallest vertebrates in the world, like species of the genera Trimmatom nanus and Pandaka pygmaea, which are under 1 cm (3/8 in) long when fully grown. There are some large gobies, such as some species of the genera or Periophthalmodon, that can reach over 30 cm (1 ft) in length, but that is exceptional. Although few are important as food for humans, they are of great significance as prey species for commercially important fish like cod, haddock, sea bass, and flatfish. Several gobies are also of interest as aquarium fish, such as the bumblebee gobies of the genus Brachygobius. [more]

Grammatidae

The basslets are a small family, Grammatidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. The twelve members (in two genera) are all small fish of the western Atlantic, typically no more than 10 cm in length. Several species are colorful and popular for marine aquaria. They can also change their gender. [more]

Haemulidae

The grunts are a family, Haemulidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are numerous and widespread, with about 150 species in 19 genera, found in tropical fresh, brackish and salt waters around the world. They are bottom-feeding predators, and named for their ability to produce sound by grinding their teeth. [more]

Harpagiferidae

Harpagiferidae, also known as Spiny Plunderfishes, are a type of living, vertebrata fish. This fish carries an IUCN Red List status of "Not Evaluated". [more]

Helostomatidae

Kissing gouramis, also known as kissing fish or kissers (Helostoma temminckii), are large tropical freshwater fish comprising the monotypic labyrinth fish family Helostomatidae (from the Greek elos [stud, nail], stoma [mouth]). These fish originate from Thailand to Indonesia. They can be food fish which are farmed in their native Southeast Asia. They are used fresh for steaming, baking, broiling, and pan frying. The kissing gourami is a popular aquarium fish. [more]

Howellidae

The oceanic basslets (Howellidae) are a small family of perciform fishes containing three genera and eight species of mostly deep-water, bottom-dwelling fishes: [more]

Icosteidae

The ragfish, Icosteus aenigmaticus, is an odd ray-finned fish of the northern Pacific Ocean; although a perciform, its skeleton is mostly cartilage, and the larvae have pelvic fins that disappear as they mature. It is the sole member of the family Icosteidae, and some authorities place it into its own order Icosteiformes. It was first described by W. N. Lockington in 1880. [more]

Inermiidae

The Bonnetmouths (Inermiidae) are a very small family of fishes in the order Perciformes with only two known species in two genera, the bonnetmouth and the boga. [more]

Istiophoridae

Marlin, family Istiophoridae, are fish with an elongated body, a spear-like snout or bill, and a long rigid dorsal fin, which extends forward to form a crest. Its common name is thought to derive from its resemblance to a sailor's marlinspike. Even more so than their close relatives the scombrids, marlin are incredibly fast swimmers, reaching speeds of about 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). [more]

Kraemeriidae

The sand darters, family Kraemeriidae, are a small family of fishes containing eight species in two genera in the order Perciformes. Sand darters live in sandy shallow pools. They are found among coral. In breeding coloration the male fish has an occelated spot at the rear of the first dorsal fin. [more]

Kuhliidae

The flagtails (ahole or aholehole in the Hawaiian language) are a family (Kuhliidae) of perciform fish of the Indo-Pacific area. The family consists of several species in one genus, Kuhlia, of which, one, (K. rupestris), is freshwater. The others are marine. [more]

Kurtidae

The nurseryfishes or forehead brooders are a family (Kurtidae) of fish that are notable for carrying their egg clusters on hooks protruding from the forehead () of the males. The family consists of just two species in the single genus Kurtus. [more]

Kushlukiidae

[more]

Kyphosidae

The sea chubs are a family, Kyphosidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Labracoglossidae

[more]

Labridae

The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 82 genera, which are divided into nine subgroups or tribes. They are typically small fish, most of them less than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long, although the largest, the Humphead wrasse, can measure up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft). They are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing. [more]

Labrisomidae

Labrisomids are small blennioids, perciform marine fish belonging to the family Labrisomidae. Found mostly in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, the family contains approximately 98 species in 14 genera. [more]

Lactariidae

This species of fish is of the genus Lactarius in the family Lactariidae. It is also known as the milky travelly or the 'parava', and is found in , brackish, and marine waters. This fish is more commonly known as Butter Fish and in Telugu as "Methani Paara" amongst fisherman community in Andhra Pradesh, India [more]

Lateolabracidae

Lateolabrax is a genus of fishes, related to monotypic family Lateolabracidae. The representatives of the genus inbabit the worm coastal waters of the Western Pacific. The genus consists of two species: [more]

Latidae

The Latidae are a family of perch-like fishes found in Africa and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The family, previously classified subfamily Latinae in family Centropomidae, was raised to family status in 2004 after a cladistic analysis showed the original Centropomidae was paraphyletic. [more]

Latridae

Trumpeters are a family of perciform fishes, Latridae. They are found in southern waters off Australia, New Zealand, and Chile, where they are fished commercially and for sport. They are closely related to Cheilodactylidae, and the majority of the species that traditionally are placed in the latter family may actually belong in Latridae. [more]

Leiognathidae

The ponyfishes also known as slipmouths or slimys are a small family, Leiognathidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They inhabit marine and brackish waters in the Indian Ocean and West Pacific. [more]

Leptobramidae

The beachsalmon (Leptobrama muelleri) is a species of perciform, primarily coastal marine or brackish fish and the sole representative of its family, Leptobramidae. Found in tropical coastal waters of the Western Pacific off southern New Guinea, Queensland, and Western Australia. The beachsalmon is a popular sport fish in Australia where it is sometimes called flat salmon, silver salmon, slender bream, or skippy (a name also applied to several species of trevally). [more]

Leptoscopidae

The southern sandfishes are a family, Leptoscopidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Lethrinidae

The emperor breams or simply emperors also known as pigface breams are a family, Lethrinidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Lobotidae

Tripletails are perciform fishes in the genus Lobotes, the only genus in the family Lobotidae. [more]

Lutianidae

[more]

Lutjanidae

Snappers are a family of perciform fish, Lutjanidae, mainly marine but with some members inhabiting estuaries, feeding in freshwater. Some are important food fish. One of the best known is the red snapper. [more]

Luvaridae

The louvar or luvar, Luvarus imperialis, is a species of perciform fish, the only extant species in the genus Luvarus and family Luvaridae. Other species and genera are only known from fossils dating back to the Paleogene. It is closely related to the surgeonfish. The juvenile form has a pair of spines near the base of the tail, like the surgeonfish, though they are lost in the adult. [more]

Malacanthidae

Tilefishes, also known as blanquillo, are mostly small perciform marine fish comprising the family Malacanthidae. They are usually found in sandy areas, especially near coral reefs. [more]

Menidae

The moonfish of the genus Mene ("Crescent"), the sole extant genus of the family Menidae are disk-shaped fish which bear a vague resemblance to gourami, thanks to their thread-like pelvic fins. Today, the genus is represented only by of the Indo-Pacific, where it is a popular food fish, especially in the Philippines, where it is known as "bilong-bilong". [more]

Microdesmidae

Wormfishes are a family, Microdesmidae, of goby-like fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Monodactylidae

The Monodactylidae is a family of fish within the Perciformes commonly referred to as monos, moonyfishes or fingerfishes. All are strongly laterally compressed with an approximately disc-shaped body and tall anal and dorsal fins. Unusually for fish, there are scales on the dorsal fin and sometimes on the anal fin as well. The pelvic fins are small, sometimes vestigial. They are of moderate size, typically around 25 cm in length, and Monodactylus sebae can be taller than it is long, measuring up to 30 cm from the tip of the dorsal fin down to the tip of the anal fin. It is these long, scaly fins that has given them the name of fingerfishes. Most are silvery with yellow and black markings; the juveniles are especially attractive and most species are popular as aquarium fish (see below). [more]

Moronidae

Temperate Bass is in the Family Percichthyidae How to know the freshwater fishes Samuel Eddy, James C. Underhill. [more]

Mugilidae

The mullets or grey mullets are a family (Mugilidae) and order of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and in some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food in Mediterranean Europe since Roman times. The family includes about 80 species in 17 genera, although half of the species are in just two genera (Liza and Mugil). [more]

Mullidae

Goatfishes are tropical marine perciform fish of the family Mullidae. Seldom found in brackish waters, goatfish are most associated with the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. The goatfish are sometimes called the red mullets as opposed to the Mugilidae, the grey mullets, though that name is usually reserved for the red mullets of the genus Mullus of the Mediterranean. Within the family are approximately six genera and 55 species. [more]

Nandidae

Asian leaffishes are small freshwater fishes of the Nandidae family, from Southern Asia. There are only four genera in this group. [more]

Nardoichthyidae

[more]

Nematistiidae

The roosterfish, Nematistius pectoralis, is a game fish common in the marine waters surrounding Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California to Peru. It is the only fish in the genus Nematistius and the family Nematistiidae. It is distinguished by its "rooster comb", seven very long spines of the dorsal fin. [more]

Nemipteridae

The threadfin breams are a family, Nemipteridae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are also known as whiptail breams and false snappers. [more]

Nomeidae

Driftfishes are perciform fishes in the family Nomeidae. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters throughout the world. [more]

Notograptidae

[more]

Nototheniidae

The cod icefishes or nothothens are the family Nototheniidae of acanthopterygian fishes, containing about 50 species in 13 genera. They are traditionally placed in the perciform assemblage together with their relatives, but like every lineage in the "Perciformes" their actual relationships are not yet determined with certainty. [more]

Odacidae

Odacidae is a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes, commonly known as butterfish, cales, and weed-whitings. They are related to the much larger families of the wrasses and parrotfish. [more]

Odontobutidae

Freshwater sleepers (Odontobutidae) is a small family of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are native to fresh water rivers flowing into the South China Sea and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. [more]

Opisthognathidae

[more]

Opistognathidae

Opistognathidae (opisto = "behind", gnath = "mouth"), commonly referred to as jawfishes, are classified within Order Perciformes, Suborder Percoidei. They are found throughout shallow reef areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico. [more]

Oplegnathidae

Oplegnathidae is a family of marine fish within the Perciformes commonly known as knifejaws; some species are known as beakfish. It contains a single genus, Oplegnathus. The largest, the , can reach a maximum length of about 90 cm (35 in). Knifejaws have teeth fused into a parrotlike beak in adulthood. They feed on barnacles and mollusks, and are fished commercially. They are found in the north-western Pacific Ocean (e.g. Japan), in the southern half of Australia, in the Galapagos, Peru, and Chile, and in Southern Africa. [more]

Osphronemidae

Gouramis are a family, Osphronemidae, of freshwater perciform fishes. The fish are native to Asia, from Pakistan and India to the Malay Archipelago and north-easterly towards Korea. The name "gourami" is also used for fish of the families Helostomatidae and Anabantidae. "Gouramis" is an example of a redundant plural. Gourami is already plural, in its original language. [more]

Ostracoberycidae

A Family in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Palaeorhynchidae

[more]

Parascorpididae

A Family in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

Pempheridae

Sweepers are small, tropical marine (occasionally brackish) perciform fish of the family Pempheridae. Found in the western Atlantic Ocean and Indo-Pacific region, the family contains approximately 26 species in two genera. One species (Pempheris xanthoptera ) is the target of subsistence fisheries in Japan, where the fish is much enjoyed for its taste. Sweepers are occasionally kept in the marine aquarium. [more]

Pempherididae

[more]

Pentacerotidae

The Armorheads are a small family, Pentacerotidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are native to the Indian Ocean, western and central Pacific, and southwestern Atlantic. They are generally found at rocky reefs below normal Scuba diving depths, although several species occur in low densities at shallower depths. [more]

Percichthyidae

The members of Percichthyidae family are known as the temperate perches. They belong to the Order Perciformes or perch-like fishes. [more]

Percidae

The Percidae are a family of perciform fish found in fresh and brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The family contains about 200 species in ten genera. The darters, perches, and their relatives are in this family: well-known species include the walleye, ruffe, and three species of perch. [more]

Perciliidae

[more]

Percophidae

Duckbills are a family, Percophidae, of perciform fishes. [more]

Pholidae

The gunnels are a family, Pholidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Pholidichthyidae

Pholidichthys is a genus of perciform fish which consists of two species of the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is the only genus in the family Pholidichthyidae. [more]

Pinguipedidae

The sandperches are a family, Pinguipedidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Plesiopidae

The longfins also known as roundheads or spiny basslets are a family, Plesiopidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. They are elongated fishes, found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. [more]

Polycentridae

Leaffishes are small freshwater fishes of the Polycentridae family, from South America. [more]

Polynemidae

Threadfins are silvery grey perciform marine fish of the family Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains nine genera and 33 species. An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly the Indian threadfish (family Carangidae). [more]

Polyprionidae

The wreckfish are a family, Polyprionide, of perciform fishes. [more]

Pomacanthidae

Marine angelfish are perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific oceans. The family contains seven genera and approximately 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon River basin. [more]

Pomacentridae

Pomacentridae are a family of perciform fish, comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes. They are primarily marine, while a few species inhabit freshwater and brackish environments (e.g., Neopomacentrus aquadulcis, N. taeniurus, Pomacentrus taeniometopon, Stegastes otophorus). They are noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality. Many are brightly colored, so they are popular in aquaria. [more]

Pomadasyidae

[more]

Pomatomidae

The bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), called tailor in Australia, is a species of popular marine gamefish found in all climates. It is the only extant species of the Pomatomidae family. [more]

Priacanthidae

Priacanthidae is a family of fish, common name bigeye, comprising 18 species of marine fishes. "Catalufa" is an alternate common name for some members of the priacanthidae family. The etymology of the scientific name ("prioo-", to bite + "akantha", thorn) refers to the family's very rough, spined scales. The common name of "bigeye" refers to the member species' unusually large eyes, suited to their carnivorous and nocturnal lifestyles. Priacanthidae are most typically colored bright red, but other coloration patterns do exist for some species. Most species reach a maximum total length of about 30 centimeters (12 inches), although in a few species lengths of over 50 centimeters (20 inches) are known. [more]

Pseudaphritidae

[more]

Pseudochromidae

The dottybacks are a family, Pseudochromidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. Around 100 species belong to this family. [more]

Ptereleotridae

[more]

Ptilichthyidae

The quillfish, Ptilichthys goodei, is a species of perciform fish, the only species in the genus Ptilichthys and family Ptilichthyidae. It is an elongate eel-like fish that reaches 34 cm in length. It is native to the north Pacific Ocean, from the Bering Sea down to Oregon. [more]

Rachycentridae

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)?also known as black kingfish, black salmon, ling, lemonfish, crabeaters, aruan tasek, etc.?are perciform marine fish, the sole representative of their family, the Rachycentridae. [more]

Repropcidae

[more]

Rhyacichthyidae

The family Rhyacichthyidae, or loach gobies is a small family of perciform fish that consists of two genera and three species. They inhabit marine and fresh water in Oceania and the eastern Pacific. [more]

Scaridae

Parrotfishes are a group of fishes that traditionally had been considered a family (Scaridae), but now often are considered a subfamily (Scarinae) of the wrasses. They are found in relatively shallow tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world, but with the largest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. The approximately 90 species are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts and seagrass beds, and play a significant role in bioerosion. [more]

Scatophagidae

The scats are a small family, Scatophagidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Schindleriidae

Schindleria, is a genus of marine fish. It is the only genus of family Schindleriidae, among the Gobioidei of order Perciformes. The type species is S. praematura, Schindler's fish. The Schindleria species are known generically as Schindler's fishes or infantfishes. They are native to the southern Pacific Ocean, from the South China Sea to the Great Barrier Reef off eastern Australia. [more]

Sciaenidae

Sciaenidae is a family of fish commonly called drums, croakers, or hardheads for the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make. The family includes the weakfish, and consists of about 275 species in about 70 genera; it belongs to the order Perciformes. [more]

Scombridae

Scombridae is the family of the mackerels, tunas, and bonitos, and thus includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of about 55 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are Scombrinae, except Butterfly kingfish - which is the sole member of subfamily Gasterochismatinae. [more]

Scombrolabracidae

The longfin escolar, Scombrolabrax heterolepis, also known as the black mackerel, is a widespread but uncommon deep sea fish that presents some difficulties for taxonomy. [more]

Scombropidae

The gnomefishes are a small family Scombropidae of marine fish, consisting of three species in the genus Scombrops. [more]

Scytalinidae

The Graveldivers (Scytalina cerdale) are perciform fish in the genus Scytalina, and the only species in the family Scytalinidae. Graveldivers are small, with a snake-like head (hence the generic name). The body is compact, and lacks pelvic fins, with very small pectoral fins. Their range encompasses the coastal area from the Bering Sea to central California. [more]

Serranidae

Serranidae is a large family of fishes, belonging to the order Perciformes. The family contains about 450 species of serranids in 64 genera, including the sea basses and the groupers (subfamily Epinephelinae). They range in size from the belted sandfish (Serranus subligarius), which grows to 110 mm (4.33 in), up to the itajara (Epinephelus itajara), which grows to 2.4 m (94.5 in) and weighs up to 300 kg (660 lb). [more]

Siganidae

Rabbitfishes or spinefoots are perciform fishes in the family Siganidae. The 28 species are in a single genus, Siganus. In some now obsolete classifications, the species having prominent face stripes?colloquially called foxfaces?are in the genus Lo. Other species like the Masked Spinefoot (S. puellus) show a reduced form of the stripe pattern. Rabbitfishes are found in shallow lagoons in the Indo-Pacific and eastern Mediterranean. [more]

Sillaginidae

The Sillaginidae, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fishes in the order Perciformes. The smelt-whitings inhabit a wide region covering much of the Indo-Pacific, from the west coast of Africa east to Japan and south to Australia. The family comprises only three genera and thirty one species, of which a number are dubious, with the last major revision of the family in 1992 unable to confirm the validity of a number of species. They are elongate, slightly compressed fish often light brown to silver in color with a variety of markings and patterns on their upper body. The Sillaginidae are not related to a number of fishes commonly called 'whiting' in the Northern Hemisphere, including the fish originally called whiting, Merlangius merlangus. [more]

Sparidae

The Sparidae is a family of fish, included in the order Perciformes. The fish of the family are commonly called sea breams and porgies (North America). The sheepshead, scup, and red sea bream are species in this family. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters and are bottom-dwelling carnivores. Most species possess grinding, molar-like teeth. Some of the species, such as Polysteganus undulosus, have been subject to overfishing, or exploitation beyond sustainable recovery. [more]

Sphyraenidae

The barracuda is a ray-finned fish known for its large size and fearsome appearance. Its body is long, fairly compressed, and covered with small, smooth scales. Some species can reach up to 1.8m in length and 30 cm in width. The barracuda is a salt water fish of the genus Sphyraena, the only genus in the family Sphyraenidae, and is found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. [more]

Stichaeidae

The pricklebacks (also known as shannies) are a family, Stichaeidae, of fishes in the order Perciformes. [more]

Stromateidae

The family Stromateidae of butterfishes contains 17 species of fish in three genera. Butterfishes live in coastal waters off the Americas, western Africa and in the Indo-Pacific. [more]

Symphysanodontidae

The Symphysanodontidae are a family of small marine fishes. The family Symphysanodontidae comprises only the genus Symphysanodon. They occur in the Indo-Pacific and . [more]

Teraponidae

[more]

Terapontidae

Grunters or tigerperches are fishes in the family Terapontidae (also spelled Teraponidae, Theraponidae or Therapontidae). They are found in shallow coastal waters in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, where they live in saltwater, brackish and freshwater habitats. They grow up to 80 cm in length and feed on fishes, insects and other invertebrates. [more]

Tetragonuridae

The squaretails are a genus, Tetragonurus, of perciform fishes, the only genus in the family Tetragonuridae. [more]

Toxotidae

The archerfish (Spinner Fish or Archer Fish) are a family (Toxotidae) of fish known for their habit of preying on land based insects and other small animals by literally shooting them down with water droplets from their specialized mouths. The family is small, consisting of seven species in the genus Toxotes; which typically inhabit brackish waters of estuaries and mangroves, but can also be found in the open ocean as well as far upstream in fresh waterIndia to the Philippines, Australia, and Polynesia. [more]

Trachinidae

Weevers (or Weeverfish) are nine extant species of fish of family Trachinidae, order Perciformes. They are long (up to 37 cm), mainly brown and have poisonous spines on their first dorsal fin and gills. During the day, weevers bury themselves in sand, just showing their eyes, and snatch prey as it comes past, which consists of shrimps and small fish. Weevers are unusual in not having a swim bladder as do most bony fishes and as a result sink as soon as they stop actively swimming. With the exception of T. cornutus from the south-east Pacific, all species in this family are restricted to the eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean). A tenth, extinct species, speciosus, is known from the Monte Bolca lagerstatte of the Lutetian epoch. [more]

Trichiuridae

The cutlassfishes are about 40 species of predatory fish in the family Trichiuridae (order Perciformes) found in seas throughout the world. Fish of this family are long, slender, and generally steely blue or silver in color, giving rise to their name. They have reduced or absent pelvic and caudal fins, giving them an eel-like appearance, and large fang-like teeth. [more]

Trichodontidae

The Trichodontidae, or sandfishes are a small perciform family of fishes that occur in the North Pacific. The family consists of two monotypic genera: [more]

Trichonotidae

Trichonotus is a genus of marine perciform fishes in suborder Trachinoidei. Trichonotus is the only genus included in the family Trichonotidae. Species of Trichonotus are distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific. The type species is Trichonotus setiger. [more]

Tripterygiidae

Threefin or triplefin blennies are blennioids, small perciform marine fish of the family Tripterygiidae. Found in tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the family contains approximately 150 species in 30 genera. The family name derives from the Greek tripteros meaning "with three wings". [more]

Uranoscopidae

The stargazers are a family Uranoscopidae of perciform fish that have eyes on top of their heads (hence the name). The family includes about 51 species (one extinct) in 8 genera, all marine and found worldwide in shallow waters. [more]

Xenisthmidae

Collared Wrigglers are perciform fishes in the family Xenisthmidae. They are native to the Indian and Pacific oceans, where they are mostly reef-dwelling. The species is predatory and is known to be a minor threat to humans. [more]

Xiphiidae

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius; from Greek ??f??: sword, and Latin gladius: sword), also known as broadbill in some countries, are large, highly migratory, predatory fish characterized by a long, flat bill. They are a popular sport fish of the billfish category, though elusive. Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood. These fish are found widely in tropical and temperate parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and can typically be found from near the surface to a depth of 550 m (1,800 ft). They commonly reach 3 m (9.8 ft) in length, and the maximum reported is 4.55 m (14.9 ft) in length and 650 kg (1,400 lb) in weight. [more]

Zanclidae

The moorish idol, Zanclus cornutus ("Crowned Scythe"), is a small marine fish species, the sole extant representative of the family Zanclidae (from the Greek zagkios, "oblique") in order Perciform. A common inhabitant of tropical to subtropical reefs and lagoons, the moorish idol is notable for its wide distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific. A number of butterflyfishes (genus Heniochus) closely resemble the moorish idol. It is closely related to, if not a direct descendant of the extinct Eozanclus brevirhostris, from the Middle Eocene of Monte Bolca. [more]

Zaproridae

Prowfish (Zaprora silenus) are subtropical perciform marine fish found in the North Pacific. They are the only member of their family, Zaproridae. They should not be confused with the Australian prowfish of the unrelated family Pataecidae. [more]

Zoarcidae

The eelpouts are the ray-finned fish family Zoarcidae. As the common name suggests, they are somewhat eel-like in appearance, with elongated bodies and the dorsal and anal fins continuous with the caudal fin. All of the approximately 220 species are marine, mostly bottom-dwelling, some at great depths. They are sometimes called "fish doctors"[] (not to be confused with the doctorfish or surgeon fishes). [more]

At least 200 species and subspecies belong to the Family Zoarcidae.

More info about the Family Zoarcidae may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]

External links

[ Back to top ]

Footnotes

[ Back to top ]
  1. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=114279
  2. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=114287

Sources

[ Back to top ]
Last Revised: April 25, 2012
2012/04/25 19:23:48